However, the procedure for complying with those new requirements were so stringent and difficult to satisfy that legal gun ownership became all but impossible for New York City residents. Since 1976, New York City residents who wish to obtain a gun license must apply in person at NYPD headquarters Licensing Division in lower Manhattan and furnish a non-refundable fee of $340. That license must be renewed at the same cost every three years. More importantly, the application process requires extensive background checks and personal interviews that go far beyond the reasonable degree of detail in comparison with the requirements of obtaining a firearm license in other states. Ultimately, gun license applications are virtually always denied in new York City, even to private citizens with no criminal history who are perfectly eligible to own firearms under the laws of other states.
Generally, it is common knowledge in New York City that…...

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REFERENCES

Schwartz, E.A Key Case on Gun Control: In a landmark case, the Supreme Court considers just how far the Second Amendment's freedoms go; U.S. News & World Report, July 2, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008 from: www.usnews.com/articles/news/national/2008/03/06/a-key-case-on-gun-control.html

government policy in criminal justice. Specifically it will answer the question: Do government policy and regulation help or hurt in the racial, ethnic, religious, gender, and sexual orientation area? These members of society could be called "vulnerable populations," and all are quite affected by society and governmental policies. These populations are "different" from the general population, and so, their needs, their reactions, and their experiences are often different, too. Governmental policy initially was meant "for the people and by the people," but today's governmental policies often ignore segments of the population, or make it harder for them to synthesize into the general population, both in society, and in the criminal justice system as it exits in America today.
Governmental policy has long been scrutinized, criticized, and manipulated as to where it stands on issues regarding the vulnerable populations. Sometimes, governmental policy shifts, as it has somewhat regarding gays and lesbians…...

Some position papers are too open-ended to become white papers because position paper can mean "We believe x," and nothing else. A white paper means "We believe x and therefore we recommend y and z." A writer would transform an open-ended position paper into a white paper by clearly proposing policies or actions. Based on the data included in the position paper, the writer would take the work one step further toward creating possible solutions.

The field of nursing should utilize white papers in the upcoming election process. Nursing professionals can refer to government-issued white papers on health care issues when planning professional intervention programs in their community. Similarly, nursing professionals can use business-issued white papers to prepare for upcoming technological or medical changes or changes to preferred therapeutic interventions. The field of nursing can also use white papers to gauge changes to official health care policy that would result from…...

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References

Sakamuro, S. (2006). Writing a white paper. OWL at Purdue. Retrieved Oct 23, 2008 at  http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/546/01/ 

Smith, T.D. (2002). What is a white paper? Retrieved Oct 23, 2008 at http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,sid26_gci213361,00.html

Even more generally, there are other examples of equally basic contradictions that qualify under the adherence-to- governing-law standard. Despite the official upreme Court interpretation of the Establishment Clause in the First Constitutional Amendment, U.. currency still features the words "In God We Trust." imilarly, several states still enforce unday blue laws such as prohibiting the sale of alcohol on the Christian "abbath." Many legal experts suggest that both violate the Establishment Clause (Dershowitz, 2002).
However, the unethical practices in connection with special interest lobbying of political representatives are a much more important problem in modern American society and politics. The traditional excuse used to justify the lobbying process is that monetary contributions to election funds merely provide access to legislators but not influence. In theory, no lobbyist has any greater influence on political decisions than any private citizen who e-mails members of Congress or the White House; in reality, that…...

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Sources Cited

Dershowitz, A. (2002). Shouting Fire: Civil Liberties in a Turbulent Age. New York:

Little Brown & Co.

Schmalleger, F. (2008). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st

Century. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Federal Government Policy: Mandatory Internet Filtering
As a key component of the cyber-safety plan of the Australian Government, ISP filtering seeks to address a number of issues revolving around online concerns encountered by individuals as well as households in relation to restricted content material.

The Current Federal Government Policy on Internet Filtering: Arguments For and Against

The Australian Communications and Media Authority is charged with the responsibility of facilitating the regulation of internet material considered to contain drug use as well as crime instructions in a detailed format, instances of sexual violence, bestiality, child pornography and any other internet content considered to be illegal, harmful and against the interests of the general public.

