Fascism

Sinclair Lewis' It Can't Happen Here is a thinly veiled satire about the possibility of a fascist dictatorship erected in the United States (eardon, 2015) . In that respect, the author's characterization is particularly important in elucidating the potential of fascism during the 1930's in this country. An analysis of the actions and interactions of Doremus Jessup and Senator Trowbridge, then, reveals that the potential of fascism in this country is both possible as well as nearly absolute.

The doctor in Vermont is a relatively minor character in this work. However, his reaction to the tirades of the recently elected U.S. President (Buzz Windrip) who acts like a fascist dictator for the majority of this novel is like that of most Americans regarding the possibility of this movement's emergence in America. The doctor scoffs at the possibility, and dismisses based on what he perceives as the virtue of the…

References

Brickell, H. (1935). Book Reviews It Can't Happen Here. The North American Review. 240(3), 543-546.

Lewis, S. (1935). It Can't Happen Here.  http://gutenberg.net  Retrieved from

Nazi Germany

Nazi Propaganda and the Spread of Fascism

orld ar II was precipitated by the rise of fascism throughout Europe. As the mores of socialism began to take root in many parts of the continent, fascism emerged as a powerful counterpoint. For nations like Italy, Spain and Germany, the consequences of a sustained and devastating recession would be a coalescing of support behind strong, self-proclaimed and authoritarian leaders. Certainly, most notorious among them would be Adolph Hitler, whose Nazi party would first occupy Austria and Germany before ultimately pursuing a more global agenda. However, for our discussion, the primary interest is the degree of success that the Nazi party had in ultimately penetrating Germany with its values, ideals and policies. As the discussion here will show, propaganda would play a central role in the ability of the Nazi party to garner support and generate the impassioned loyalty of the…

Works Cited:

German Propaganda Archive. (2013). Es Lebe Deutschland. Bytwerk.com.

History Learning Site (HLS). (2012). Propaganda in Nazi Germany. Historylearningsite.co.uk.

Welch, D. (2011). Nazi Propaganda. BBC History.

Race for Colonies in the Late 19th Century

Although European imperialism had started in the 15th century when a number of European powers such as Spain, Portugal and Great Britain began to look for new settlements around the world, another great race for colonies occurred in the late 19th century. This time around, other countries such as the United States and Japan also joined Europe in the race. Some of the major reasons for the establishment of colonies in the late 19th century and specific examples of such colonies are outlined below.

Industrial Revolution:

The industrial revolution in Europe and the United States had greatly increased their technological and military power by the second half of the 19th century. Japan, too, had embarked on a path of rapid modernization in the mid-nineteenth century. As a result, several countries in Europe (including England, France, Germany and Italy), the U.S. And Japan…

European Federalism: Historical Analysis

Fascism is considered to be a political belief and concept, which is based on the principle that social, economic and cultural and traditional beliefs of a country must be used in order to increase nationalism. In Europe, fascist movements had emerged in twentieth century. The goal of these fascist movements was to promote fundamentalist and fanatic beliefs in order to deal with the social and political turmoil that occurred in the European region after the end of World War I. Federalism is considered to be the theory, which is based on the principles of federation, which seeks to create a balance of power by dividing it among the member of the same institution. The aim of this paper is to historically analyze the rise of European Union from 1918 to the end of World War II in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources. Furthermore,…

Bibliography

1. Boka Eva (2005): The Democratic European Idea in Central Europe, 1849-1945 (Federalism contra Nationalism) Specimina Nova, University of Pecs,2005. 7-24

2. Boka Eva (2006): In Search of European federalism. Society and Economy (The Journal of the Corvinus University of Budapest), 28. 2006. 3. 309-331.

3. Levi, Lucio (ed.) (1990): Altiero Spinelli and Federalism in Europe and in the World. Franco Angeli, Milan

4. Lindberg, Leon (1963): The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration. Stanford University Press

Mazower says this is ridiculous, for Hitler was not "as A..P. Taylor once famously implied, 'just another politician'...The Second World War did not start because of diplomatic misunderstanding or confusion, nor even because of Hitler's deceit or duplicity. Rather it started because -- very late in the day -- Hitler's opponents realized they were faced with a 'clash of worlds'" (74).

The book is less strong in a few other areas. For example, Mazower does not spend enough time and intrigue on what was happening with Communism during this period. Understandably, he believes that Fascism was the one of three triangular factors to fear the most. However, because he set up his theme to be which of three ideologies was going to come out on top, he needed to give equal billing to each. His argument is stronger as a two-prong democracy vs. fascism or nationalism scenario. It is difficult…

Just recently, for example, ( http://huibriethof.blogspot.com/2006/08/mark-mazower-europe-should-use-its.html ) Mazower called a new, more active European role in the Middle East. He states:

The failure of the American-Israeli intervention in Lebanon, designed as a further step to create a "New Middle East," is, after the failed occupation of Iraq, the failed "democratization" diplomacy aimed at Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Lebanon, and after the failing efforts to isolate Iran and Syria, a not-to-be-missed opening for Europe to step in. No more as a divided and subordinated reserve of allies, but as a responsible and powerful bloc that protects the vital interests of its inhabitants. For the Europeans, there is much more and much longer at stake, than for the U.S.A.

Time will tell what the true outcome of the 20th century was.

All of the residents of the attic live with the constant fear of discovery, and death looms over the Secret Annex.

