Genetic Testing: Identifying Associating Issues
This paper will examine Shelley urtt's writing "Dilemmas of Genetic Testing" as well as other sources on the subject of genetic testing. After having examined the resources available an opinion will be formed as to whether genetic testing is positive or negative for the patient and the expected child.

Genetic testing is becoming an option more commonly used by women during pregnancies to assess particular information concerning the health of the fetus they carry. Shelley urtt's writing questions the response to the new technology of genetic testing and the fact that the autonomy of individuals is being set aside as to their choices in continuing a pregnancy where the fetus is found to have genetic defects.

Shelly contends that:

For an anxious parent, genetic testing accompanied by the possibility of therapeutic abortion appears to enhance individual freedom providing an additional measure of control over one's reproductive choices."

Recent News in…...

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Bibliography

APA Monitor Women's Medical Journal (1999) "Women's Health: A Multilevel Analysis of Women's Status and Self-Rated Health in the United States" 1999 June Vol.30 No.6 [Online] available at  http://www.jamwa.org/index.cfm?objectid=2A80E5E6-D567-0B25-5BBE644F26DD5104 

Mann, Rosemary J. (2004) Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, Volume 49, Issue 3, May-June 2004, Pages 182-187

Gates, Elena A. Gates, M.D. (2004) "Communicating Risk in Prenatal Genetic Testing" American College of Nurse Midwives. Elesevierk, Inc.

Marks, Joan H. (2003) "The Importance of Genetic Counseling" The American Medical Association Journal [Online] available at  http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v74n3/40795/40795.text.html

The genetic testing is used to measure the percentage or level of any risk associated to one's life. By studying gene mutation, it is predictable that a certain disease is likely to be occurring in future. However you may not find any symptoms of diseases until you do not suffer from it. (Mayo clinic staff, 2006). So with the help of genetic testing you can find all possible disease a person can suffer from.

It can be used only to find out the possibility of any risk that can be caused to any life but using genetic experimentation or cloning for the development of new species to experiment on human beings should be banned. The therapeutic cloning refers to the usage of human organs and specific parts of human body to be used for the treatment of any other person. (Margaret . McLean, 1998)

The healthier human being is better than a…...

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References

Wikipedia, "Genetic Testing." Wikipedia, 2007. 07 October, 07.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing 

Elmore, Shaun. "DNA Testing & it's Uses in Today's Society." EzineArticles 02 August 2007. 07 October 2007  http://ezinearticles.com/?DNA-Testing-and-Its-Uses-in-Todays-Society&id=671072 .

Genetic Testing
How far will parents go to secure a better life for their child? Genetic testing has the potential to improve the lives of all human beings. By testing the genes of newborn, or even unborn children, parents and doctors can learn a lot about the predispositions the child might have towards certain conditions. This information can prove to be valuable in terms of setting out a course in life that can minimize the risk the child might have. There are, however, some legitimate concerns about the use of genetic testing, especially in unborn children. However, when used properly, genetic testing can be a valuable medical tool. Genetic testing should be used by parents to improve the health of their children.

Prevention of Future Diseases

Genetic testing provides information about genetic defects that we all carry. This information describes the predispositions that individuals have to specific conditions. ith this knowledge, parents can…...

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Works Cited:

Pakenham, K. (no date). Medicine and genetic research. In possession of the author

Stein, R. (2012). Genome sequencing for babies brings knowledge and conflicts. NPR. Retrieved February 15, 2013 from  http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/12/03/165272373/genome-sequencing-for-babies-brings-knowledge-and-conflicts-utm_source=NPR&utm_medium=facebook&utm_campaign=20121203 

Stein, R. (2012) Perfection is skin deep: Everyone has flawed genes. NPR. Retrieved February 15, 2013 from  http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/12/06/166648187/perfection-is-skin-deep-everyone-has-flawed-genes

Genetic Testing
Prenatal diagnosis serves a variety of purposes and I believe in its fundamental purpose it is good. In some cases, prenatal genetic testing can lead to timely medical intervention to mitigate or eliminate disease such as with congenital adrenal hyperplasia or a-thalassemia. In some cases, prenatal diagnosis reveals a lethal condition, such as anencephaly, trisomy 13, or trisomy 18. The choice to do genetic testing in the beginning is always individual. My choice, however, would be to have it done.

