Family Violence
Home is a place where a person looks for safety and peace. It is the best place where one drops after a deadly tiring day at school or work in order to breathe an air of satisfaction. Family is considered to be the garden of security and care. However, the reality is uglier than this. The initially peaceful image created is darkened by the underlying truth of family violence. As defined by oger Levesque (2001), ' Family Violence includes family members' acts of omission or commission resulting in physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, or other forms of maltreatments that hamper individuals' healthy development'.

This family violence is no new phenomena. It has existed since long just that it is this new and modern era has given individuals the freedom and confidence to come up and disclose such secrets and take a stand against it. Nowadays newspapers and media…...

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REFERENCES

Herzberger D. (1996). Violence within the Family- Social Psychological perspectives, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

Levesque Roger (2001), Culture and family violence: fostering change through human rights law, American Psychological Association.

Loseke, D.R. (2003). Thinking about social problems: An introduction to constructionist perspectives, 2nd ed. New York: Aldine DeGruyter.

Perrin, Cindy & Barnett (2010). Family Violence Across the Lifespan: An Introduction, SAGE, pp: 40-68

It makes the important assertion that, current health status and disease outcomes associated with disease states in individuals or populations are determined by multiple factors that are both internal and external to the individual or population. These factors include the: (1) physical environment, (2) social environment, (3) genetic endowments, (4) prosperity, (5) individual behaviors, (6) individual biology, (7) health and function, (8) disease, (9) health care systems, and (10) overall well-being.
Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2010: Final Report)

This theory therefore suggests a wide ranging and holistic approach and also suggests that the health issues related to family violence should be seen from an interconnected and integrated point-of-view. "The schema acknowledges the complexity of interrelationships and interactions among multiple factors that are determinants of health but not necessarily limited to traditional predictors or determinants of health. Furthermore, the field model seeks to move health policy beyond being simply health…...

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Works Cited

Brewster, Mary P. (2002) " Domestic Violence Theories, Research, and Practice

Implications." Handbook of Domestic Violence Intervention Strategies: Policies, Programs, and Legal Remedies. Ed. Albert R. Roberts. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 23-44.

Castillo G. And Alexander J. INJURY AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION IN RURAL AREAS: A LITERATURE REVIEW. Retrieved 20 August, 2006, at  http://www.srph.tamhsc.edu/centers/rhp2010/Volume_3/Vol3Ch2LR.htm 

Coker AL, Sanderson M, Fadden MK, Pirisi L. Intimate Partner

The research indicates that domestic violence has a negative impact on each of these areas.
One of the prominent concerns concerning domestic violence is the megative impact that it has on children. According to Stenberg (2006)

"In the first decade of research on family violence, many researchers documented that victims of physical child abuse were frequently characterized by behavior problems and psychiatric symptoms…More recently, researchers have also emphasized the risks associated with exposure to spousal or partner violence. Children are often exposed to multiple types of family violence…because marital violence and child physical abuse frequently co-occur. Hughes (1988) found that children who were both witnesses (of spouse abuse) and victims (of child abuse) had the most externalizing behavior problems, while children who were neither victims nor witnesses had the fewest such problems, and children who were witnesses but not victims had intermediate scores."

In addition to the negative effects of domestic violence…...

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Works cited

"Family Violence." Retrieved November 2, 2009 from;  http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Family+violence 

Huss, M.T., Covell, C.N., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (2006). Clinical implications for the assessment and treatment of antisocial and psychopathic domestic violence perpetrators. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 13, 61-87.

Loseke, D.R. Gelles, R.J. Cavanaugh, M.M. (2007) Current controversies on family violence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Mears, D.P., Carlson, M.J., Holden, G.W., & Harris, S.D. (2001). Reducing domestic violence revictimization: The effects of individual and contextual factors and type of legal intervention. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 1260?1283.

Family Violence in Indigenous Australian Communities: Literature Review
The issue of family violence is one of the key concerns impacting negatively on Indigenous communities of Australia. I will review available literature on the issue, identifying factors contributing to the same; outlining a framework for understanding why the problem has continued to persist despite the intensive government scrutiny and high level of public awareness; and bringing out the key knowledge gaps in literature. I reckon that intervention policies have time and time again been developed on the basis of a liberal feminist approach that overlooks the Indigenous communities' perspectives on the concept of family violence; and as expected, the policies have repeatedly failed (Campion, et al., 2007). This review draws from this basis, and highlights the importance of adopting a context-based primary prevention framework focusing on solutions, rather than on the quantitative cause-and-effect aspects of the issue.