However, although Anne and Peter are more grown-up in many ways than adolescents who lead a more normal childhood, they also are far more under the watchful eyes of their parents, almost as if they are small children. The growing restlessness of Anne and Peter, combined with the closeness of the environment exacerbates the normal tensions that always exist between the parents and children. The divisions between the married couples, the Franks and the Van Daans, are also amplified because of the tensions of the war, the small living quarters, and the lack of privacy.

Q4) Give an example of anti-Semitism.

Anti-Semitism is manifest in the fact that Anne and her family had wear yellow stars, to identify them as Jews, and were denied basic rights (such as the…

John Perkins (2007), likewise, examines how the modern American Empire has affected our economy and our society in his book the Secret History of the American Empire.

Perkins reveals nothing new when he contends that the United States makes up "less than 5% of the world's population…[yet] consumes more than 25% of the world's resources" (p. 5). What he does do with this information is use it as a platform from which to analyze America's position in the global arena. How is America able to consume so much? According to Perkins, "this is accomplished to a large degree through the exploitation of other countries, primarily in the developing world" (p. 5).

As Howard Zinn points out, European powers, beginning in 1897, were pushing their way into China, a potential nation ripe for exploitation. The only problem was that America was not in on the action. What Zinn shows is how…

Reference List

Borowski, J. (2011). Government to Blame for Rising Gasoline and Food Prices.

FreedomWorks. Retrieved from  http://www.freedomworks.org/blog/jborowski/government-to-blame-for-rising-gasoline-and-food-p 

Dawson, R. (2011). Why 9/11 Still Matters. Anti-Neocons. Retrieved from http://www.rys2sense.com/anti-neocons/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=26320&hilit=iran+contra

Knightley, P. (2001). Taliban Rise to Power. The Guardian. Retrieved from  http://www.rense.com/general14/rise.htm

6. I disagree with fascism. Fascism promotes the whole of society over the individual, which appears to be a sound policy. However, in reality, fascist societies result in the widespread denial of basic human rights to those who do not fit into the government vision of normalcy.

7. I disagree with communism as an ideology, because its focus on collective ownership of resources ignores one of the basic truths about human nature: greed. Communist systems place far too much power in the hands of those who control the resources, and that power has been abused in every single communist government that has ever been established.

8. Conservativism is one of the ideologies I agree with the least. I disagree with it because one of its driving principles is an entirely free market. Conservatives believe that "Economic freedom is essentially about ensuring human rights. Strengthening and expanding it guarantees an individual's…

Works Cited

Democratic Socialists of America.

Where We Stand. WWW.DSAUSA.ORG.2008.

Democratic Socialists of America. 14 Feb. 2008  http://www.dsausa.org/about/where.html .

Kim, Anthony. "The Link Between Economic Freedom and Human Rights." Heritage.org.

Impression of the Interwar Years

Although with hindsight, it is possible to see how actions could have been taken to keep World War I from occurring, at that time the situation was like a dry forest that just needed a small flame to start the devastating fire. All the countries who were involved with World War I were completely on edge and only needed a small spark to have them make disastrous decisions. Once things were set in motion, they could not stop. Because of this, millions of people lost their lives and the countries, ironically, lost their Empires.

Why was it called the Age of Anxiety?

The war did not only destroy the Empires. It also destroyed many people's hopes and dreams. No longer could individuals rely on their government as a means of strength and support. In addition, a questioning of life's meaning and a loss of religion…

There are expressed their feelings through different work of art such as filming. Through films, they used actors and actresses to manipulate the story of the film. And thus through the facial expressions and their actions people watching it can get the whole picture of what the story was all about. One of the first to sense this transformation of the actor by the test performance was Pirandello (enjamin 1937). It was through the film actor that critics understand the moral of the story. Through time, the film was enhanced, it was first a silent film where the artists acts and try to relay the message through his actions but now, there are sounds that help the actor easily and accurately relay the message. His feelings as well the manner of his delivery through the sounds can very well understand the message of the story.

Technology boomed and changes came…

Bibliography

Benjamin, W. (1937) "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" [Online] Available at:  http://pages.emerson.edu/Courses/spring00/in123/workofart/benjamin.htm#value 

Blunden, A. (1998) "Translated: The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television [Online] Available at:  http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/benjamin.htm 

MS Encarta (2005) "Dada" Reference Library Microsoft Corporation.

She proves to the reader the little horrors of history become eclipsed by the big horrors in a way that removes all meaning and importance to those who suffered the undesirable fates. To describe the little horrors, Morante uses Biblical imagery, albeit in heretical ways, to discuss religious discourse.

Morante reminds the reader that History continues and her ethical challenge to those who care is to realize something needs to be done. Morante's story depicts a difficult era filled with fascism, Nazism, war, and occupation through the perspective of a mother and a family. For her to depict real horror and untold suffering serves to shed light on the plight of those who appear voiceless in society. War, along with any major catastophe eclipses the suffering of many. What this essay attempts to focus on are the less obvious horrors of war the plague the thoughts and hearts of a…

Globalization has greatly weakened the traditional way in which governments functioned. The ever increasing economic integration has had an impact on the autonomy and power of existing national governments and given greater access to other non-state political and economic actors. (Steger, 2004)

Every human order in the past has lived off a shared image of the world view that served to plant the feet of its members tightly in time and space. Yet none actually ever dreamt of linking together the oceans and continents and the people who lived in them. Each of these individual world views only emerged after military defeats suffered in modern Europe. These world views included global acquisition of territory, resources and subjects in the name of empires and the will to unite the world through fascism and Marxism. They indeed left permanent marks on the lives of people, institutions and systems but they failed to…

References:

Castells, M. 2008. The new public sphere: Global civil society, communication networks, and global governance.616(1),

Chandler, D. 2004. Constructing global civil society: Morality and power in international relations.