I'm for genetic testing for several reasons. Prenatal diagnosis allows families and medical professionals to prepare for the care of a child with special needs. This may be preparing neonatal care or preparing emotionally for the arrival of a special needs child. Prenatal diagnosis of a disease may also give parents time to educate themselves on the disorder of their child. Genetic testing also gives parents the option of terminating…...

Genetic testing is a term used to refer to some type of medical test carried out to identify changes in genes, chromosomes or proteins. It is also known as DNA testing as it helps to detect changes in chromosome structure or DNA sequence. Over the past few decades, this biotechnology has become more popular to an extent that various genetic tests have emerged and expanded. Despite its popularity, genetic testing is associated with some risks and limitations including physical risks. Consequently, numerous arguments have been raised to support and disapprove the use of this biotechnology. This paper examines reasons for and against the use of this technology and provides a position statement. Background of Genetic Testing
Genetic tests have become popular as they help to identify abnormalities linked to an inherited disorder. These tests are carried out in different ways though they require easily obtained blood specimens and entail distinctive considerations. Genetic…...

Complex inheritance health issues mean people inherit multiple chronic health diseases or issues that can lead to diseases, compounding the likelihood of chronic illness (Kristoffersson, Cassiman, & Schmidtke, 2010). Common medical problems that can be inherited such as high blood pressure and diabetes, can lead to an illness like congestive heart failure in someone who inherits these medical problems. This is because diabetes may make it easier to become unhealthy in relation to diet and the genes responsible for the higher potential for high blood pressure could make the arteries of the heart more vulnerable to damage. There are apparent factors that can be associated in a complex inheritance health issue. Genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell have simple origins (Kristoffersson, Cassiman, & Schmidtke, 2010). The parent or parents may have faulty gene that creates an environment for these kinds of diseases. However, other health issues are often more…...

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References

Bennett, R. L. (2012). The family medical history as a tool in preconception consultation. Journal of Community Genetics, 3(3), 175-183. doi:10.1007/s12687-012-0107-z

Cohn, W., Ropka, M., Pelletier, S., Barrett, J., Kinzie, M., Harrison, M., … Knaus, W. (2010). Health Heritage©, a Web-Based Tool for the Collection and Assessment of Family Health History: Initial User Experience and Analytic Validity. Public Health Genomics, 13(7-8), 477-491. doi:10.1159/000294415

Kristoffersson, U., Cassiman, J. J., & Schmidtke, J. (2010). Quality Issues in Clinical Genetic Services. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Madian, A. G., Wheeler, H. E., Jones, R. B., & Dolan, M. E. (2012). Relating human genetic variation to variation in drug responses. Trends in Genetics, 28(10), 487-495. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2012.06.008

 

Genetic Testing and Insurance. Specifically, it will contain an analysis and key points of the article. This article discusses whether it is morally and ethically right to use genetic testing to deny health and/or life insurance to certain individuals who might have a genetic predetermination for a specific disease.
One key point is whether insurance companies should be allowed to use genetic testing to determine eligibility for insurance and/or to set premiums. Many states have already banned this process, because they feel it is unfair to use these types of tests to deny insurance when insurance is supposed to protect the individual if they suffer from health issues, whether they are genetic or not. In addition, this type of testing is very costly to the insurance companies, and there are only tests for a few, specific diseases, so they cannot pinpoint all the health risks anyone faces. Most insurance companies…...

genetic testing work place? EXPECTATIONS: Please read: Genetic Testing Future Disability Insurance: Thinking Discrimination Genetic Age Paul Steven Miller. The Journal Law, Medicine & Ethics.
Genetic testing in the workplace

There is presently much controversy regarding genetic testing in the workplace, as even though it is not yet a common occurrence, employers appreciate the fact that it is very likely to assist them in experiencing as little loss as possible. Genetic monitoring and genetic screening have come to be two of the most important tools that an employer can use in order to determine whether an individual is or is not suitable for a certain job. Although one might consider that genetic testing in the workplace is a very effective form of settling on a candidate's appropriateness for a particular job, people fail to understand that the matter is much more complex and that it is possible for this technique to…...