Statement of the Problem

The term 'Indigenous…...

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Willis, M. (2008). Reintegration of Indigenous prisoners: Key findings. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. Australian Institute of Criminology Reports. No. 364. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology

Wundersitz, J. (2010). Indigenous Perpetrators of Violence: Prevalence and Risk Factors for Reoffending. Australian Institute of Criminology Reports: Research and Public Policy Series 105. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.  http://www.aic.gov.au/publications 

Ypinazar, V., Margolis, S., Haswell-Elkins, M.R. & Tsey, K. (2007). Indigenous Australians' Understandings Regarding Mental Health and Disorders: a Meta-Synthesis of the Literature. Australia-New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(6), 467-478.

Family Violence Prevention Services Act
Social policy analysis must start with defining the problem that the policy is designed to address. For instance, Family Violence Prevention Services Act addresses the subject of family violence, domestic violence, and dating violence. A number of needs assessment have been conducted to establish the significance of the issue of family violence and to identify the effectiveness of numerous interventions addressing the issue. The existence of a defined social issue is the reason for the Family Violence Prevention Services Act intervention. Karger and Stoesz argue that the systematic investigation of a social policy must be purposeful and occur within a systematic and structured framework for policy analysis. They propose a model for policy analysis that comprises the following elements.

Historical background of the policy

The Family Violence Prevention Services Act (FVPSA) offers the main government-financing stream devoted to the assistance of emergency supportive and shelter services for domestic…...

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References

Alcock, P., May, M. & Wright, S.D. (2012). The Student's Companion to Social Policy. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

Agere, S. & Mandaza, I. (2009). Rethinking Policy Analysis and Management: Enhancing Policy Development and Management in the Public Service. London: Commonwealth Secretariat

Chalk, R.A., & King, P.A. (1998). Violence in Families: Assessing Prevention and Treatment Programs. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press

Ginsberg, L.H., & Miller-Cribbs, J. (2005). Understanding Social Problems, Policies, and Programs. Columbia, S.C: University Of South Carolina

One could turn out to be a lawyer defending individuals caught up being under these situations, while the other could end up in prison for committing the same violent crimes against their family that they saw while growing up. It is this resilience in one, but influence in the other, that makes this theory the most interesting one of all, while at the same time, making it the most debatable.
Just as a criminal learns from observing and from experiencing the bad behavior how to participate and metabolize that bad deviant behavior, this same theory could be used as rehabilitation methods. The best part of this theory is that it emphasizes learning as the main component for the development of criminal cognitive behavior, especially when it comes to family violence (Piquero et al. 2006). Learning how to be violent in one's family setting could just as easily be reversed if…...

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References:

Piquero, A.R., Brame, R., Fagan, J., & Moffitt, T.E. (2006). Assessing the offending activity of criminal domestic violence suspects: Offense specialization, escalation, and de-escalation evidence from the spouse assault replication program. Public Health Rep. 121(4): 409-418.

Frantzen, D., Miguel, C.S., & Kwak, DH (2011). Predicting case conviction and domestic violence recidivism: Measuring the deterrent effects of conviction and protection order violations. Violence and Victims. 26(4): 395-409.

Zastrow, C., & Kirst-Ashman, K.K. (2007). Understanding human behavior and the social environment. Belmont, CA: Thompson Higher Education.

Rafter, N.H. (2008). The criminal brain: Understanding biological theories of crime. New York, NY: New York University Press.

Komisi Nasional Anti-Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan - KNAKTP
National Commission on Violence Against omen addresses policy reform at the national level, which may or may not prove to be effective in Cambodia, depending on officials leading government. (Organizations Addressing VA, 2008) Findings from the survey reported by Knight (2006) stress that the challenge "to establish and implement a culture-sensitive standard of justice," is at times difficult. Forum Pemerhati Masalah Perempuan - FPMP, which focusing on raising awareness in a rural area (Organizations Addressing VA, 2008) could benefit Cambodia, provided the awareness includes relating feasible solutions. Malaysia's efforts include All omen's Action Society (AAM), omen's Aid Organisation (AO) and omen's Crisis Centre (CC) in its campaign against domestic violence (Organizations Addressing VA, 2008) may not be as effective in Cambodia, due to potential noted delays and challenges experiences in Malaysia.