Dean, J., Anderson, J.W., & Lovink, G. 2006.Reformatting politics: information technology and global civil society . New York: CRC Press.

Eberly, D. 2008. The rise of global civil society: Building communities and nations from the bottom up. Encounter Books.

conservative intellectual movement, but also the role of William uckley and William Rusher in the blossoming of the youth conservative movement

Talk about structure of paper, who not strictly chronologically placed (ie hayek before the rest) - in this order for thematic purposes, to enhance the genuiness of the paper (branches of the movement brought up in order of importance to youth conservative revolt) For instance, Hayek had perhaps the greatest impact on the effects of the movement - uckley and Rusher. These individuals, their beliefs, their principles were extremely influential in better understanding the origins, history, and leaders of American conservatism.

Momentous events shape the psyche of an individual as the person matures. A child grows up in poverty vows to never be like his parents, and keeps this inner vow to become a millionaire. A young woman experiences sexual trauma as a teen, and chooses a career that…

Bibliography

George Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945  http://www.nationalreview.com/22dec97/mcginnis122297.html . National review online The Origins of Conservatism George Mc Ginnis

Volume Library #2, p. 2146

Schneider, Cadres for Conservatism

McGinnis, National Review Online

Unilateralism and Preemptive Defense

The arguments for unilateralism and preemptive strikes outlined by conservative historians appear logical and well-documented but are essentially wrought with contradiction. In his recent documentary film called Bowling for Columbine, Michael Moore delivered the premise that American culture is built on the promotion of fear. Fear underlies American foreign policy, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11. In fact, those attacks offered the Bush administration easy fodder for propaganda to promote unilateralism and preemptive strikes on other nations. In spite of the huge practical leap from Bin Laden to Iraq, the administration launched its attacks on that nation with impunity and in spite of massive international opposition. The willingness of the American government to act without the slightest respect for the United Nations proves that America as a whole is under the spell of a cultural superiority complex. This complex is not only psychologically dangerous,…

He writes, "The rise of the radical Right after the First World War was undoubtedly a response to the danger, indeed to the reality, of social revolution and working-class power in general, to the October revolution and Leninism in particular" (Hobsbawm 124). The right-wing backlash against labor unions was crucial in setting up the rise of those fascist leaders who would be responsible for initiating the Second World War. As such it was partially responsible for creating the conditions for violence, but also, later, for unification between anti-fascist forces to defeat them. Socialist resistance to fascism was always strong, starting out peacefully until "resistance to fascism which did not envisage the use of arms could not succeed" (Hobsbawm 152). They were not that successful and went against the Stalin's Soviet view of a symbiotic alliance between capitalism and communism against fascism. Yet paradoxically, it was the strength of communism coming…

Bibliography

Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991. New York: Vintage Books, 1996.

The reason for such volunteer support for a war against fascism was born from the economic calamity and the political turmoil of the 1930's (Sills pp). Thus, like many during the Great Depression, the young volunteers had experienced with deprivation and injustice, leading them to join the "burgeoning student, unemployed, union, and cultural movements that were influenced by the Communist Party and other Left organizations" (Sills pp). These groups had exposed the volunteers to a Marxist and internationalist perspective, and with their successes in bringing people to conscious, political action led to a revolutionary spirit (Sills pp).

American radicalism was spurred by the appearance of pro-fascist groups like the Liberty League, and the expansion of fascism abroad (Sills pp). ith Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Hitler's rise to power in 1933, and Italy's assault on Ethiopia in 1934, (all accomplished without hindrance from estern governments), the Communist Party responded…

Works Cited

Hemingway, Ernest. For Whom the Bell Tolls. Scribner. 1995.

Nelson, Cary. The Spanish Civil War: An Overview. Retrieved August 15, 2005 from  http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/scw/overview.htm 

Rosemont, Franklin. Spanish Revolution of 1936. Retrieved August 15, 2005 from  http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/spain-overview.html 

Sills, Sam. The Abraham Lincoln Brigade. Retrieved August 15, 2005 at  http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/abe-brigade.html

American Way of War

The history of the American Way of War is a transitional one, as Weigley shows in his landmark work of the same name. The strategy of war went from, under Washington, a small scale, elude and survive set of tactics practiced by what seem today to be relatively "quaint" militias, to -- in the 20th century -- a full-scale operation known as "total war." True, "total war" was not a concept invented by the Americans in the 20th century. The North eventually practiced "total war" against the Confederates when Sherman's campaign left utter destruction of civilian territory in its wake. The ancient Romans practiced it when, under the direction of Cato, they destroyed Carthage because its mere existence, they felt, posed a threat to their prosperity. In the 20th century, however, "total war" received an enormous boost of technical support when the inventors of the atom…

Bibliography

Butler, Smedley. War is a Racket. LA: Feral House, 2003.

Chollet, Derek and James Goldgeier. America Between the Wars. NY: Public Affairs,

2009.

Debs, Eugene. "Anti-War Speech," 16 June 1918. Web.

