Lung cancer was a less known condition till after the WWI when a sudden increase in number of cases affected by tumors of the lower respiratory tract was noticed. Prior to the WWI, the tobacco industry has increased its production manifold which was directly related with the increase in number of patients with lung cancer. Even though the tobacco industry denied having anything to do with this increase, it was conclusively established in 1950s that there existed a strong link between cigarette smoking and development of tumors in lower respiratory tract. Even though initially most of the cases were found in males, since 1987 things have changed dramatically and now women account for 40% of lung cancer cases found in the U.S.
Statistics show that in 1878, lung tumors were found in hardly 1% of cases emerging at the Institute of Pathology of the University of Dresden in Germany. After 30…...
mlaReferences
History of Lung cancer. Accessed online from http://www.lungcancersurgery.org/lung_cancer_history.htm
Witschi, Hanspeter. A Short History of Lung Cancer. Toxicological Sciences. Volume64, Issue 1 Pp. 4-6.
Causes of Lung cancer. Accessed online from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/lung_cancer/page2_em.htm#Lung%20Cancer%20Causes
Wood ME, Kelly K, Mullineaux LG, Bunn PA Jr. The inherited nature of lung cancer: a pilot study. Lung Cancer. 2000 Nov;30(2):135-44.
Apical growth may lead to shoulder pain radiating in an ulnar distribution. "The superior vena cava can become obstructed and involvement of the heart and pericardium can occur. Lymphatic obstruction and spread can lead to dyspnea, hypoxia, and pleural effusions. Distant metastatic disease can affect most organs. Neurologic symptoms may suggest brain metastases or spinal cord compression, and pain could indicate bone metastases" (Mazzone 2004).
Treatment
Surgery is the usual recourse for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer Radiotherapy has been used with curative intent in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, either in patients who cannot tolerate surgery or in those who elect not to undergo surgery. Chemoradiotherapy to shrink the tumor followed by surgery, or surgery followed by radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy may be used in more aggressive cases (Mazzone 2004).
Nursing interventions
Palliative care, through analgesics for pain, antiemetics for nausea, and antidepressants are common. "Radiotherapy can be used to palliate bone pain…...
mlaWorks Cited
Huether, Sue & Kathryn McCance. (2008). Understanding Pathophysiology. 4th ed. Mosby.
Mazzone, Peter. (2004, 6 May). Lung cancer. Cleveland clinic. Retrieved 2 Nov 2008 at http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/pulmonary/lungcancer/lungcancer.htm#signsymptoms
Lung cancer
Cancer nurses with sufficient knowledge of the biological basis of these therapies would be better equipped to deal with the practical clinical implications and provide better symptoms management. The technical understanding of the nurses is also crucial in educating and in enabling the patients to take care of themselves. Further, it also goes without saying that nurses, as the primary caregivers are responsible for the emotional well being of the patients. Improving the quality of life is one of the most important features of cancer care and the cancer nurse plays a large role in this by providing proactive and treatment centric nursing interventions for symptoms palliation.
ibliography
CDC, "Lung Cancer: Statistics," Accessed!4th Dec 2007, available at http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/statistics/
Caldas, C. (1998) "Science, medicine and the future - Molecular assessment of cancer': ritish Medical Journal: No.316 pp. 1360-1363,
Available online at, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1113070
3) Nobuaki Ishii and N. de Tribolet, "Are p53 mutations and p53 over…...
mlaBibliography
CDC, "Lung Cancer: Statistics," Accessed!4th Dec 2007, available at http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/statistics/
Caldas, C. (1998) "Science, medicine and the future - Molecular assessment of cancer': British Medical Journal: No.316 pp. 1360-1363,
Available online at, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1113070
3) Nobuaki Ishii and N. de Tribolet, "Are p53 mutations and p53 over expression prognostic factors for astrocytic tumors? Critical reviews in Neurosurgery, vol 8 / no 5, Sept 1998.
Provide a rationale and support for your recommendations.
Radon:
A story of radon-related lung cancer in Minnesota was publicized to thousands of viewers via media followed by the Minnesota-legislature passing a law that required radon-resistant construction in all new homes. imilar legislation was passed in Illinois.
