Even Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac should be made totally independent from the government. This should be followed up by other methods to increase the individual ownership of housing and at the same time reduce the costs of owning a house. Even if the housing sector cannot be made totally private, it is important that the government make statements saying that it has no intentions of supporting Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac any further, and at the same time, try to improve the operations of these two companies. This can be achieved by limiting the amount of debt that these regulatory deposit organizations can hold and also focusing clearly with the two institutions on the sections of the housing market where their activities would provide the best social benefits. (Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Housing Finance: Why True Privatization Is Good Public Policy)
The weakness comes from the feeling that….

Housing Market
Externalities in the Housing Industry (Additional Pages Request)

The housing industry is quite profitable a venture, though it is one that has caused many problems in today's economy, for two main reasons. First, the housing market has been quite volatile, simply because it has been under-regulated in certain areas and has therefore been the subject of a game of chess led by big corporations. Second, the housing industry is often a local matter, and is thus something that cannot be easily moved, transported, or transplanted, and for this reason it is in many ways unique. In order to better understand the way in which this industry works, this paper will discuss externalities, goods and services within this arena, as well as the many other concepts that relate to these terms.

Just as many other sectors of an economy, the housing industry is subject to positive and negative externalities. Externalities, by definition,….

Housing Market in China: A Critical Survey of the Literature
This is a critical survey of the literature on the state of housing market in China. It highlights the high and rising cost of housing in major markets, which have attracted worldwide attention, as well as the interest of the Chinese government. It is difficult to understand the Chinese housing market without delving into the background. In this regard, the paper also examines the housing reforms and the growth of housing sector in general. Furthermore, the paper looks at Price-to-rent ratios in Beijing and seven other major housing markets in China. The findings suggest that even simple declines in expected appreciation would result in substantial price declines in these markets. It concludes that Price-to-income ratios are at their peak in Beijing and some selected Chinese housing markets.

Introduction

Since the beginning of People's epublic of China, most of the citizenry in most….

This draws a pattern of the land price model, concentric as one moves away from CBD.
An interesting element of the Japanese housing market system that is worth considering in terms of its impact on the housing market is the savings rate and savings behavior in Japan. Traditionally, the savings rate in Japan is high, with a population that is risk averse and tends to invest in instruments that have lower returns, but are also less risky. With that in mind, Noguchi and Poterba (1994) tend to support the idea, first of all, that the conditions of owned houses differ from those of rented houses, in that they are especially more spacious and with overall better amenities.

Second to that, there appears to be a clear relationship between geographical location and wealth accumulation, as determined by the savings levels in different regions. Households in larger conurbations, such as Tokyo, accumulated wealth….

China Housing Market
Starting with 2008, and deepening in 2009, the world has been facing an economic crisis, the severity of which has often assimilated with that of the depression between 1929 and 1933. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the major problems laid in overproduction, whereas the crisis of the twenty first century was constructed on the credit crunch, brought out by the subprime mortgages offered by the American banks. What is however common to both crises is the fact, that while emerged within the United States, they soon expanded to impact numerous other regions. The main element which allowed the Great Depression to expand to other regions was that, after the First World War, the United States became the creditor of the European regions suffering war losses. As the U.S. however faced financial challenges, they proved unable to any longer support the economic revival of the other….

(Der Hovanesian, 2010)
Increased Promotion of Discounted mortgages.

The way that subprime lending practices, and some call predatory lending practices affect the housing market has yet to be realized on such a large scale, as these tactics have always been carefully controlled by lending institutions, due in large part to their historical long-range view. Subprime lending on the other hand is fundamentally not a long-term view practice; it is a short-term tactic that is now being dealt with on a massive scale as foreclosures mount and more and more families see foreclosure looming in their future and more and more banks take on this debt, with the added burden of holding on to mortgages that far exceed the new depleted value of homes as the market corrects naturally from the housing bubble. The marketing for such subprime lending was absolutely saturated as nearly every individual was admonished to buy a home….