Nevertheless, in the immediate period, due to the increasing prosperity, the Republican left started to benefit from the people's trust and this was proven as well by the elections in 1928. Moreover, the coalition formed by the German's people Party with the three Republican parties was undoubtedly considered a change. However, the situation was not to last long and one year afterwards in Germany the first signs of an economic depression have made themselves felt. As a consequence, people started to mistrust the political change they had sustained and that allowed the left-wing and right-wing radicalism to gain legitimacy, a fact which led to tensions of the parties which sustained those currents of thought on the political scene. In this situation, one of the logical measures, which later determined the appearance of Fascism, was that the Socialists, under the pressure of the fear that their sustainers would embrace Communism, became…

Bibliography

Felix GILBERT, The end of the European Era: 1890 to the Present," W.W. Norton Company, New York, 1981 pp. 270;

AJ.P. TAYLOR, "The origins of the Second World War," Oxford university Press, 1999, 246 pp;

Stanley G. PAINE, "Fascism. Comparison and definition', Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1980;

Arthur O. LOVEJOY, "The meaning of Romanticism for the Historian of Ideas," in Franklin L. BAUMER (ed.), "Intellectual Movements in Modern European History,"New York: Macmillan, 1965;

In IBM's case, the Department of Justice found that their efforts were mired in failure. Unfortunately, IBM was so central to the economic operations of Germany and occupied Europe that it was necessary to preserve IBM's role in the economy of Europe so as not to jeopardize the postwar occupation.

Part II-Present Corporatist America and Comparisons with Fascist Italy-

When the Wall Street Journal, the United States' newspaper of record for financial affairs makes an explanatory note, it gives us all pause. Gerald F. Driscoll in "An Economy of Liars" takes aim at both the Obama and George W. Bush administrations when he speaks about the present economic reality and asserts "We call that system not the free-market, but crony capitalism. It owes more to Benito Mussolini than to Adam Smith ("An Economy of Liars" 2010)."

If a communist agitator on the proverbial soapbox spouted this statement, it could be…

References

Alter, J. 2006, the Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope,

New York, Simon and Schuster.

Black, E. 2001, IBM and the Holocaust, Crown Publishers, New York.

(1965) "The Economy: We Are All Keynesians Now," Time, Available from  http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842353-1,00.html

It is necessary to control the workers and make them dependent on the government. The policy also makes it possible for the government to direct all its resources on a single project -- typically the major "goal" of a regime such as war.

Complete government control on weapons, although not an exclusive characteristic of totalitarian governments precludes the chances of successful uprisings.

Case Studies: Specific Examples of Totalitarian egimes

The Soviet Communist regime under Joseph Stalin, the fascist regime under Mussolini in Italy and Nazi regime led by Adolf Hitler are typical examples of totalitarian regimes.

Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin: As observed earlier, it is debatable whether Karl Marx had clearly envisaged the formation of totalitarian governments by the application of his Communist theory. However, the first country to adopt Communism, i.e., the Soviet Union soon degenerated into the worst type of totalitarian government imaginable under Joseph Stalin who…

References

Arendt, Hannah. (1966). The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23477515

Blum, G.P. (1998). The Rise of Fascism in Europe (R. M. Miller, Ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Characteristics of Totalitarianism." (n.d.) From: Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, by Carl Friedrick and Zbigniew Brzezinski. Retrieved on November 5, 2004 at http://plato.newarka.edu/~labbey/ap_total_charac.html

Kreis, Steven. (2004) "The Age of Totalitarianism: Stalin and Hitler." Lectures on Twentieth Century Europe: The History Guide. Retrieved on November 5, 2004 at  http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture10.html

ultra-nationalist ideologies were far more threatening on a worldwide scale than communism to the liberal belief in individual rights from 1920-1945," because it is unequivocally true. One of the principle means of corroborating this statement is to analyze the atrocities and events that led up to and included orld ar II, which took place during the aforementioned time frame. orld ar II was largely about the propagation offFascism, which is ultra-nationalism at its finest -- or at its worse for the millions of people who were slaughtered in the wake of this ideology prior to and during orld ar II. An examination of first hand sources from the Japanese invasion of China, Italy, and from communist Russia indicate that ultra-nationalism was far more restrictive in individual rights than communism -- for the simple fact that the latter belief circumscribed such rights while the former simply eradicated them.

Japan's invasion of…

Works Cited

Not certain of the names of these books, but I put the page numbers in the citations for you

Jose Ortega y Gasset, once a "Liberal" legislator in the doomed Spanish Republic, wrote Revolt of the Masses 70 years too soon. This elitist book, although seriously flawed, makes numerous excellent points, demands to be read in these opening years of the 21st Century, and should be quoted, frequently, publicly, and with great fervor. Gasset felt that man has come to demand things without taking responsibility. However, at the same time, Nietzsche's book, Disadvantages and Advantages of History does not explicitly examine the nature of morality, the master/slave relationship, or related questions. Instead, it questions the relationship of historical knowledge to life in the present. By "present," Nietzsche does not mean some specific century or decade, but rather the present we perpetually find ourselves in as human beings. He also discusses the possibility of people living like animals because they do not knowledge of history. By comparing Gasset and Nietzsche,…

Mephisto (1981)

Main question: How to keep identity and integrity in time of horror/terror?

