Did the crafts and guilds actually build a foundation for formal business and social organizations? This also is very likely.
And indeed, isn't it germane to explore what the growth, development and ultimate sophistication of medieval crafts and guilds may have led to?

In the interest of the big picture, this paper looks now at that pivotal point through an interesting, lengthy article written ten years before osser's piece, Alfred Kieser (Administrative Science Quarterly, 1989) takes the history of guilds and places it in a big-picture setting, far more theoretical and philosophical that osser would do - albeit osser's attention to detail provides a wonderfully rich picture of England - and how the English lived and worked during the medieval period. Kieser asserts that "medieval guilds were not yet formal organizations but formed important predecessor institutions in the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of organizations." Why is this concept….

French 130)

There is a clear sense that medicine in many ways changed dramatically after the many plagues began to ravage the European world. Physicians were often called to gain further understanding of what caused the plague and how to avoid it or even treat it when it was possible. (French 129) Medieval medicine was truly not a dark practice of seedy solutions to unknown and superstitious problems. It was the transition between the unknown and the demand for knowing and understanding, which marked the later periods of medical practice.

orks Cited

http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97337896

Durant, ill. The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization -Christian, Islamic, and Judaic - from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325-1300. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1950. Questia. 10 Mar. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97338055.

A www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=110645496

French, Roger. Medicine before Science: The Business of Medicine from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Questia. 10 Mar. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=110645635.

A www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99836477

Getz,….

In England, the characteristics of what came to be known as English Gothic architecture and design is best illustrated by the Cathedral of Salisbury, built between 1220 and 1260 a.D. In order for this building to appeal to the citizens, the architects decided to construct it in a park, surrounded by verdant lawns and great stately trees. Unlike cathedrals and churches in France, this building does not reach high into the sky and makes little use of what are called flying buttresses or "inclined supports set in a series of arches which help to maintain the stability of the outer walls" (Saalman, 176). Certainly, the Lady Chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary is composed of unattached shafts of Purbeck marble which "seem to tether the billowing Gothic vaults high overhead rather than support them" (Saalman, 177). Not to far from this enormous chapel, one can find a single, huge window….

Thus, stylistically, they may have owed a great deal to the Persian-style painting traditions in the lands from which the relics came. However, only vestiges remain today, making it difficult to ascertain this for a certainty (Derbes, 1995).
S. Maria in Cosmedin's connection with the tradition of Marian veneration and with the entire substrate of Eastern/Islamic influence is easier to trace. The church began as a fourth-century loggia, was enclosed in the sixth century (probably) and expanded into a church by Hadrian I (772-95), a time when the Islamic influence, so close to the Mediterranean and the East, could certainly have been extant. In fact, in its vicinity, in the eighth century, Orthodox refugees fleeing the Iconoclastic Controversy settled. (During the Iconoclastic Controversy, Greek orthodoxy rebelled against the use of religion icons; Islam did not allow the depiction of the Godhead in art (Schuetz-Miller, 2000), so that, arguably, there was….

The representations to be found in literature are echoed in the history of medieval times, akin to art imitating life in the most literal sense. Before the emergence of the major dissenters who gained much ground in medieval times, the papacy fought against anticlerical dissent from many other sources as well. Much of this centered on allegations of corruption within the Catholic clergy and the perceived decadence of certain leaders. In part to reinvigorate the church, new monastic orders like the Benedictines and Franciscans were created. However, the papacy itself was more severely threatened by divisions over popes' elections. Secular rulers wanted greater influence over popes, and in the fourteenth century, there appeared a series of popes and "anti-popes," elected in disputed elections by rival factions of bishops. The church replied to secular rulers' efforts to sway papal elections by electing only Italians for next 450 years (Spielvogel).

Ultimately, the emergence….

D. France and England dominated the wine trade in the 13th and 14th centuries.

IV. Map of London, circa 1300

A. London was developed for about 4000 feet along the coast of the Thames and extending inland about 2000 feet from the banks of the river.

B. By far, the most prevalent theme of the landscape is the dominance of the Catholic Church as there are nearly three dozen churches and many more buildings dedicated to theology such as seminaries and convents etc.

C. The main commercial thoroughfare was atling Street, which contained many businesses and shops.

V. Theatre and Music Hall

A. Dramatic productions and Operas were either seen at the London stage, or one of the two 'patent' theatres of Drury Lane and Covent Garden.