The fall in demand derives from the increase in gas prices, which has altered consumer spending habits and encouraged home buyers from buying in outer suburbs. Demand has also fallen because of the lack of easy credit and the high price of homes. Much of the rise was attributable to easy credit, reasonable home prices and low fuel prices. The reversal of these factors has resulted in a steep dropoff in demand, which is causing most of the decline in prices. One exception may be the outer suburbs, however. That is the area where new supply was being created, and so those areas had a large number of new homes constructed. This gives those regions a greater supply problem than inner suburbs. That is why prices have fallen much further in the outer suburbs than they have in the inner suburbs and city. These less desirable areas have suffered….

Future of the Housing Market
The housing crash that began in 2007 resulted in the worst economic catastrophe in the United States since the Great Depression of the 1930s, although few observers who realized that the bubble was about to burst truly understood the severity of the depression that would follow. In reality, it led not only to a collapse of the housing market but also to the failure of large banks, mortgage and insurance companies and very quickly to mass unemployment. The much touted service sector that was supposed to be the engine of the economy in the postindustrial age came to a grinding halt and had to be bailed out by the largest government expenditures since the Second World War. For a public that was accustomed to decades of rhetoric about the virtues of laissez faire and free markets, all this came as quite as shock, perhaps even more….

S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
HouseHunt (2008), http://www.househuntnews.com/MC/North-Carolina/

Masnik, George and Zhu Xiao Di (2003), "A Sensitivity Analysis," HUD - U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

National Association of ealtors, (2007), http://www.realtor.com/

North Carolina Housing Finance Agency (2007), "The State of Housing in North Carolina," www.nchfa.com/

iche, Martha Farnsworth (2003), "How Changes in the Nation's Age and Household Structure Will eshape Housing Demand in the 21st Century," PhD, HUD - U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

The Economist (2007), "Surviving the Markets," August 18th, www.economist.com

US Census, www.census.gov

FED - Federal eserve "is the central bank of the United States. It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system" www.federalreserve.gov

ECB - European Central Bank "The ECB is the central bank for Europe's single currency, the euro. The ECB's main task is to maintain the euro's purchasing power and thus price….

Housing
The defined market is the new housing market; initially in the United States, then slowly expanding into Canada, Mexico and from there into the international markets around the world. Wherever new houses are being built, a prospective market will exist. The initial market will concentrate on residential housing only, but within the first five years, the market will be expanded to include the commercial real estate new building market as well. The first markets to be penetrated will include flood prone areas only. The flood prone areas are areas around lakes, waterways, rivers and oceans. These areas comprise approximately 25% of the overall new housing market(s), therefore; research will be based on the overall new housing market in the United States at a 25% ratio, and then expand to include other countries who may or may not be calculated at the same percentage depending on flood areas for those countries….

Houston's large supply of land means that demand growth primarily results in more construction, not higher prices" (McCullagh & Gilmer, 2008).
However, it is important to realize that land supply is only one part of the reason that new home construction formed such a large part of the Houston housing market. Yes, Houston has more available surrounding land than almost any other major metropolitan area in the United States, but it also applies different rules to its surrounding areas, making development more of a possibility than in other areas:

In Houston, developers can create a munici-pal utility district, or MUD, to provide these [water, sewage, and drainage] services on their properties and can finance these with tax-free bonds. Houston requires developers to build MUDs in such a way that they eventually could be connected to the city's corresponding infra-structure, but they begin as self-sufficient enterprises.

In other cities, develop-ments must be connected….

Using a timeline from the peak of new housing construction to the present day, the following occurred. GDP growth slowed, followed by a three-quarter recession and slow growth has resumed on the other side of that recession. The unemployment rate skyrocketed, more than doubling in a short period of time, and has lingered at high levels for over a year. The rate of inflation fell well below the Fed's target rate, this despite aggressive expansionary monetary policy. The federal government, whose budget had previously oscillated between monthly surpluses and deficits, has been in deficit every single month -- and deeper deficits than every before -- as it has taken several fiscal policy measures to contain the economic damage. This evidence makes the clear case that steps should be taken to avoid a repeat of this housing crisis in the future, since the economic impacts are uniformly negative and in….