Pennsylvania can adopt a similar stance preceding the legislation with widespread publicity in order to educate the public about the matter. teps should also be taken regarding considering implementing this radon construction in all homes across the state. More constructive may be the idea of devising an instrument that can detect radon in homes or identify homes that may be more susceptible to radon. It may be the building materials of the home itself or their easy access to radon or penetrability factor. Lowering costs so that all people can afford this and devising cost-effective methods may be a profitable idea for scientists, law-makers and relevant…...
mlaSources
Gold et al. (2011). The BATTLE to Personalize Lung Cancer Prevention through Reverse Migration Cancer Prev Res July 2011 4; 962
Northeast Regional Cancer Institute of Pennsylvania http://www.wmh.org/dashboard/articleImages/Cancer%20in%20NEPA%202011.pdf)
Penn Lung Center http://www.pennmedicine.org/lung/services/smoking.html
Penn Medicine. http://www.penncancer.org/patients/cancer-types/lung-cancers-related-disorders/about-lung-cancer/
Lung Cancer isk Factors
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, accounting for 12.7% of all new cancers cases annually (McErlean and Ginsberg, 2011, p. 173). Lung cancer is also the most lethal, killing more people each year (18.2%) that any other type of cancer (Molina, Yang, Cassivi, Schild, and Adjei, 2008, p. 584; Brennan, Hainaut, and Boffetta, 2011, p. 399). There are very large geographical differences (30 to 60-fold) in the prevalence of lung cancer, with developing countries representing a full 55% of all new cases each year (McErlean and Ginsberg, 2011, p. 173). The geographical difference in incidence highlights the dominance of environmental risk factors in lung cancer etiology.
Types of Lung Cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type, representing 85% of all lung cancers (Molina, Yang, Cassivi, Schild, and Adjei, 2008, p. 584). The three types of NSCLC are squamous-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma,…...
mlaReferences
Bissett, Randall J. And McLaughlin, John R. (2010). Radon. Chronic Diseases in Canada, 29 (Suppl. 1), 38-50.
Brennan, Paul, Hainaut, Pierre, and Boffetta, Paolo. (2011). Genetics of lung-cancer susceptibility. Lancet Oncology, 12, 399-408.
McErlean, Aoife and Ginsberg, Michelle S. (2011). Epidemiology of lung cancer. Seminars in Roenterology, 46, 173-177.
Molina, Julian R., Yang, Ping, Cassivi, Stephen D., Schild, Steven E., and Adjei, Alex A. (2008). Non-small cell lung cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 83, 584-594.
diseases i.e. lung cancer, childhood leukemia, obesity and Alzheimer's disease. In each explanation, I have included a definition of the disease, risk factors, treatments, prognosis, and prevention. Later, I have provided short literature reviews of four articles.
Lung Cancer
Lungs are those organs in the body that help the human beings to breathe i.e. inhale and exhale oxygen. Their primary function is to provide oxygen to every cell in the body. As far as cancer cells are concerned, they are abnormal and deformed cells with the basic property of rapid growth and multiplication as compared to healthy cells. Thus, lung cancer begins in the lung tissues when lung cells start to become deformed. It is the Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer for all human beings as it is due to lung cancer that more people die each year as compared to other cancers that occur in breast, colon, and prostate.…...
mlaReferences
Alzheimer's disease from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed..Questia, Your Online Research Library. Retrieved January 27, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-Alzheime/alzheimer-s-disease
Childhood Leukemia: Symptoms, Treatments, Risk Factors, Tests. (n.d.).WebMD - Better information. Better health.. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http://www.webmd.com/cancer/childhood-leukemia-symptoms-treatments
Lung Cancer. (2007). cancer.org. Retrieved January 28, 2013, from http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@nho/documents/document/lungcancerpdf.pdf
lung cancer from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. (n.d.). Questia, Your Online Research Library. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-lungca/lung-cancer
The risk factors of the treatment are discussed as well as their possible benefits, along with the needs of specific population groups during treatment, such as the elderly.
Treatment choices. (2013). The American Cancer Society. Retrieved:
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/lungcancer-smallcell/detailedguide/small-cell-lung-cancer-treating-by-stage
Despite the fact that SCLC has been well-known for many years as a threat to the lives of Americans, treatment remains relatively limited. In contrast to the more common form of the illness (NCLC) surgery is often impossible to remove the widespread small cells of the cancer in SCLC. Chemotherapy and radiation in some form is the usual suggested treatment.
hat is small cell lung cancer? (2013). The American Cancer Society. Retrieved:
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/lungcancer-smallcell/detailedguide/small-cell-lung-cancer-what-is-small-cell-lung-cancer
This article provides an overview of SCLC and contrasts it with NCLC. It discusses the effects upon the body and the progression of the illness. It details the rate of incidence of SCLC and explains why SCLC is often more difficult to diagnose and treat…...
mlaWhat are the risk factors for small-cell lung cancer? (2013). The American Cancer
Society. Retrieved: http://www.cancer.org/cancer/lungcancer-smallcell/detailedguide/small-cell-lung-cancer-risk-factors
Smoking is the major risk factor for SCLC, although there are other risk factors, such as environmental causes. This article reviews the major risk factors for developing lung cancer, with a focus on lifestyle practices vs. genetic factors or demographic factors that could predispose one to develop lung cancer.