It is important to note that though the federal government maintains that mandatory internet filtering is in line with enhancing cyber safety; those with dissenting views have over time branded the policy controversial and flawed (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2010). To…...

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References

Australian Government Department of Broadband, Communications and Digital Economy, 2009. ISP Filtering: FAQ. [Online] Available at:

[Accessed 18th May 2011].http://www.dbcde.gov.au/funding_and_programs/cybersafety_plan/internet_service_provider_isp_filtering/isp_filtering_live_pilot/isp_filtering_-_frequently_asked_questions#9.0

Cohen, S., 1980. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of Mods and Rockers. Routledge Jaishankar, K., 2011. Cyber Criminology: Exploring Internet Crime and Criminal Behavior. CRC Press.

Simpson, T., 2011. Mandatory Internet Filter. [Blog] n.d. Available at: [Accessed 17th May 2011].http://www.troy-simpson.com/website/mandatory-internet-filter.html

Chapter Two: Literature ReviewChapter IntroductionAs noted above, the problem of interest to this study concerns the relative effectiveness of public administrations activities dedicated to the evaluation of the life quality and standards. Therefore, this chapter provides a review of the relevant literature concerning current public administration research, focusing on governance's role in evaluating and enhancing societal wellbeing globally. For this purpose, the chapter assesses recurring themes, limitations, influential works, and implications for future studies in this field. A summary of the findings are presented in the chapter conclusion.Common Themes, Assumptions, and ApproachesThe identification of common themes, assumptions and approaches used in public administration and evaluating their effectiveness in assessing and improving citizen life quality and standards is critically important for several reasons. Perhaps most importantly, the process serves to provide accountability concerning how well governance bodies are meeting public needs which enhances transparency of performance on wellbeing metrics. In addition,…...

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References

Aknin, L. B., & Whillans, A. V. (2021). Helping and happiness: A review and guide for public

policy. Social Issues and Policy Review, 15(1), 3-34.  https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/Helping%20and%20Happiness_41d48a88-0cd1-48ce-8428-4988f6f2ce0c.pdf 

Ansell, C., Sørensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic as a game changer for public administration and leadership? The need for robust governance responses to turbulent problems. Public Management Review, 23(7), 949-960.  https://forskning.ruc.dk/files/78671525/PMR_COVID_19_master_revised_JT_CA_ES.pdf .

Transportation Economic, Safety, and Compliance RegulationsThe U.S. Department of Transportation is primarily responsible for implementing safety, economic, and compliance in collaboration with the respective departments. Regulation of the transport sector was first implemented through the railway regulation in 1887 and later in 1906 after John D. Rockefellers use of pipelines as a strategic resource to monopolize the oil industry. Regulation of truckers was regulated in 1935 to provide stability to regulate the industrys finance and operational management. Transport locally and internationally impacts the national and global economic impact due to its interdependence with the supply chain system. Further, ensuring the safety across private and public means of transport due to the accrued hazards for the lack of regulations or compliance.Economic Regulation and ComplianceIn 1994, the National Road Transport Commission (NRTC) formulated compliance principles, strategies, and objectives focused on maximizing compliance with cost-effectively and fairly compliance. The objective of the compliance…...

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References

Perlman, D., Bogard, D., Anita, K., Antonio, S., & Epstein, A. (2021). Review of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations for Automated Commercial Vehicles: Preliminary Assessment of Interpretation and Enforcement Challenges, Questions, and Gaps. Review Of The Fmcsrs For Automated Commercial Vehicles, 17(13). https://doi.org/org/10.21949/1502982

Rezapour Mashhadi, M., Saha, P., & Ksaibati, K. (2017). Impact of Traffic Enforcement on Traffic Safety. International Journal Of Police Science & Management, 19(4), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355717730836

Savage, I. (2006). Economic Regulation of Transport: Principles and Experience [Ebook]. International Handbook on Economic Regulation. Retrieved 1 December 2021, from  https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~ipsavage/210-manuscript.pdf .