Change must be imminent yet it is hard to know where it will come from as racial and economic inequity that leads to and sustains segregated housing remains multifaceted, with no universal answer that will touch on all issues. The program must be comprehensive and yet it cannot exclude grass roots efforts to improve the situation, either in racially segregated areas or within the whole community of the United States. Probably the most important message of any research at this juncture would be to responsibly inform the majority in a way that will hit home the reality of the continuation of racial segregation in housing and discrimination in general, as the end of the civil rights era is not even in sight even though many think it passed before they were born.

orks Cited

http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95250984

Bickford, Adam, and Douglas S. Massey. "Segregation in the Second Ghetto: Racial and Ethnic Segregation in American Public….

Differences in opinions between various study groups are expected to become apparent. These differences will help to determine the amount of bias present in opinions regarding housing discrimination among non-Irish nationals. Interpretation of these hypotheses will depend on the consistencies in opinion found between various groups.
esearch Questions

The hypotheses will help to determine if the opinions of various groups in Dublin are biased. However, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the concepts being examined, the following research questions will also be explored, in addition to the hypotheses. These research questions will be addressed through specific sets of survey questions.

1. Are there differences in opinion regarding the quality of housing between Irish and non-Irish nationals living in Dublin?

2. Are non-Irish nationals well educated, at least as much as the Irish national population in Ireland?

3. Do non-Irish nationals deserve to become home owners, as much as Irish nationals?

4. Are certain….

Kindleberger's premise is that psychological mechanisms, rather than actual economic realities, are at the basis of market phenomena and crises. According to the author's model, there are several steps within the cycle towards economic crises. The six stages he identifies can be applied to the current housing market, which seems to be in the process of reaching the stage of crisis.
The housing market, more than many other economic factors, is very dependent upon environment-specific factors. These are flexible according to elements such as reputation and maintenance issues. The psychological factor then plays a particularly important role in the housing market. Generally, homeowners expect to sell at a substantial profit. This factor then makes home buying an attractive investment option. It is however also true that the apparent profit made by the home seller is not necessarily a realistic outlook in terms of investment. When elements such as maintenance costs over….

1. The impact of counter urbanisation on rural communities
2. The push and pull factors driving counter urbanisation
3. The role of technology in facilitating counter urbanisation
4. The challenges faced by urban areas as a result of counter urbanisation
5. The environmental implications of counter urbanisation
6. The social and cultural consequences of counter urbanisation
7. Strategies for managing and planning for counter urbanisation
8. The economic effects of counter urbanisation on both urban and rural areas
9. Case studies of successful counter urbanisation initiatives
10. The future of counter urbanisation and its potential impact on global and regional development.
11. Exploring the concept of "new urbanism" as....

1. The impact of immigration on the economy and job market
2. The challenges faced by immigrants in a new country
3. The role of immigration in shaping cultural diversity and social cohesion
4. The benefits and drawbacks of immigration policies and regulations
5. The contribution of immigrants to innovation and creativity in society
6. The effects of immigration on healthcare and social services
7. The psychological and emotional well-being of immigrants in a new country
8. The history of immigration patterns and their influence on society today
9. The ethical considerations of border control and immigration enforcement
10. The portrayal of immigrants in media and popular culture.
11. The....

1. The Economic Impact of Immigration

How does immigration affect economic growth and productivity?
What are the costs and benefits of immigration for host countries?
How do immigrants contribute to the labor force and innovation?

2. The Social and Cultural Impact of Immigration

How does immigration affect social cohesion and cultural diversity?
What are the experiences of immigrants integrating into new societies?
How do host communities respond to the presence of immigrants?

3. The Political and Legal Implications of Immigration

What are the ethical and legal responsibilities of governments towards immigrants?
How does immigration policy shape national identity and citizenship?
What are....