Service Oriented

In Indonesia, Gerakan Anti-Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan Indonesia - GAKTPI, Anti-Violence Against Indonesian…...

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Works Cited

Conard-Salvo, Tammy. (1995-2008). "Social Work Literature Review Guidelines." The Owl at Purdue. 4 June 2008  http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/666/01 .

Fraser, Barbara J.. "Struggle for a future: Cambodia still suffers from legacy of Khmer Rouge reign of terror." National Catholic Reporter, November 18, 2005. 4 June 2008  http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-139432087.html .

International Statistics on Violence Against Women. (N.d.). Domestic Abuse Shelter of the Florida Keys. 4 June 2008  http://www.domesticabuseshelter.org/InfoDomesticViolence.htm#intstatistics .

Knight, Karen. "Notions and practices of justice: the international and the local," NIAS Nytt, December 1, 2006. 4 June 2008  http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P31305755421.html .

Not all physical force can be characterized as violence, and not all violence is created equal. There are numerous controversies regarding definitions of violence and abuse and no clear consensus among researchers on how to characterize acts as one or the other. Presumably, there should be commonalities among different types of violence so that all can be characterized first as violence, and yet some violence is socially approved and so would be placed in a separate category. Even the issue of whether it should be assumed that there are many different kinds of violence is controversial, with some holding that violence is violence in any setting and at any time. At the same time, while there are important differences among the different forms of family violence, all may be caused by similar social and psychological factors. esearch has shown that the some forms of violence are more damaging than others…...

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References

Anderson, S.A. & Cramer-Benjamin, D.B. (1999). The impact of couple violence on parenting and children: An overview and clinical implications. American Journal of Family Therapy, 27(1), 1-19.

Arias, I., and Johnson, P.J. (1986). Evaluations of physical aggression in marriage. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Convention of the Association for Behavior Therapy, Chicago, Illinois.

Arias, I., and Johnson, P.J. (1989). Evaluations of physical aggression among intimate dyads. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4: 298-307.

Barling, J., O'Leary, K.D., Jouriles, E.N., Vivian, P., and MacEwan, K.E. (1987). Factor similarity of the conflict tactics scales across samples, spouses, and sites: Issues and implications. Journal of Family Violence, 2:37-54.

The second stated parenting style, specifically the 'authoritative' parenting style is generally believed among researchers to be the optimum parenting style for positive outcomes specifically relating to intergenerational transmission of cyclic problems relating to abuse and violence in families.
VI. LIFE COURSE TRAJECTORY of CRIME and VIOLENCE

It is stated in the work of Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub entitled: "A Life-Course View of the Development of Crime " that a life course view....tends to emphasize the notion that people get 'locked' into certain trajectories." or, in other words, "... people construct their lives within the content of ongoing constraints." This is viewed as a continuous social reproduction." (2005) the work of Moffitt (1993, 1994) posited "two distinct categories of individuals, each possessing a unique natural history of antisocial behavior over the life course - Life-Course-Persistent and Adolescence-Limited Offenders." (Sampson and Laub, 2003) the argument of Moffitt is that…...

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Bibliography

Simons, Johnson, Beaman, and Conger (1993) Explaining Women's Double Jeopardy: Factors that Mediate the Association between Harsh Treatment as a Child and Violence by a Husband. Journal of Marriage and the Family Vol. 55, No. 3 (Aug., 1993), pp. 713-723.