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Works cited:

MacDonald, Chris & William Jones, Bryn, "Ethics and Genetics: Susceptibility Testing in the Workplace," Retrieved July 31, 2011, from the Ethics for the Biotech Industry Website:  http://www.biotechethics.ca/wgt/index.html 

Claire, Andre & Velasquez, Manuel, "Read My Genes:

Genetic Screening in the Workplace," Retrieved July 31, 2011, from the Santa Clara University Website:  http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v4n2/genes.html 

"Genetic Information and the Workplace," Retrieved July 31, 2011, from the National Human Genome Research Institute Website:  http://www.genome.gov/10001732

Ethics and Legal Considerations of Genetic Testing
Genetic testing is ideally performed for many valid clinical purposes, including the diagnosis of existing genetic diseases, assessment of disease risks, prognoses of responses to drugs and identification of disease risks in unborn children (MedicineNet, 2002). Though valuable, genetic testing has created significant legal and ethical questions for the healthcare industry, including the Diagnostic Radiography field. rmed with advanced techniques for genetic testing, Diagnostic Radiologists are nevertheless forced to examine both the legality and the ethics of applying that technology. It is not logically possible to declare Genetic Testing per se ethical or unethical; rather, individual Genetics Testing procedures and the surrounding circumstances must be reviewed on a case-by-case basis. Furthermore, the ethics of Genetic Testing is separate from the ethics of whatever actions are performed due to the testing results.

n Overview of Genetic Testing

Genetic testing is an immense category of technologies aiding numerous…...

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According to Immanuel Kant's Deontological ethical theory, only acts done from duty are morally worthy. Those dutiful, morally worthy acts are the hallmark of the "Dutiful Person" who rationally acts on principles of Universal Law. Moral worth is not based on intended or actual results; rather, moral worth is based on a "maxim" -- "a principle that one believes to be a rational principle of conduct" (Duncan, p. 2). Relying ultimately on Universal Law as the yardstick of morally worthy conduct, if the Dutiful Person cannot will a maxim to be within Universal Law, then the Dutiful Person will not act (Duncan, p. 5). Applying the "Dutiful Person" standard, the question of whether a particular type of genetic testing should be used depends only on whether it is morally worthy conduct within Universal Law.

In sharp contrast to the "Dutiful Person" is John Stuart Mills' "Utilitarian Man" of "Consequentialism." Consequentialism maintains that "whether an act is morally right depends only on consequences" (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2003); therefore, applying the "Utilitarian Man" standard, the morality of any type of genetics testing is judged only by its results.

Yet another philosophical ethical/moral theory is Carol Gilligan's feminist "Caring and Love" model, which asserts "that traditional moral theories, principles, practices, and policies are deficient to the degree they lack, ignore, trivialize, or demean values and virtues culturally associated with women" (Stanford Encyclopedia of

Medical specialists suggest the use of prenatal screening, as it will identify the possible risks of: the pregnancy and the available options for assessing / treating the fetus' health risks. Even though genetic testing incorporates numerous benefits, it is still important to remember that it involves risks as well. This is why issues surrounding: the moral and ethical considerations are increasing on DNA-based tests.
In every test, there are: ethical, legal and social implications involved. These will depend upon the objectives behind the examination. In medical cases, it is important to determine if there are possible treatments after the diagnosis. Moreover, the reasons of every decision are important, particularly when it is a prenatal case that is being tested. Nevertheless, all information about the patient must remain private. This is mainly because, of the outcome of genetic testing is fully related to the identification of the patient and his family…...

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Bibliography

Barigozzi, F., Henriet, D. (2009). Genetic information: Comparing alternatives regulatory approaches when prevention matters. Universita degli Studie, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche.