S. military to stabilize the violent uprising by the 'opposition' thugs, many of whom were former members of the Duvalier-era military or members of the death squad known as the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti, who were responsible for a multitude of human rights violations during the three years following the coup d'etat in 1991 (ater pp). Moreover, aters and others want to know why the Bush Administration refused to negotiate a peaceful settlement to the crisis, and forced Aristide, "who had agreed to a peace plan worked out by the international community, to resign and leave his country" (aters pp). Prior to Aristide's departure, Bush's only concern was to make sure that all Haitian refugees were turned back at sea before they could reach the U.S. (aters pp).
orks Cited

Hallinan, Conn M. "Haiti: dangerous muddle." Foreign Policy in Focus. March 08

2004. Retrieved October 29, 2005 from HighBeam…...

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Works Cited

Hallinan, Conn M. "Haiti: dangerous muddle." Foreign Policy in Focus. March 08

2004. Retrieved October 29, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Kidder, Tracy. "The trials of Haiti: why has the U.S. government abandoned a country it once sought to liberate?" The Nation. October 27, 2003. Retrieved October 29, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Rice, Jim. "Regime change in Haiti: the Bush doctrine strikes again." Sojourners.

Perhaps this will always be an issue for the U.S. federal government because under the existing political system there are few substantial options for making policy decisions that can extend across political elections. Situations that represent a problem for one politician or political party will be ignored by the next, making consistent, proactive responses difficult if not outright impossible. From an emergency management position, this means that agencies will always have to be designed to react to the worst-case scenarios, instead of more reasonable, proactive affects that could control potential problems before they escalate out of control.
eferences

Farazmand, a. (2001). Crisis in the U.S. administrative state. Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management. Ed. a. Farazmand. Fort Lauderdale, FL: Florida Atlantic University.

Nice, D.C. And Grosse, a. (2001). Crisis policy making: some implications for program management. Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management. Ed. a. Farazmand. Fort Lauderdale, FL: Florida…...

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References

Farazmand, a. (2001). Crisis in the U.S. administrative state. Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management. Ed. a. Farazmand. Fort Lauderdale, FL: Florida Atlantic University.

Nice, D.C. And Grosse, a. (2001). Crisis policy making: some implications for program management. Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management. Ed. a. Farazmand. Fort Lauderdale, FL: Florida Atlantic University.

However, some people might regard my decision as unwise: after all, what 'goes up, must come down,' and interest rates will inevitably go up. I may regret not borrowing now, if I have to pay a higher rate on a car payment in the future. On the other hand, given that the low interest rates and economic stimulus have not has a seismic effect on job growth, I am still wary about spending too much, despite the fact that money in a savings account with a low interest rate is actually 'losing' value, because of the inevitability of inflation. My uncertainty about borrowing for anything other than what I absolutely need (other than student loans, which is 'spending' that does not directly result in higher levels of production in enterprise and takes me out of the full-time labor force) means that the government must find more direct ways to stimulate…...

Government in Continuity Planning
Since the 1950s, continuity planning has been a major part of U.S. government policy. This is because there were concerns that some kind of nuclear attack or natural disaster could have an adverse impact on entire regions of the country. When this happens the odds increase that there could be various forms of lawlessness in these areas. To mitigate these kinds of situations, continuity planning was created to ensure that vital resources and personnel are dispatched to these kinds of areas. (Daleo, 2009, pp. 919 -- 925) ("Continuity Guidance Circular," 2009)

After September 11th, is when these ideas were once again revisited. In this case, National Security Presidential Directive-51 (NSPD-51) and Homeland Security Presidential Directive-20 (HSPD-20) were enacted to provide a strategy for dealing with disasters. Taking the lead in this area is the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA). They have created the Continuity Guidance Circular. This is…...

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References

Continuity Guidance Circular. (2009), FEMA. Retrieved from:  http://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/org/ncp/cont_guidance1.pdf 

Daleo, E. (2009). State Constitutions and Legislative Continuity. DePaul Law Review 58, 919 -- 925.