Violence (2007) Position Paper. American Academy of Family Physicians: Policy and Advocacy. 2007 Online available at  http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/policy/policies/v/violencepositionpaper.html 

Straus, M.A. (1994) Beating the Devil Out of Them: Corporal Punishment in American Families. New York: Lexington Books. Cited in the work of Bloom, S.L and Reichart, M. (1994) Bearing Witness: Trauma and Collective Responsibility. Philadelphia Chapter, Physicians for Social Responsibility. (1995)

Bloom, S.L and Reichart, M. (1994) Bearing Witness: Trauma and Collective Responsibility. Philadelphia Chapter, Physicians for Social Responsibility. (1995)

Family Violence
Introduction

As the nature of the family has change in the past century, the problem of family violence has also become more pronounced.  Today, it is more common to find mixed families, single-parent families, and families where substance abuse and mental health issues are major problems (Lee, Lincoln).  However, because of the nature of family violence, much of it goes unreported.  Hermann notes that family violence is one of the most prevalent forms of interpersonal violence, with women and children often being the victims of reported instances of this type of crime. But as Lee and Lincoln point out, women and children are not the only victims of family violence:  “males are subject to all forms of domestic abuse and yet their victimization receives scant attention” (233).  For this reason, family violence is often a hidden crime, as statistics only show those cases that are reported and not those that…...

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Works Cited

Arthur, James. The Formation of Character in Education: From Aristotle to the 21st Century.  Routledge, 2019.  

Friedan, Betty.  The Feminine Mystique.  NY:  W. W. Norton, 1963.

Hermann, Henry R. Dominance and Aggression in Humans and Other Animals: The Great Game of Life. Academic Press, 2017.

Lee, Andrea, and Robyn Lincoln. "Reciprocity and Exchange: Perspectives of Male Victims of Family Violence." The Psychology of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior. Academic Press, 2017. 233-256.

Rainwater, Lee. Family design: Marital sexuality, family size, and contraception. Routledge, 2017.

Shriner, B & M. Shriner. Essentials of Lifespan Development: A Topical Perspective. Bridgepoint Education: San Diego, CA, 2014.

Zhu, Yuhong, Ko Ling Chan, and Jinsong Chen. "Bullying victimization among Chinese middle school students: the role of family violence." Journal of interpersonal violence 33.12 (2018): 1958-1977.

" (arnett, Miller and Perrin, 2005) However, when one of the partners perceives that an inequity exists in the relationship and wishes to terminate the relationship but is not able to do so, that individuals "experiences frustration and may become aggressive." (arnett, Miller and Perrin, 2005)
2) Symbolic Intereactionism -This theory places emphasis on the symbolic communication that takes place between individuals. "Through this lens, the key to understanding family violence can be found in the meanings that family members attach to various interactions." (arnett, 3) Routine Activities Theory - This theory is used for providing an explanation to stalking patterns.

VI. MULTIDIMENSIONAL THEORIES

Multidimensional models attempt the integration of "several unidimensional theories. Attempts to develop such models flow logically from the failure of single-concept frameworks to account for family violence." (arnett, Miller and Perrin, 2005) arnett, Miller and Perrin state that the need "for a multidimensional theory is especially salient when on…...

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Bibliography

Barnett, Ola W.; Miller, Cindy Lou; and Perrin, Robin D. (2005) Family Violence Across the Lifespan: An Introduction. Sage Publications. 2005.

McDonald, Renee and Jouriles, Ernest N. (2006) Estimating the Number of American Children Living in Partner-Violence Families. Journal of Family Psychology 2006 Vol. 20, No. 1. American Psychological Association. Online available at  http://www.smu.edu/experts/study-documents/family-violence-study-may2006.pdf 

Burgess, Ann W. And Roberts, Albert R. (nd) Violence Within Families Through the Life Span. Chapter 1. Online available at  http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/70/04714146/0471414670-2.pdf

Of course, most couples enter into a marriage or relationship because they love each other, but how does that love turn to violence, and why do people stay in abusive relationships? What triggers the violence is certainly one question, but what keeps the other there is entirely another. Also, there is another aspect to family violence that is hard to understand or accept. In the case of child abuse, one parent must stand by and see it, or ignore it, and how is that possible, especially in situations that continue unchecked, often until death or severe injury to the child. How can a parent ignore the abuse of their own child? These are all unanswered questions that puzzle and perplex.
The chapter material complements the class discussions by helping to give the discussions focus and knowledge. This gives the discussions a chance to interact and react to new ideas and…...

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References

Bell, Holly. "Strengths and Secondary Trauma in Family Violence Work." Social Work 48.4 (2003): 513+.

