Fascism in the Interwar Period:
Fascism, similar to every sound political idea, is both thought and practice since it comprises of both a doctrine and an action. It's regarded as a doctrine since it originates from a given system of historical forces while it's an action in which a doctrine is imminent. Since it's a sound political conception, fascism is entrenched in the doctrine and works from within. Fascism is a spiritualized conception that could not be understood in its practical demonstrations as a party organization, a discipline, and a system of education unless it was examined with regards of its entire means of conceiving life. As a result, fascism is brought by the overall reaction of contemporary times against the floppy materialistic positivism of the 19th Century.
This concept can also be regarded as a historical conception through which man is what he is based on how he works with the…...
Gregor believes and sustains in his works that fascism was the truly revolutionary doctrine of the twentieth century, representing a model for dictators in the Third World countries. Fascism, rather than Marxism, represented the model for dictatorships demanding liberation from foreign dominance and wealth redistribution. Fascism appealed at patriotic feelings and at national pride, but it was still an ideology of dictatorship.
The true model that applied the fascist ideology into a political program was enito Mussolini, who used the relevance of fascist theories in Italy when the fascists came to power in 1922. According to Gregor, fascism is best pictured by Mussolini's program, who used the opportune moment of economic downfall, of domestic disputes and external hostility to introduce the fascist platform.
Italian fascism is not, according to Gregor, the ideal system of belief - it represented an ideology that was not less irrational than other revolutionary ideologies of the twentieth…...
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Bibliography
William T. Blumh, review on James A. Gregor, Interpretations of Fascism, Journal of Politics, Vol. 37, No. 2 (May, 1975), pp. 586-588, at jstore.org
A. James Gregor. Interpretations of fascism, Transaction Publications, 1997
A. James Gregor. Phoenix: Fascism in Our Time. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction. 1999.
Communism was supposed to be the final product of human civilization, which went through certain socio-economic-political stages and would culminate in communism. Socialism would, however, represent a transitional state system. In certain countries, communism manifested as a highly regimented, state-regulated system but such forms of government cannot be truly called communist. Rather, they are more like authoritarian or totalitarian socialist states. Like many fascist regimes, communist states have been headed by dictators and run as military dictatorships or police states. The heavy-handed government, the control and suppression of governmental opposition, and the use of propaganda to promote the needs of the ruling party are all aspects common to both fascism and communism, in spite of their ideological differences. To garner support from among detractors in the working classes, fascists relied on a clever and systematic use of propaganda. In fact, the use of propaganda is one of the major…...
In general the middle class was driven by despair especially due to inflation that was galloping and economic crisis was becoming an ideological crisis. There was a discredit towards parliamentary democracy, economic policy that was liberal and a society of industrial development was now on the verge of breaking out in Europe. Therefore with the stable equilibrium from 1920 there was fragility of the democratic system and therefore adherents of authoritarian regimes aimed to overthrow the liberal governments that were in existence.
In parallel with the fear of proletarianization as well as lack of any ideological guidance, authoritarian as well as nationalistic movements emerged that pressed for the sedition of the liberal democracies that were newly formed which was an endeavor that was carried into effect for dictatorial and anti-liberal regimes. There was also the increasing disentrancement as well as accusations that the government was leveled against about economic scandals…...
One of the critiques of this theory is that it assumes that groups coalesce or converge in an environment which is normless. hile the theory is suited to an explanation of spontaneous group formation, it does not address the fact that movements such as fascism are grounded on prior normative formations and value systems that lead to the collective behavior. At the same time it must be acknowledged that this theory does have value in that emphasizes the insight that
"…behavior is social" and that "…each individual's behavior is affected by the presence and actions of others." (Brown, and Lewis)
2.3. value -- added theory
Value-added theory is associated with the work of Neil Smelser. It is based on the view that various conditions have to be met for a social movement to come into being. This view is related to the concept of social change. In other words, collective action and social…...
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Works cited
A German View of the Treaty of Versailles. 20 Apr. 2009.
Blumer, Herbert. "Collective Behavior," in Robert E. Park, (ed.) An Outline of the Principles of Sociology. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1939.
Brown, Clyde, and Erik L. Lewis. "Protesting the Invasion of Cambodia: A Case Study of Crowd Behavior and Demonstration Leadership." Polity 30.4 (1998): 645+. Questia. 20 Apr. 2009 .
The closest one could come to putting a date on the beginning of Fascism in Italy would be to magically zip back in time to March 23, 1919, where in a Milan's Piazza San Sepolcro, the founding fathers of Fascism. As their ideas evolved, they began to be more vocal. In 1921 they developed a plan for action for the nation of Italy. That plan evolved as time progressed, but it was still complete enough to actually win the hearts and minds of the people. "While failing to outline a coherent program, fascism evolved into a new political and economic system that combined corporatism, totalitarianism, nationalism, and anti-Communism in a state designed to bind all classes together under a capitalist system....one in which the state seized control of the organization of vital industries. Under the banners of nationalism and state power, Fascism seemed to synthesize the glorious Roman past…...