One of the main questions that the film Mephisto by Istvan Szabo is the question of whether one can keep one's identity and integrity within a time of horror and terror. Szabo seems to be implying that it's almost impossible to do this, and seems to toy with that notion throughout the film. The film already takes place within a loaded and terrifying time in world history. This is the era of World War Two, when fascism and the Nazis were coming to power. Looking back on this era, it can seem absolutely shocking that the Nazis were able to come to such a supreme level of authority, power and evil, but fundamentally this occurred, because they were allowed to. The Nazis came to power because the rest of the world allowed that to happen. Thus,…

References

Svabo, I. (1981) Mephisto. Cinegate Europe

His underlying interest was to understand the basic forms of religious life for all societies. In Elementary Forms, Durkheim argues that the totems the aborigines venerate are actually expressions of their own conceptions of society itself. This is true not only for the aborigines, he argues, but for all societies (ibid).

eligion, for Durkheim, is not "imaginary," although he does deprive it of what many believers find essential. eligion is very real; it is an expression of society itself, and indeed, there is no society that does not have religion. We perceive as individuals a force greater than ourselves, which is our social life, and give that perception a supernatural face. We then express ourselves religiously in groups, which for Durkheim makes the symbolic power greater. eligion is an expression of our collective consciousness, which is the fusion of all of our individual consciousnesses, which then creates a reality of…

References

Cotterrell, R. (1999). Emile Durkheim: Law in a Moral Domain. Sanford, CA: Stanford

Univ. Press. p243.

Emile, D. (1947). Extract from the Division of Labor. New York, NY: The Free Press.

pp1-7).

"The rumor claiming that the commercial almost never aired is true," said Clow (www.ciadvertising.com).The Apple board "demanded that it not be aired," Clow goes on, but Apple CEO Steve Jobs insisted that it be played, and so it was. Clow says that this commercial wasn't just a parody of Nineteen Eighty-Four; "one could almost interpret this commercial as a bleak commentary on society," he writes. It shocked the "PC world into paying a little more attention to their competitors in their field," Clow asserts.

In conclusion, TV Guide called the Apple commercial "the greatest commercial of all time," according to CNN. And while Orwell's book isn't the greatest by any means, it has created an endless number of allusions and references, including the phrase "Big Brother," who, unfortunately, is with us today far more than most of us probably realize.

orks Cited

Clow, Lee. "Lee Clow: His Masterpiece." Chiat/Day Advertising.…

Works Cited

Clow, Lee. "Lee Clow: His Masterpiece." Chiat/Day Advertising. Retrieved Nov. 28, 2007, at  http://www.ciadvertising.org/SA/fall_02/adv382/qwkag/assign2/master.htm .

Leopold, Todd. "Why 2006 isn't like '1984'." Cable News Network / CNN.com. Retrieved Nov. 28, 2007, at http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/0202/eye.ent.commercials.

Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York: Plume / Penguin Group, 2003.

Northrop Frye recognized this fact but believed that the satire missed its mark:

It completely misses the point as satire on the ussian development of Marxism, and as expressing the disillusionment which many men of good-will feel about ussia. The reason for that disillusionment would be much better expressed as the corruption of expediency by principle (Frye 1987, p. 10).

What links 1984 and Animal Farm most directly is that both are anti-utopian in nature, for Orwell had developed a certainty that government in a utopian society would always be corrupted and would lose sight of its principles because of expediency.

Animal Farm was written during World War II. There is evidence that he was planning a novel that would become 1984 even before he wrote Animal Farm, and there is a relationship between the two books that is not often noted:

The form each book took was very different,…

References

Brander, L. (1954). George Orwell. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.

Crick, B. (1986). The making of Animal Farm. In Critical Essays on George Orwell, B. Oldsey and J. Browne (eds.). Boston: G.K. Hall.

Frye, N. (1987). In George Orwell, H. Bloom (ed.). New York: Chelsea House.

Green, T.H. (1995). Liberal legislation and freedom of contract. In Sources of the Western Tradition, M. Perry, J.R. Peden, and T.H. Von Laue (eds.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

In Italy, Mussolini exploited the state of confusion and malaise to seize power. From this cradle, Fascism emerged into the world. In Germany, it morphed into Nazism, a more virulent and transformed fascism feeding upon race mysticism as well as extreme nationalism and dictatorship. Both countries took this highway to the Hell of World War II. During this second installment of Great War, European countries groaned under the Fascist boot heel and fought back under native partisan movements in the underground resistance.

Ironically, the European Federal movement was midwifed by Italian political theorist Alberto Spineless. After the Second World War, the people of Europe wanted human rights, an end to despotism against both and human freedom and dignity.

he Union of European Federalists was formed in December of 1946. In the wake of two world wars, theorists such as Spineless were convinced that Federalism in Europe would save Europe by…

The Union of European Federalists was formed in December of 1946. In the wake of two world wars, theorists such as Spineless were convinced that Federalism in Europe would save Europe by transcending nationalism much as the multinational Resistance had in World War II. In this movement, Communists, Socialists, and Christian Democrats resisted Fascisim in a united front. Spinelli and contemporary E. Rossi wrote the Ventone Manifesto, encouraging a federation of European States to make way for the European Union body. Union of European Federalist concluded that the existing political system could not creatre the new Europe. Federalist advocates thought that Europe integration was a process of building for the politics of a new Europe.

After achieving freedom from the Nazi tyranny, the people of Western Europe developed a consensus that a united Europe was the best way to bring peace and prosperity. Opposition forces like Resistance movement veterans thought they should overcome nationalism. Uniting Europe was the first task in its post war recovery. Federalism provided the theoretical basis of these for this movement. As the result, Federalism plans appeared as a blueprint to prevent future European wars.

The federal ideas were first concretely represented in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951 in the Treaty of Paris. The ECSC paved the way for the integration of Europe, followed by the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 and the European Union (EU) of 1993 based upon the Matriarchs Treaty. Transnational organizations now are paving the way for a Europe that will be one state.