" (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2005)
CONCEPTS in DIFFUSION of INNOVATIONS
Concept Definition
Innovation an idea, object, or practice that is thought to be new by an individual Organization, or community
Communication Channels the means of transmitting the new idea from one person
To another
Social system a group of individuals who together adopt the innovation
Time How long it take to adopt the innovation
SOUCE: U.S. DEPATMENT of HEALTH and HUMAN SEVICES (2005)
It is related that "diffusion of innovations that prevent disease and promote health requires a multilevel change process that usually takes place in diverse settings, through different strategies." At the individual level, involved is a change in lifestyle. At the organizational level "it may entail starting programs, changing regulations, or altering personnel roles." (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2005)
III. LINKING FAMEWOK to POBLEM/INTEVENTION
THE INTEVENTION
The intervention in this study will be the formulation and implementation of a screening tool for lung…...
mlaReferences
Blumenthal, Daniel S. (2007) Barriers to the Provision of Smoking Cessation Services Reported by Clinicians in Underserved Communities. The Journal of American Board of Family Medicine 20 (3): [HIDDEN] . Online available at http://www.jabfm.org/cgi/content/full/20/3/272
Crane, Rob (2007) the Most Addictive Drug, the most deadly substance: smoking cessation tactics for the busy clinician. Primary Care: Clinics in Office
Practice Vol. 34 Issue 1 Mar 2007 117-35
Denny, John T. (2002) Hospital Incentives in Promoting Smoking Cessation: A Survey of Internet and Hospital-Based Programs Targeted at Consumers. Medscape. 10 Oct. 2002. Online available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/441848
...It can spot moderate to severe dysplasia (irregular tissue), "some of which may turn out to be malignant and you'll have a case of lung cancer," he explains. Patients with dysplasia can then be closely monitored, and if cancer appears, it can be treated in its earliest stages. The second diagnostic tool is an imaging agent called Nofetumomab (verluma). Approved by FDA in 1996, it can determine the extent of disease in patients already diagnosed with small cell lung cancer through a biopsy but who have not yet been treated. Nofetumomab is a fragment of a monoclonal (synthetic) antibody that, when tagged with a radioisotope, can detect a protein found on the surface of most small cell lung cancers. The antibody collects in tumor sites and other areas of the body where protein is detected and, using special cameras, doctors can see the areas as "hotspots." (Brown, 1999, p. 7)
These…...
mlaReferences
American Cancer Society "How many people get non-small cell lung cancer?" http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_1x_How_Many_People_Get_Non-small_Cell_Lung_Cancer.asp?rnav=cri
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer" http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_1x_What_Is_Non-small_Cell_Lung_Cancer.asp?sitearea=
Beder, J.D. (2004). Voices of Bereavement: A Casebook for Grief Counselors. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Brown, E. (1999, May). Waging War on Lung Cancer. FDA Consumer, 33, 7.
" (2003)
It is reported in the work of Morrow (2009) that prior to palliative sedation being considered the team of people caring for the patient or the palliative care team "…will look at many possible options to help relieve suffering, such as aggressive symptom management (using any and all medications and treatments that may help) and mental support to help with emotional concerns. The goal is to make the patient as comfortable as possible. When this effort isn't enough, palliative sedation may be an option. " (Morrow, 2009, p.1) in some cases the symptoms are difficult if not impossible to treat and fail to respond to any treatment despite extremely high doses of pain medications. Also causing severe distress is such as "frequent and severe nausea and vomiting, uncontrollable tremors or seizures, and severe breathlessness are just a few examples of distressing conditions. In these cases, sedation may be the…...
mlaReferences
Lung Cancer Etiology (nd) Retrieved from: http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/pulmonar/lungca/smok-med.htm
Eldridge, L. (2009) Definition of Palliative Sedation. Health's Disease and Condition. 2009. Medical Review Board 20 Dec 2009.