Fascist Italy v. Nazi Germany:
In the early 19th Century, Italy and Germany were characterized with instability, political weaknesses, and global economic crises. Governments in these countries seemed incapable of handling the troublesome situations. Actually, the leaders of both countries were dictators and led totalitarian regimes, which culminated in the cooperation during World War II. Adolf Hitler used the situation involving the near collapse of Weimar republic to advance propaganda against the government in which he blamed the government for all problems in the country and established Nazi solutions to the problems. In 1919, in Italy, Mussolini founded the Italian fascist party and formed a government after a series of strikes and riots. Since he took the government on dictatorial powers, Mussolini tried to control each aspect of Italian's life (Husic, n.d.). The Nazi and Fascist dictatorial regimes in Germany and Italy respectively had some similarities and differences.
One of the similarities…...
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References:
Husic, I. (n.d.). Differences and Similarities in Totalitarian Societies of Germany and Italy.
Islamic Fascism
Following a series of terrorist attacks against the United States which culminated in the attacks of September 11th, 2011, the most pressing terrorist threat facing the country is that posed by Islamic Fascism, because it represents a diffuse, dedicated, and ongoing effort to attack the United States as frequently and destructively as possible, whether domestically or abroad. As a result, the United States government has dedicated substantial time and resources towards studying and confronting the threat posed by Islamic Fascism, but it remains a difficult task, not least of all because of the movement's diffuse, decentralized organization. When considering Islamic Fascism and the terrorism it encourages, one must confront the sometimes blurry boundary between domestic and international terrorism, as well as the way in which globalization has allowed money and resources to unite otherwise distant groups. Examining the establishment of Islamic terrorism in the United States reveals that it…...
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References
Bahgat, G. (2003). Oil and militant islam: Strains on U.S.-saudi and relations. World Affairs, 165(3), 115-122.
Duyn, D.U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2006). Islamic radicalization. Retrieved from House Homeland Security Committee Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment website:
Another difference worth mentioning is also of economic nature and refers to the Great Depression of 1929-1933. hile the Italian fascism emerged in the context of internal problems, the German fascism was driven by international economic crisis. The fall of the American market, the primary creditor of the defeated countries, meant that the financial resources would stop coming from across the ocean, and the economic condition was in even grater danger.
Not many differences can be found between the two, at least not many major and distinctive differences, ever more when the rules controlled the masses is similar manners, followed similar agendas and had the same enemies (the communists). However, one strong difference resides in the approach taken by the leaders. hereas Mussolini emphasized on Italy as a whole, with all of its inhabitants, Hitler emphasized on Germans as a race. In other words, behind the Italian fascism lays a nationalist…...
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Works Cited
Allen, W.S., 1973, the Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1930-1935, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2nd Edition
Beck, E.R., March 1966, Review of William Sheridan Allen's "The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town," the Journal of Modern History, Volume 38, Number 1
Littelton, a., 2004, the Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919-1929, Routledge
German Fascism
Fascism is arguably the most influential and controversial political ideology in modern history, and continues to be a fascinating topic for political study and discussion. Yet, despite fascism's worldwide existence and its responsibility for the development of numerous groups and political movements, Germany remains only one of two countries (the other being Italy) in which the ideology of fascism has enjoyed the success of political power. Although there is very little consensus amongst political scientists and academics on many issues of fascism, there is a general agreement that the success of fascism in Germany was not due to any singular, or isolated, factor. Rather, it prospered as a result of Germany possessing the ideal combination of a strong national identity, a well-developed system of public persuasion and propaganda, and an existing government that was too weak and unstable to provide effective resistance against social and economic crisis. Therefore,…...
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Bibliography
Berwick, M. The Third Reich. London: Wayland Publishers, 1971.
Brady, Robert A. The Spirit and Structure of German Fascism. New York: H. Fertig, 1969.
Carsten, F.L. The Rise of Fascism. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1970.
Eatwell, Roger. Fascism: A History. New York: The Penguin Group, 1995.
Communism, at first glance, seems to be the exact opposite of fascism. Its supporters often describe it as a paradise, where each person does what they can and gets what they need. Efficiency is not the consciously stated goal, but it is the "natural state of being" theorized by Communists. In reality, the two types of government are only one step removed from each other; Communism requires just as much control over individuals as Fascism. The essential difference is that in the ideal form of Communism there is no government at all, but instead the people all work together by communal agreement, whereas in Fascism the government remains in complete control, if only (ostensibly) at the interests of the people. Also, Communism requires even distribution of wealth and work based on need and ability, while fascism can allow for a much more stratified society, with each individual's place rigidly defined…...