Patriotic Act

Arguments for and against the Patriot Act

The unusual events surrounding the creation and passing of the Patriot Act make it a suspect bill in many eyes. However, major media reports like this one: "Fifty-nine percent in an ABC News/ashington Post poll favor continuing the additional investigative authority in terrorism investigations that was granted to the FBI starting in 2001. President Bush urged such an extension of the Patriot Act today" (Langer) insist that there are others who support it and promote it as a protection against the kind of terrorism that was seen on 9/11. For supporters the idea of sacrificing civil liberties for security measures such as the TSA is, while unfortunate, a necessary evil. Those who oppose it, like alternative media journalist Ryan Dawson and Sen. Ron Paul, decry it as government intrusion. This paper will give arguments for and against the Patriot Act and…

Works Cited

Brand, Rachel. "Reauthorization of the U.S.A. Patriot Act." 20 Jan 2010. The Federalist

Society. Web. 24 Sep 2011. <  http://www.fed-soc.org/publications/detail/reauthorization-of-the-usa-patriot-act >

Celente, Gerald. "Gerald Celente Predicts Ron Paul Can Win in 2012." 3 May 2010.

YouTube. 24 Sep 2011.

Features of Modern / Post-Modern Period

Most historians term the era after the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, i.e., after the mid-18th century as the Modern Period in history; a period that has seen tremendous changes in politics, sciences, economics, commerce, society and technology. Some of the salient features of the Modern / Post-Modern period have been explained in this essay.

New Standards for Governance:

The American Revolution (1776) and the French Revolution (1789) were significant political and social developments in the later part of the 18th century, which signaled the weakening of powers of monarchies and ushered in new standards for governance and society such as democracy, liberty, equality and fraternity -- standards that have empowered the people and symbolize the Modern Age. Such a new form of government is typified by the nited States of America which adopted a constitution that guaranteed the inalienable rights of…

Unprecetended developments in the communication technologies (the computer and the Internet) in the last few decades and the eclipse of controlled economies has opened up an age of globalization which has contracted distances, promoted world trade and given rise to a global culture. It also has its downsde -- as it threatens to exacerbate social and economic inequalities and provides new opportunities for global terrorists.

The Post-Modern period generally refers to the period after 1960 but there is no clear cut-off point between the Modern and the Post-Modern eras.

Fascism was successful in gaining power in Italy, Spain and Germany during the period between the two World Wars and Fascist movements also emerged in other European countries.

Conservatives and socialists splitted society and failed to create a functioning coalition. After years of authoritarian monarchic control, proportional system of election led society to political chaos, as nearly 20 parties with different political programs from communist to right radicals were represented in eichstag. None of country's politicians was successful either in diplomacy or in the art of achieving compromise. The experience of political pluralism led to political and economical disorientation in society, as in a period of 1919-1933 Germany witnessed several temporary coalitions in parliament and twelve governments, which were unable to stabilize country's economy.

Haffner describes that political crisis was a common attribute of Weimar republic's pluralism: "From 1914 to 1923 all governments had been weak" German parliamentarians of Weimar republic faced a common problem of all young political parties. Being one of the most popular parties in the country with wide support in society and even being…

References

Gay, Peter Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider W.W. Norton & Company 2001

Haffner, Sebastian Defying Hitler: A Memoir Picador 2003

Eyck, Erich History of the Weimar Republic Macmillan Pub Co 1970

Eyck, Erich

The preamble of the United States' constitution is the perfect example of democratic government:

We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." (the United States' Constitution)

What other proof needed, to show the democratic origins of the constitution? "Perfect union," "general welfare," "liberty to ourselves and our posterity." And it was all written by our ancestors.

To those who criticize democracy as a form of government, I only quote what John Dryden once said:

Democracy does not guarantee equality of conditions - it only guarantees the equality of opportunity."

For if one comes to the Land of All Opportunities in search of a better life for…

Bibliography

Ball, Terence, and Dagger, Richard. "Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal (6th Edition)." Longman, 2005.

Ball, Terence, and Dagger, Richard. "Ideals and ideologies. A Reader." Longman, 2005

Quote of Winchell, Walter. Retrieved Oct. 15-2006 from Http://unconstitutionalities/fun_zone/Famous_misquotes#demo

Quotes of Lincoln, Abraham; Patrick, John; Dryden, John; Smith, E.A. Retrieved Oct. 15-2006 from www.worldofquotes.com/topic/Democracy/index.html

Big Brother

Combat. A French Resistance Newspaper from 1944

COMBAT: THE RESISTANCE NESPAPER

Big Brother: The Physical Embodiment and Symbol of the Party in Oceania

Big Brother's Predecessors: Hitler, Stalin and an Old British Recruiting Poster Featuring Lord Kitchener

BIG BROTHER IS HITLER AND STALIN, INCLUDING THE MOUSTACHE

By O'Brien X

Unlike the real dictators Hitler and Stalin, Big Brother does not really exist and has never existed, except as the symbol of English Socialism (Ingsoc) and the Party that controls all aspects of life in Oceania through totalitarian, police state methods. After all, a dictator with a physical body will eventually become ill, decline with age and die, Big Brother will live forever as the image of a Party that intends to remain in power forever. Its members will die off, even at the privileged Inner Party levels, but that matters no more than cutting off dead fingernails. As…

WORKS CITED

Aly, Gotz and Jefferson Chase. Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State. Holt Paperbacks, 2005.

Orwell, George, Nineteen Eighty-Four. NY: Houghton Mifflin, 1949, 1989.

Spielvogel, Jackson T. And David Redles. Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History, 6th Edition. Prentice Hall, 2009.