Kvale PA, Selecky PA, Prakash UB, American College of Chest Physicians. Palliative care in lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007 Sep;132(3 Suppl):368S-403S. PubMed.
Morrow, Angela (2009) Palliative Sedation: Alleviating Suffering When All Else Fails. 10 July 2009. Medical Review Board.
Smoking and Lung Cancer
Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies are together known as observational studies. These studies are frequently the only feasible manner of analyzing certain problems (Mann, 2003). In this particular case, the observational studies shall concentrate on smoking together with lung cancer.
COHOT STUDY
This is the most appropriate manner of establishing the condition's prevalence and natural history.
Conducting Study
A group of individuals that do not have the desired outcome shall be selected. Several variables, which may be significant to the condition's development shall then be measured by the researcher. The individuals in the selected sample are monitored over a length of time to observe if they develop the desired outcome (lung cancer). For the two cohorts utilized, one group shall have actually been exposed to or been smoking while the other has not, thus serving as an external control (Mann, 2003; Chen et al., 2010).
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
1. Given that…...
mlaReferences
Brenner, D. R., Hung, R. J., Tsao, M.-S., Shepherd, F. A., Johnston, M. R., Narod, S., ... McLaughlin, J. R. (2010). Lung cancer risk in never-smokers: a population-based case-control study of epidemiologic risk factors. BMC Cancer, 10, 285. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-10-285 .
Mann, C. J. (2003). Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emergency Medicine Journal, 20(1), 54-60.
Chen, B., Li, W., Jia, Y., Guo, N., Liu, D., Tang, X., ... & Xiao, L. (2010). A Cross-sectional Investigation on Risk Factors of Lung Cancer for Residents over 40 Years Old in Chengdu. Sichuan Province, China. Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer, 13(11).
Health Case Study: Lung MassSummary of PathophysiologyPathophysiology of Lung Mass: The first possible diagnosis from the given case is lung mass, as the chest X-ray suggested. Lung mass is most commonly referred to as lung cancer; however, lung mass is an abnormal growth of spots greater than 3cm (Eldridge, 2021). Further tests determine the type of lung cancer as 4 to 5% of the lung masses end up in cancer. Two chief histological groups of cancer are the most prevalent types: small lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-SCLC (NSCLC) (Inamura, 2017). The molecular and cellular disturbance in the lung structure with masses in the organs DNA.Pathophysiology of Emphysema: Another possibility after reading the given case is that the 52-year old is the occurrence of emphysema. It causes disturbance in the local tissues of the lungs, and the mechanism changes in the alveolar walls, resulting in their rupture (Cantor & Turino, 2019).…...
mlaReferences
Bai, J. W., Chen, X. X., Liu, S., Yu, L., & Xu, J. F. (2017). Smoking cessation affects the natural history of COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 12, 3323–3328. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S150243
Cantor, J.O. & Turino, G.M. (2019). COPD pathogenesis: Finding the common in the complex. Chest Journal, 155(2), 266-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2018.07.030
Cleveland Clinic. (2019, July 8). Emphysema. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9370-emphysema
Immunotherapists can provide sensitive and accurate cancer diagnostic tools for the successful treatment of the disease and to stop it well in its tracks (cancerresearch.org, 2009). The outward advantages of immunotherapy are as follows: certain drugs have fewer side effects and offer patients a higher quality of life, bolstered anti-cancer effectiveness and rates of survival, benefits are often reaped quickly for the patient (cisncancer.org). The disadvantages are as follows: some varieties of this treatment have serious side effects, are very expensive and occasionally offer just a short-term efficacy (cisncancer.org)
5. An overexpression of proto-oncogenes can cause cancer as mutated forms of these genes can promote unrestrained cell proliferation: "oncogenes actively promote proliferation (analogous to the gas pedal of the cell cycle). Mutations that convert proto-oncogenes to oncogenes typically increase the activity" (Hyland). An underexpression of tumor suppressor genes can also put an individual in a precarious situation. Tumor suppressor genes slam…...