However, Marcuse equates political art to "revolutionary" art, and feels it is an important, even vital part of any culture. He writes, "The most revolutionary work of art will be, at the same time, the most esoteric, the most anti-collectivistic one, for the goal of the revolution is the free individual" (Marcuse 203). By the end of the essay, its inclusion makes sense, because Marcuse neatly ties in his beliefs about philosophy and society with the use of art as a means of expressing revolution or revolt. This section also includes quite a bit of French poetry, which was not translated, and this helped take away from the overall meaning of the piece. A translation would have given this essay even more impact.
The final sections of the book include notes of thirty-three theses Marcuse was working on or had worked on, and letters to two of the philosophers who…...
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References
Marcuse, Herbert, and Franz Neumann. "Theories of Social Change." Technology, War, and Fascism. Ed. Douglas Kellner. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 1998. 107-137.
Marcuse, Herbert. Technology, War, and Fascism. Ed. Douglas Kellner. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 1998.
The history of communism and fascism
The two movements have been known to share a lot in terms of their history and even ideologies. Both are clearly seen to have been established after the First World War in order to create a new world political order that would not plunge blocks or continents into such a gruesome war as was WWI. Both ideologies loathed the domination of the bourgeoisie and wanted to recruit people to the new utopia that made all members of the society equal. Both the systems put totalitarianism into action. It was Lenin’s step of kick starting totalitarianism in October 1917 that brought into existence totalitarianism as we know it today. Both movements initiated the insurrection of the masses in politics and diminished the significance of individuals in politics. As stated by Hobsbwan E., (nd: Pp 29) “revolution swept across central and south-eastern Europe in the autumn of…...
Anatomy of Fascism
Chapter 2 Analysis
Paxton identifies the starting place and date of “fascism” (Italy, 1919) but goes on to note that the idea of fascism was occurring elsewhere in Europe at the same time—quite distinctly from anything related to Mussolini. The Hungarian kingdom had essentially been dissolved by the Treaty of Trianon following the end of WWI, and Bela Kun had instituted a socialist government in Budapest. Hungarian elites struck back and formed the Anti-Bolshevik Committee, which was essentially anti-Jewish, as Kun’s commissars had mainly been Jewish. Thus a type of Hungarian fascism was born. A similar story was told in Germany, where Hitler led a similar response to Jewish power during the Weimar years. Essentially, fascism was a nationalistic-militaristic response to liberalism and socialism. Likewise, the miserable outcome for countries defeated by the Allies in WWI was a prelude to the organic rise of fascism—a power viewed by the…...
The relationship between the Russian Revolution and the rise of fascism is distinct and marked. Both movements were revolutionary in their own way, and both were provoked to a certain extent by a Marxist inspiration. Lenin was one of the leaders of the Russian revolution and he was a committed Marxist. He did not want Russia to participate in any part of the war, but was the one who surrendered to German invasion. When Lenin died, the gap that was left open in his death was quickly taken over by Stalin. Fascism was the outgrowth of a revolution that was meant to create more freedom, justice and equality. This is because the Russian revolution and the nation were vulnerable during this time of transition: this vulnerability meant that someone strategic could have the power to come in and corrupt the policies in place. This paper will explore the nuances, events…...
## Outline for an Essay Comparing and Contrasting World War I and World War II
I. Introduction - Define World War I and World War II - State the thesis statement: Discuss the similarities and differences between World War I and World War II, focusing on their causes, strategies, and impacts.
II. Similarities - Causes - Imperialism and nationalism - Arms race and alliances - Economic tensions - Strategies - Trench warfare in WWI, Blitzkrieg tactics in WWII - Use of propaganda and espionage - Mobilization of civilians and economies - Impacts - High casualties and devastation - Political and territorial changes - Economic hardship and social....
The Rise and Fall of the Sumerian City-States The Indus Valley Civilization: Unraveling the Enigma The Ancient Egyptian Civilization: Pyramids, Pharaonic Power, and Daily Life The Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations: Maritime Masters of the Aegean The Zhou Dynasty and the Birth of Chinese Civilization
Chapter 2: Classical Civilizations
The Athenian Golden Age: Democracy, Philosophy, and the Arts The Roman Empire: Conquests, Governance, and the Pax Romana The Mauryan Empire: From Chandragupta to Ashoka's Legacy The Hellenistic World: A Syncretic Blend of Greek and Persian Cultures The Han Dynasty: China's Ascendancy and Technological Innovations
## America's Greatness: An Undeniable Truth or a Topic of Constant Debate?
The concept of America's greatness has been a subject of both fierce pride and contentious debate throughout the nation's history. Whether it is an undeniable truth or a constantly evolving topic remains a matter of perspective.
Arguments for America's Undeniable Greatness:
Economic Supremacy: America has consistently been one of the world's economic powerhouses, with a free-market system that has fostered innovation, entrepreneurship, and unparalleled wealth creation. Technological Advancements: America has played a pivotal role in driving technological advancements, from the Wright brothers' first flight to the development of the internet. ....
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