Trotsky, Leon. The Revolution Betrayed. Dover Publications, 2004.

Germans, Post World War 2

Evil, German attitudes through the Twentieth Century, and humanity

The Second World War has had a terrible impact on society as a whole and it is safe to say that it shaped the way that people perceived the idea of being human and of life in general. Michael Hanake's 2009 motion picture The White Ribbon discusses with regard to a series of events happening in a fictional German village during the era leading to the First World War. While the film discusses ideas that apparently have nothing to do with the Second World War or with the National Socialist ideology, an in-depth analysis would make it possible for someone to find parallels between many of the concepts it contains and values promoted in Nazi Germany.

Overview

Haneke's film provides viewers with the image of an apparently perfectly organized village in which everyone is well-acquainted with…

Bibliography:

Schwab, Gabriele. Haunting Legacies: Violent Histories and Transgenerational Trauma. ( Columbia University Press, 13 Aug 2013)

Dir. Michael Haneke, The White Ribbon. Filmladen (Austria) X Verleih AG (Germany), 2009.

Politics

Nationalist ebirth

During the inter-war years, Nazism strengthened its populist support by emphasizing its nationalist ideology, thus drawing on the German traditions of the 19th century and gaining strength from the disillusion that had set in after the defeat in World War I. Hitler's policies for Germany included the resurgence of a Greater Germany, by instilling the German people with a renewed sense of purpose in order to inspire, "the miracle of Germany's emergence as a nation" (Berwick, 20). This rejuvenated nation would also include Austria and the German-speaking people who had been lost to Poland and Czechoslovakia in 1919. Before 1933, Hitler played on the unjustness of the Versailles Treaty and, between 1933 and 1939 repeatedly claimed that he was reasserting the national rights of Germany, which included the publicly popular issue of territorial claims (Payne, 1995). Therefore, the reoccupation of the hineland in 1936, the occupation of…

References

Berwick, M. The Third Reich. London: Wayland Publishers, 1971.

Carsten, F.L. The Rise of Fascism. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1970.

Eatwell, Roger. Fascism: A History. New York: The Penguin Group, 1995.

Mosse, George. The Crisis of German Ideology. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964.

Age of Extremes

The ise of the evolutionary Arts

The chapter under review is set in the context of the troubled times that Eric Hobsbawm describes in his book "The Age of Extremities" -- a time which saw two world wars, the greatest economic depressions in world history and the communist revolution in ussia and elsewhere. There was an environment of revolution in Europe and elsewhere -- in India for example where the fight for independence from British rule was at its height during the later part of this period. Therefore according to Eric Hobsbawm, the time period from 1914 to 1945 was one where the socio-political scenario had a deep impact on the arts and culture and their expression.

The ise of the evolutionary Arts

During the period from 1914 to 1945, Eric Hobsbawm notes that in the established world of arts and culture the only two innovations that…

Reference

Hobsbawm, E. (1994). The age of extremes. New York: Pantheon Books.

Origin

Jesus said that God created human beings (Matt. 19:4) and they should worship and obey Him wholly and also love their neighbors, much as they love themselves (Matt. 22: 37-39). He also taught that human beings have immaterial souls that live on after one dies and that these souls will be reunited with bodies on the day of resurrection (Matt: 12: 26-27; John 5:28-29). Interestingly, Jesus termed human beings as spiritually "lost" (Luke 19:10) and also corrupt (Matt. 9:13; Mark 7:21-23) (Douglas . Groothuis 2003).

Buddha did not speculate about the origins of humans. His focus was the existing human condition with emphasis on suffering occasioned by having unfulfilled wants and desires. His teachings asserted that humans cannot satisfy the needs of their souls as they do not have souls to begin with. Similar to a chariot that lacks essence and is just a composition of individual components and…

References

Douglas R. Groothuis. "Jesus and Buddha: Two Masters or One?" CHRISTIAN RESEARCH JOURNAL, 2003.

Mikio Matsuoka. "The Buddhist Concept of the Human Being: From the Viewpoint of the Philosophy of the Soka Gakkai." The Journal of Oriental Studies, 2005.

Paul Dooley. Buddhism V. Christianity. 2014.  https://evidencetobelieve.net/buddhism-vs.-christianity/ .

Scott A. Mitchell. "Christianity is for rubes; Buddhism is for actors": U.S. media representations of Buddhism in the wake of the Tiger Woods' scandal." Journal of Global Buddhism, 2012: 61-79.

All of the chapters in the book relate to various events in Levi's life, as well as to his passion for chemistry. Surprisingly (when considering the suffering he went through in Auschwitz) Levi only associates a small chapter in the book with his experiences in the death camp. The story is nonetheless sad, and can be regarded as being the most impressive account in the book. All in all, "The Periodic Table" is more of an autobiography than a nonfiction account involving the Holocaust.

In "Vanadium," Levi shortly depicts a series of occurrences speaking about Auschwitz. The author apparently wants to go over the topic as fast as possible, only to return to the beautiful world of chemistry. He does not succeed in doing that however, since the subject slowly but surely grabs hold of him and forces him to go deeper and depict one of the most influential chapters…

Works cited:

1. Levi, Primo. The Periodic Table. Michael Joseph Ltd., 1985.

By mobilizing women in the name of Peron, Eva was able to use women to evangelize the greatness of Peron to their families, and to count upon their turn-out in the streets on prominent festival days. She also took special care to help downtrodden women through her Foundation.