mlaReferences
Cancer.gov. (n.d.). Understanding Cancer Series. Retrieved from Cancer.gov: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer/cancergenomics/AllPages
Cancer.gov/topics. (n.d.). Tumor Markers. Retrieved from Cancer.gov: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/detection/tumor-markers
Cancer.org. (n.d.). Tumor Markers. Retrieved from Cancer.org: http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/UnderstandingYourDiagnosis/ExamsandTestDescriptions/TumorMarkers/tumor-markers-common-ca-and-t-m
Cancerresearch.org. (n.d.). Cancer and the Immune System: Advantages of Cancer Immunotherapy. Retrieved from Cancerresearch.org: http://www.cancerresearch.org/resources/cancer-immune-system/cancer-immunotherapy-advantages.html
Care of Cancer:
In the past few years, cancer has developed to become one of the major leading causes of deaths across the globe. The disease can be described as the uncontrolled growth or development of abnormal cells in the body even as cancerous cells are also known as malignant cells. Since cells are the building blocks of humans and other living things, cancer develops out of the normal cells within the body. Generally, the normal cells multiply when needed by the body and die when the body does not need them. When the growth of the cells in the body is out of control and cells divide too quickly, cancer appears to occur. Nonetheless, cancer also appears to happen when cells in the body forget how to die.
Causes of Cancer:
There are various kinds of cancer because the disease can develop in nearly every tissue or organ like skin, bones,…...
mlaReference:
Barraclough, J. (2002). Integrated Cancer Care. Retrieved from Royal College of Psychiatrists
website: http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/PDF/barraclough.pdf
"Cancer Complications." (n.d.). Info.com. Retrieved August 31, 2012, from http://topics.info.com/Cancer-Complications_3416
"Cancer Staging." (2010, September 22). National Cancer Institute Factsheet. Retrieved from National Cancer Institute website: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/detection/staging
Medical Advances in Cancer Treatment Research
This paper discusses the medical advances in cancer treatment research. The writer explores several treatment options and compares them to treatment options of the past. There were two sources used to complete this paper.
There was a time when a diagnosis of cancer meant a death sentence. The word still strikes a chord of fear among the millions each year who are told they have it, but in recent years there have been many advances in medical science that allow many who would have died from the disease to live long and full lives. There are more cancer survivors now than ever before and treatment options continue to be made available.
In the past there were only two options for the treatment of cancer. One could have surgery and one could be given a course of radiation treatments. The surgery was for the purpose of removing the…...
## Outlining an Essay on Climate Change, Health, and Well-being
### Introduction (150-200 words)
- Hook: Begin with a compelling fact or anecdote that highlights the urgency of climate change's impact on human health.
- Background: Briefly explain the scientific consensus on climate change and its potential consequences.
- Thesis statement: Clearly state the main argument of the essay: that climate change poses significant threats to human health and well-being.
### Body Paragraph 1: Heat-Related Illnesses (200-250 words)
- Topic sentence: Emphasize the link between rising temperatures and heat-related illnesses.
- Evidence: Cite statistics or research studies that demonstrate the increased occurrence and severity of heat strokes,....
1. The ethical and legal implications of smoking bans in public places
2. The impact of secondhand smoke on non-smokers and the necessity of smoke-free environments
3. The role of tobacco companies in promoting and perpetuating smoking habits
4. The effectiveness of anti-smoking campaigns and policies in reducing smoking rates
5. The relationship between smoking and mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression
6. The cultural and social factors that contribute to smoking initiation and addiction
7. The economic costs of smoking-related healthcare and the burden on the healthcare system
8. The role of government regulation in decreasing smoking prevalence and promoting public health
9. The potential....
1. The dangers of smoking and the importance of implementing stricter regulations on tobacco products.
2. The impact of secondhand smoke on non-smokers and why smoking should be banned in public places.
3. The effectiveness of anti-smoking campaigns and how they can be improved to further reduce smoking rates.
4. The role of the tobacco industry in promoting smoking and the need for greater accountability and regulation.
5. The benefits of quitting smoking and the support systems available to help smokers successfully quit.
6. The correlation between smoking and various health issues, such as lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems.
7. The cost of smoking....
Title: The Deleterious Impact of Smoking: Unraveling the Complexities of Nicotine Addiction and its Grave Public Health Consequences
Introduction:
Smoking, a prevalent vice, has emerged as a global public health crisis, exacting a devastating toll on individuals, societies, and economies. Despite the overwhelming evidence of its detrimental effects, tobacco use persists, ensnaring millions in its addictive grip. This essay aims to delve into the complex and thought-provoking dimensions of smoking, examining the insidious nature of nicotine addiction and its far-reaching consequences.
Body Paragraph 1: The Allure and Peril of Nicotine Addiction
Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component in tobacco, acts as a potent stimulant, producing....
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