Policy Initiative/No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
This paper will examine the NCLB (No Child Left Behind) policy initiative.

The Policy

On 8th May, 2002, George W. Bush signed the NCLB Act into law. The Act represents the 1965 ESEA's (Elementary and Secondary Education Act's) most extensive reform ever. The federal government's role in kindergarten to secondary school education has been redefined through the Act, which is expected to help forge the achievement divide between minority and disadvantaged pupils and their fellow pupils. A nationwide Act such as the NCLB guides state standard development (Case Assignment Module ). These represent a form of course benchmarks, having a significant influence on course planning and development. This title's aim is ensuring every child has an equal, significant, and fair chance at obtaining superior quality education as well as (at least) reaching proficiency on difficult state-level academic tests and achievement benchmarks (Title I - Improving The Academic…...

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References

(2010). Advancement Project. Test, Punish and Push Out: How Zero Tolerance and High-Stakes Testing Funnel Youth into The School. Retrieved July 14, 2016, from  http://b.3cdn.net/advancement/d05cb2181a4545db07_r2im6caqe.pdf 

Case Assignment Module

Fuller, B., Wright, J., Gesicki, K., & Kang, E. (2007). Gauging Growth: How to Judge No Child Left Behind? Educational Researcher, 36(5), 268-278. Retrieved, from  http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ782545 

(n.d.). Home -- U.S. Department of Education. Title I - Improving The Academic Achievement of the Disadvantaged. Retrieved July 14, 2016, from  http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/pg1.html#sec1001

UNSTUCTUED PLAY AND CHILDEN'S DEVELOPMENT
Unstructured play in childhood

POLICY BIEF

The effect of lack of unstructured play on children's development

Unstructured play as a form of therapy for children was readily accepted when it was first introduced in both homes and schools. In fact, sand-play in its early form was used to allow children interact, enhance their creativity and develop their social skills (Frost & Norquist, 2007). esearch shows that a fundamental aspect of human development is attained in the early childhood stages. As such, any measures to facilitate future development of an individual needs to be cultivated in the early stages of their lives (Miller & Almon, 2009). Over time, unstructured play -- once a highly regarded child development measure -- has lost its meaning and place (Miller & Almon, 2009). Increasing cases of poor child development evidenced by volumes of mental illness antisocial behaviors and physical challenges children face in their…...

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References

Barros, R.M., Silver, E.J., & Stein, R.E. (2009). School recess and group classroom behavior. Pediatrics, 123(2), 431-436.

Campbell, K.J., & Hesketh, K.D. (2007). Strategies which aim to positively impact on weight, physical activity, diet and sedentary behaviours in children from zero to five years. A systematic review of the literature. . Obes Rev., 8(4), 327-338.

Cleland, V., & Venn, A. (2010). Encouraging physical activity and discouraging sedentary behavior in children and adolescents. J Adolescent Health, 47(3), 221-222.

Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness, & Council on School Health. (2006). Active healthy living: prevention of childhood obesity through increased physical activity. Pediatrics, 117(5), 1834-1842.

Policy Studies
The study of public policy gained significant importance in the late fifties and sixties. However, policy science did not come into existence all of a sudden. It started to emerge when social scientists started researches on a wide range of sociopolitical problems. After the World War II, significant developments were made in the areas of operations research, economics and social psychology. These developments proved to be helpful in formulating new ways for more systematic and empirical investigations of policy making. Although, a considerable level of research was done in the areas of sociopolitical studies but the clear concept of a policy science was first introduced in 1951 by Harold Lasswell. "Lasswell's seminal work identified six basic characteristics of an emerging field of study, concerned with explaining policy making and policy executing process. (McCool)

The study of public policy gained momentum in the late 1960s. With the introduction of the Great…...