Plotkin suggests that Peron's rise to power was not merely based on charisma. The Peron regime created institutions that supported its quasi-religious cult of personality. The educational, bureaucratic, and social structures of the land all conspired to keep Peron in power. Textbooks, national holidays, myths disseminated through the media about the rise of Peron's wife up from poverty, and gift-giving all created a system of interconnected symbols and rituals that made Peronism seem legitimate. Populism itself can be a manufactured entity.

A common question not just in regards to Peron, but about many populist figures that betray their constituencies is how people…

Work Cited

Plotkin, Mariano. Maniana es San Per6n: Propaganda, rituales politicos y educaci6n en el

regimen peronista (1946-1955). Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina. 1994.

247). Further, Jones began preaching about "revolutionary suicide" which was a kind of "collective suicide" as an "outcome of being attacked by forces" against Jonestown.

These facts that are generally supported by other sources can easily lead an alert reader to assume that Jones started with an idealistic spiritual movement and gradually he apparently became obsessed with power - and paranoid that some group would try to wipe him out - and turned his church into a cult. The PBS research claims that prior to the mass deaths Jones "confiscated medicines from every resident" and kept himself "medicated" on barbiturates and amphetamines. It doesn't take a doctor or psychiatrist to project that being on amphetamines (speed) and barbiturates (downers) could induce wild highs and lows, radical mood shifts which could certainly lead to paranoia, fear, hostility, and violence. "Hard physical labor" was forced on members six days a week -…

Works Cited

Metcalf, Bill. "David Chidester. Salvation and Suicide: Jim Jones, The People's Temple,

And Jonestown." Utopian Studies 16.2 (2005): 335-338.

Public Broadcasting Service. "Race and the Peoples Temple." Retrieved March 2, 2009, at  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/jonestown/peopleevents/e_guyana.html .

Richardson, James T. "People's Temple and Jonestown: A Corrective Comparison and Critique." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 19.3 (2001): 239-255.

Throughout his play, collective devastation is met with personal suffering. It is only when this becomes a shared suffering that it can become a collective way to redemption. The divides of a war now over would give way to this shared experience for all peoples of France, charged with the responsibility of rebuilding.

Indeed, this speaks much to the futility of war itself, as spoke by Camus when he resolves that "all a man could win in the conflict between plague and life was knowledge and memories" (Camus, 262). The viewpoint expressed here is in informed by the severity of orld ar II and the unprecedented global experience of attempting to be removed from this trauma. In the resolution instigative of this discussion, we can see that Camus holds on to some sense that man is inherently more a good creature than a bad one, and that he is to…

Works Cited

Camus, Albert. The Plague. 1947. NY: McGraw Hill, 1965.

It is a humorous take on the time of unrest between the two World Wars, when Germany smarting from the ignominious defeat after the First World War allowed Hitler to take charge. This led to the large scale extermination of the Jewish people. This film is about what might have been if Hitler had a change of heart. This film also underhandedly mentions the Great Depression. In the last speech of the movie, the Charlie Chaplin character, the barber, who is mistaken for Adenoid Hynkel, bemoans greed and the loss of democarcy. This Jewish barber also calls for peace and for soldiers to drop their weapons and fight against those who would enslave them and force them to resort to untold instances of violence. The fact that this film was made in 1940 is remarkable and shows great courage on the part of Chaplin. The war was still five years…

Bibliography

Ceausescu. (2008). Ceausescu, Nicolae. Retrieved May 13, 2008, at  http://www.ceausescu.org/ 

Eyewitnesstohistory. (1994). The Forced Suicide of Rommel. Retrieved May 14, 2008, at  http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/rommel.htm 

IMDB. (2008). The Great Dictator. Retrieved May 13, 2008, at  http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032553/ 

WrongDiagnosis. (2008). Ptomaine Poisoning. Retrieved May 13, 2008, at  http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/p/ptomaine_food_poisoning/intro.htm

The U.S. retaliated by freezing Japanese assets and imposed a complete embargo on oil exports to Japan and delivered the 'Hull Note' -- an ultimatum demanding a complete withdrawal from China. Japan considered the act unacceptable and opted for all-out war by attacking Pearl Harbor. (Ibid.)

Major Issues of the War:

Fight against Fascism: Fascism gained strength after the WWI. Totalitarian regimes in Germany, Italy, and Japan looked to dominate their neighbors and threatened military occupation. The democratic countries and the Soviet Union fought to stop them.

esources: The struggle to capture natural resources such as oil, considered necessary for development in an industrial age, was another major issue of the War. Hitler looked to capture the resource rich areas to the east as well as to create Lebensraum ("living space") for the expanding German population. A resource-poor Japan led by militarists had also adopted a policy of expansionism in…

References

Arima, Y. (2003). "The Way to Pearl Harbor: U.S. v Japan." ICE Case Studies.

December, 2003. Retrieved on November 18, 2006 at  http://www.american.edu/TED/ice/japan-oil.htm

He felt that this was all "full of defeatism and disillusion and sometimes of a too studied innocence" (White, pp. 481). He criticized intellectuals for not merely taking a side on an issue that White thought affected everyone. He thought that intellectuals would more than anyone, want their opinions to be heard and to be taken into account because it is the educated people in the United States that made a difference. It was them who had the advantage of knowing and having more opportunities than the rest, yet they were the ones that were content with what was occurring. He writes, "Where I expected to find indignation, I found paralysis, or a sort of dim acquiescence" (White pp. 483). He was so appalled by their lack of opinion and this disregard to an issue that affected so many, that it invigorated his own desire and admiration of and for…