Devettere, R.J. (2009). Practical decision making in health care ethics: Cases and concepts. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

Jecker, N.A., Jonsen, A.R., Pearlman, R.A. (2007). Bioethics: An introduction to the history, methods and practice. Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jones, N.L., Smith, A.M. (2005). Genetic information: Legal and law enforcement issues. New York: Nova Publishers.

In this case, Harry also has no moral obligation to receive genetic testing. Although another argument would state that Harry is morally required to disclose to his wife that she may have to deal with the monumental task of caring for a person with Huntington's disease before they are married, Harry and his fiancee are both consenting adults. If she does not demand to know, she cannot hold him responsible in the future. Where Harry does become responsible for getting the genetic testing is when his future children are considered. Harry is morally required to determine whether he will not only be unable to care for his children because of an early struggle with the disease and death, but also whether or not he will pass the disease along to them. If Harry does not get the testing, he subjects his unborn children to the possibility of a life…...

Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis
Genetic testing is defined as a diagnostic process that is carried out on individuals suspected to be at high risks of some inherited genetic disease as evidenced in family history. This procedure is not carried out because the individual belongs to a high risk population and involves comprehensive analysis of gene products, chromosomes, and DNA. Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a diagnostic process that is utilized to predict the likelihood of a baby to have certain genetic disorder ("Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing," 2008).

Prenatal genetic diagnosis has become a common and important practice in attempts to predict and deal with certain genetic diseases in children. Since its one of the common practices during prenatal care, the techniques utilized in prenatal genetic diagnosis have challenged the traditional conception of justice (Denier, 2010, p.102). This is possible because PGD does not consider natural inequalities among individuals to be morally arbitrary.…...

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References

Denier, Y. (2010, February 24). From Brute Luck to Option Luck? On Genetics, Justice, and Moral Responsibility in Reproduction. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 35, 101-129.

"Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing." (2008, June). The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Retrieved March 30, 2016, from  http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Ethics/Ethical-Issues-in-Genetic-Testing 

Skirton, H. (2015, April 29). Direct to Consumer Testing in Reproductive Contexts -- Should Health Professionals be Concerned? Life Sciences, Society and Policy, 11(4). Retrieved from  http://lsspjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40504-014-0018-3 

Su, P. (2013, September). Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: A Comprehensive Review. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 86(3), 359-365. Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767220/

1. The concerns Tonya and Lisa have regarding genetic testing raises several ethical questions that Dugas (2005) outlines. The right to self-determination is central in matters linked to genetic testing, and nurses do need to understand their role in providing informed consent when patients are faced with a decision similar to that of Tonya and Lisa (Dugas, 2005). In addition to providing patients with all the information they need to make informed decisions, nurses also have an ethical duty to strengthen relationships among all members of the healthcare team to promote patient advocacy during the decision-making process. As Dugas (2005) points out, “establishing the links among families, health-care systems, and community is an integral part of the nursing role in genetic health care,” (p. 106). As this case study also reveals, genetic testing is unique in that patients are “revealing information about their genetic makeup that typically remains unknown to…...

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References

BreastCancer.org (2017). Seeking your genetic information: Pros and cons. Retrieved online:  

Dugas, R. (2005). Nursing and genetics. Journal of Professional Nursing 21(2): 103-113.

Frank, T.S. & Braverman, A.M. (1999). The pros and cons of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk. International Journal of Feertility and Women’s Medicine 44(3): 139-145.

http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/genetic/pros_cons 

Genetics
Nathan's mother died of Huntington's Disease, a genetic condition to which he may or may not have been predisposed. He opted not to take a genetic test, even when asked to do so by his employer. It was Nathan's right to opt out of the test, but Nathan claims discrimination and can make a case based on HR493, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act. Likewise, the Council for Responsible Genetics is an organization protecting the rights of individuals from having the results of their genetic tests made public. The flip side of the issue is the financial burden felt by insurance companies and the private sector. Insurance companies and the private sector need to know the person's genetic profile in order to make the most profitable decisions for them. Therefore, the ethical issues raised in this case have to do with the rights of corporations vs. The rights of individuals; the…...