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References

Daniel Mc Cool: The Theoretical Foundation of Policy Studies: Prentice Hall Press

Macrae Duncan: Policy Analysis for public decisions: Rowman and Littlefield Publishing Group Inc., 1985

Clarke E. Cochran: American Public Policy: An Introduction: Wadsworth Pub Co: August 1998

Van Horne, Carle E: Politics and Public Policy: CQ Press.

The negative aspect of the matter however, is the limited breakthroughs made at the practical level, as most discussions end in declarative aims, yet no timeline for an actual implementation of them. On the one hand, the European Union did not present itself as very willing to offer economic incentives and aid to the ailing Russian Federation, and on the other hand, Russian opposition forces who argue against a westernization of the country encourage a limited enthusiasm towards an increased cooperation partnership. In this way, both parties, although are engaged in a partnership, act in such a manner as to discourage any advancements of talks.
The stalemate that has continuously characterized the Partnership was obvious in many instances. One moment that was of great importance for the European Union and to which the Russian Federation more or less opposed was the 2004 enlargement process. In that context, "Russia has transmitted…...

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Bibliography

Baranovsky, Vladimir. "Russia: A Part of Europe or Apart from Europe?" International Affairs Vol. 76, No. 3, Europe: Where Does it Begin and End?. (Jul., 2000), pp. 443-458.

BBC. "EU-Russia relations 'at low ebb'." BBC News. 20 April 2007.   (accessed 13 December 2007)http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6574615.stm 

Emerson, Michael, and Irina Kobrinskaya. "Russia and the West." Working Paper 2004. European Security Forum. Center for European Policy Studies. International Institute for Strategic Studies.

European Commission. "EU-Russia: Preparations for the Summit on 26 October." European Parliament. Strasbourg, 24 October, 2007.   (accessed 13 December 2007)http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/07/653&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en 

1. Exploring the Determinants and Consequences of Economic Growth: A Multidimensional Analysis

2. The Role of Innovation and Productivity in Driving Sustained Economic Growth

3. Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunities

4. The Paradox of Economic Growth and Income Inequality: A Critical Examination

5. The Environmental Implications of Economic Growth: A Delicate Balance

6. The Impact of Government Policy on Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis

7. The Relationship between Economic Growth and Human Development: A Cross-Country Study

8. Economic Growth and the Future of Work: Automation and the Reskilling Imperative

9. The Role of Technology in Accelerating Economic Growth: A Digital Transformation

10. Economic Growth in the....

I. Introduction

1. The Influence of Media on Child Welfare Policy

   1. How media coverage shapes public opinion on child welfare issues.
   2. The role of media in highlighting key challenges faced by children in the welfare system.

2. Importance of Understanding Medias Impact

   1. Exploring the connection between media narratives and government policy decisions.
   2. Challenges of misinformation and sensationalism in media coverage of child welfare.

II. Body

1. Key Issues in Media Coverage of Child Welfare Policy

   1. Overemphasis on negative stories leading to stigmatization of children in care.
   2. Lack of....

I. Introduction

1. Subpoint Title: Media's Role in Raising Awareness
   
   

   1. Subpoint Description 1: Highlighting child welfare issues
   
   
   2. Subpoint Description 2: Influencing public opinion

2. Subpoint Title: Media's Impact on Policy Formation
   
   

   1. Subpoint Description 1: Generating pressure for legislative change
   
   
   2. Subpoint Description 2: Setting the agenda for policy debates

II. Body

1. Subpoint Title: Media's Role in Shaping Public Perception
   
   

   1. Subpoint Description 1: Framing child welfare issues
   
   
   2. Subpoint Description 2: Creating....

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on global financial markets has been profound, with stock exchanges experiencing unprecedented volatility. In Iran, the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) has been no exception. This literature review aims to synthesize key findings from various studies and analyses conducted on the TSE before, during, and after the onset of the Covid-19 crisis.

Pre-Covid-19, the Iranian stock market was already facing challenges due to economic sanctions, fluctuating oil prices, and internal political instability. However, the market showed resilience with a gradual increase in market capitalization and trading volumes. Studies by Ahmadpour and Ebrahimi (2019) highlighted that despite....