Dalpiaz, Christina M. Breaking Free, Starting over: Parenting in the Aftermath of Family Violence. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004.

Woolford, Andrew. "Heather Strang and John Braithwaite (Eds.), Restorative Justice and Family Violence." The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 41.1 (2004): 117+.

Family Abuse on Children
The widespread prevalence of family abuse has been increasingly the focus of media, societal, and scholarly attention. This research paper examines the effects of various forms of family abuse on the psychological development of children, and its long-term consequences for adult functioning. The scope of the paper includes research on the causes of family abuse and a discussion on the need for social interventions to minimize the effects of abuse on children.

The well-rounded development of children is a matter of great societal concern since they constitute the citizens of the future. As such, society has a definite stake in ensuring that its children are nurtured well today, in order that they function as responsible adult members of society tomorrow. This is a well-recognized fact as evidenced by governmental, societal, and legal interventions in providing for the development of children through free education, child care subsidies, and…...

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References

Abrahams, Casey & Daro. (1992). Teachers' Knowledge, Attitudes, And Beliefs About Child Abuse And its Prevention. Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect. Vol Becker, K.B. (2002). Attention and Conduct Problems in Children Exposed to Family

Violence.

Fontes, L. (2000). Children Exposed to Marital Violence: How School Counselors Can Help.

Greenwald, E., Leitenberg, H., Cado, S., & Tarran, M.J. (1992). Childhood Sexual Abuse:

First, family violence is rarely the only problem in a home. On the contrary, the vast majority of homes with family violence have at least one co-existing problem, such as drug or alcohol abuse, some type of mental problem, stress, unemployment, or poor parenting. In fact, though battered women's advocates may argue against this statement, it seems accurate to conclude that any parent, whether victim or abuser, who keeps their children in a home with violence, should be presumptively declared unfit as a parent, until they can prove such worth. After all, the research clearly establishes that children who witness inter-parent violence experience the same degree and type of emotional turmoil as children who are actually victims of child abuse. Therefore, removing the primary aggressor from the home is only the first-step in moving a family out of the cycle of violence.
In addition, removing an abusing parent from the…...

Even some police still view the partner in domestic violence as "asking" for it in some way. In addition, even though laws in the United States and many other countries have become stiffer, there are still many countries around the world that subscribe to archaic and violent practices against women, often with the approval of their religion or beliefs.
The questions that remain unanswered about domestic violence and its long history are many. How has it been allowed to continue so long unchecked? How do men rationalize violence against family members they supposedly "love?" Why did it take until the 1960s and 70s in America to acknowledge there was a problem, and that men ruled the criminal justice system and the prevailing attitudes about domestic violence? Unfortunately, some of these attitudes still exist. Another writer notes, "The law and order movement has attained stringent warrantless arrest rules in the domestic…...

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References

Colker, R. (2006). Marriage mimicry: The law of domestic violence. William and Mary Law Review, 47(6), 1841+.

Goelman, D.M. (2004). Shelter from the storm: Using jurisdictional statutes to protect victims of domestic violence after the violence against women act of 2000. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 13(1), 101+.

Shipway, L. (2004). Domestic violence: A handbook for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

Effectively Implementing Indigenous Social Policy: Addressing Unique Community Needs

Indigenous communities face a complex array of social challenges, including poverty, health disparities, and educational inequality. Effectively addressing these issues requires an approach that acknowledges the distinct histories, cultures, and needs of indigenous communities. Indigenous social policy provides a framework for developing and implementing policies that are tailored to these specific needs.

Principles of Indigenous Social Policy

Self-determination: Indigenous communities should have the right to determine their own social and economic development policies.
Cultural competence: Policies should be designed with sensitivity to indigenous cultures, values, and traditions.
Community engagement: Indigenous communities should be....

1. In recent years, the high suicide rates among aboriginal youth have become a pressing issue that requires urgent attention. Studies have shown that the mental health of aboriginal youth plays a significant role in contributing to these alarming rates. Understanding the factors that impact the mental well-being of indigenous youth is crucial in addressing this public health crisis. This essay will delve into the complex relationship between mental health and suicide rates among aboriginal youth, exploring the underlying issues and potential solutions to mitigate this growing concern.

2. Historical trauma is a key factor that has shaped the mental....