Genetic counseling involves the sharing vital information and knowledge by experienced and well trained experts in the field of genetics for individuals with high risks of suffering some genetic disorders or transferring it to their children. It is the responsibility of a genetic counselor to provide relevant information concerning the hereditary nature of certain diseases and their risks of reoccurrence; addresses the concerns of patients, their health care providers and their families; and lends assistance to both the patients suffering these hereditary ailments and their families.
The first genetic counseling center was the Hereditary Clinic established at the University of Michigan in the United States in 1940. Since then, several such centers have been established in different parts of the world.

Through genetic counseling, information is made available to give the needed support to people who are dealing with any genetic disorder or at risk of developing one. When dealing with a…...

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References

Brickell, K., Steinbart, E., Rumbaugh, M., Payami, H., Schellenberg, G., Deerlin, V. V.,... Bird, T. (2006). Early-onset Alzheimer disease in families with late-onset Alzheimer disease: a potential important subtype of familial Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol, 63(9), 1307-11.

Campion, D., Dumanchin, C., Hannequin, D., Dubois, B., Belliard, S., Puel, M.,... Frebourg, T. (1999). Early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: prevalence, genetic heterogeneity, and mutation spectrum. Am J. Hum Genet, 65(3), 664-70.

CDC. (2015, March 3). Genetic Counselling. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health & Human Services:  http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/genetics/genetic_counseling.html 

Goldman, J. S., MS, M., Hahn, S. E., Catania, J. W., Larusse-Eckert, S., Butson, M. B.,... Bird, T. (2011). Genetic counseling and testing for Alzheimer disease: Joint practice guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Genet Med, 13(6), 597 -- 605.

1. The impact of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) on access to healthcare in the United States
2. The effectiveness of Medicare and Medicaid in providing affordable healthcare to low-income and elderly populations
3. The future of universal healthcare in the United States
4. The role of pharmaceutical companies in rising healthcare costs
5. The importance of mental health coverage in healthcare policies
6. The debate over the privatization of healthcare services
7. The impact of electronic health records on patient care and privacy
8. The implications of genetic testing and personalized medicine on healthcare policy
9. The role of preventative care and public health initiatives in reducing....

1. Understanding the role of the CA4 gene in retinitis pigmentosa

2. The genetic basis of retinitis pigmentosa and the CA4 gene

3. Exploring the impact of CA4 gene mutations on retinal degeneration

4. The future of gene therapy for retinitis pigmentosa linked to the CA4 gene

5. Unraveling the molecular pathways of retinitis pigmentosa involving the CA4 gene

6. Genetic testing for CA4 gene mutations in patients with retinitis pigmentosa

7. Therapeutic strategies targeting the CA4 gene in retinitis pigmentosa treatment

8. CA4 gene as a potential biomarker for predicting progression of retinitis pigmentosa

9. Gene editing technologies for correcting mutations in the CA4 gene associated with....

Lesser-Known but Intriguing Essay Topics on Type 2 Diabetes

1. The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes

Explore the role of gut microorganisms in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes.
Discuss the potential for modulating gut microbiota as a therapeutic approach.
Examine the impact of diet, prebiotics, and probiotics on gut health in relation to type 2 diabetes.

2. Precision Medicine for Type 2 Diabetes Management

Analyze the application of genetic testing and biomarkers to personalize treatment strategies.
Discuss the role of pharmacogenomics in tailoring medication selection and dosage.
Explore the ethical and practical considerations of using precision....

I. Introduction
A. Brief overview of Down syndrome
B. Introduction to Down syndrome in Iceland
C. Thesis statement: The recent history of Down syndrome in Iceland has been shaped by advancements in genetic testing and a controversial screening program.

II. Genetic Testing in Iceland
A. Introduction to genetic testing
B. Advancements in genetic testing in Iceland
C. Impact on Down syndrome rates
D. Criticisms of genetic testing

III. Screening Program in Iceland
A. Introduction to screening programs
B. Overview of Iceland's controversial screening program
C. Ethical implications of the screening program
D. Public perception of the screening program

IV. Support for Individuals with....