B. Theatre was the mainstay form of entertainment for the typical Londener.

C. All productions included music in the entertainment, to avoid licensing difficulties, though many productions were never meant to….

This he accomplished in part by donating lands and money for the foundations of abbeys such as Echternach.
In the following decade Charles led the Frankish army against the eastern duchies.

He dealt with the ongoing conflict with the Frisians and Saxons to his northeast with some success, but full conquest of the Saxons and their incorporation into the Frankish empire would wait for his grandson Charlemagne.

Most importantly, instead of concentrating on conquest to his east, he prepared for the storm gathering in the west.

Well aware of the danger posed by the Muslims after the Battle of Toulouse, in 721, he used the intervening years to consolidate his power, and gather and train a veteran army that would stand ready to defend Christianity itself at Tours. It was in the Battle of Tours that Charles received the nickname "The Hammer" for the merciless way he hammered his enemies. This battle will….

Medieval Art
Dearest Friend,

I have travelled around the world and looked for the top five examples of Medieval Art. I believe the following are these:

http://www.websters-dictionary-online.org/images/wiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Angouleme_cathedral_StPierre_a.jpg/220px-Angouleme_cathedral_StPierre_a.jpg

Angouleme Cathedral in France embodies the Romanesque aesthetic of the Medieval period. There are many castles that show the Romanesque style, but there are far more churches, the church being a very important aspect of life in medieval times. The columns and pillars of the Roman style are mirrored both in the interior and exterior of the Cathedral. This includes a row of arches beneath which pews for prayer are set up. The front of the building shows some of the intricate detail work characteristic of the period, including arched windows, scrollwork, and turreted roofs atop towers.

2. http://www.britishmuseum.org/images/ps341455_l.jpg

This panel from the medieval period that was created some time between 1420 and 1460 AD depicts one of the signs of the Last Judgment. The art of the period….

Medieval Life was perilous for those who lived during this period. There were a number of issues that made life particularly difficult. Low literacy rates meant that people had little access to information. Because travel was difficult and dangerous, they also had little access to information that would help them improve their lives. In addition, their lives were almost completely under the control of the oman Catholic Church, which was the wealthiest institution and therefore the most powerful. Anyone who was not a member of the Catholic Church could be accused of heresy and subject to punishment. These punishments were so severe they could even lead to death. According to one scholar, "since the church was not permitted to shed blood, the sentenced heretic was surrendered to the secular authorities for execution, usually by burning at the stake" (Blotzer 1997). Living during threats like this in the period of the….

Therefore, Islamic monarchies did not make claims of actual divinity.
Despite their differences, Christian and Islamic theocracies shared the same concept of expansion. Central to both religions was the concept that world religious domination was a religious and political duty. In fact, while crusading is now associated solely with Christianity, the fact is that early crusading began with Islamic crusades in the early middle Ages. The Islamic crusades and the later Christian crusades were both religious and political efforts to spread religion. Both were based on the notion that areas that did not share the religion in question were somehow unjust or unholy. Furthermore, while these crusades targeted other religions, they also resulted in increased wealth and political power for the rulers of the theocracies. According to scholars like Arlandson, Pope Urban II's call to crusade against the Muslims was purely a reaction to earlier Muslim aggression against Christians. (Arlandson).….

Many captains noted that the sick were not considered worth wasting time over, as it was rare that the voyage did not have fatalities. Additionally, upon finishing the sea portion of the pilgrimage, travelers were left to deal with the harsh terrain of the Middle East and foreign people to which these pilgrims were unaccustomed. Being now under the authority of Muslim leaders, pilgrims were forced to place their journeys into the hands of others, often facing additional time delays, hardships and mistreatments. Even upon reaching the pilgrims' ultimate goal of the Holy Sepulchre, the place where Jesus was crucified and buried, these pilgrims were often forced to undergo more scrutiny and delay as they waited to receive appropriate documentation and authority to let them pass into this area. Miscommunication and language barriers often brought about additional delays, making even the trip's ultimate goal a difficulty.
The nature of such….

Medieval to Georgian Culture, James Deetz
In this paper, we explore the transition in American colonial architecture from the medieval to Georgian cultural phases, and the associated rise of capitalism in Western society. We will look at several aspects of this transitional period, as manifested in home building, ceramic artifacts, and gravestones. The perspectives and influence of key players including James Deetz and Mark Leone will also be analyzed and compared.

Stull (2000) describes the concept of a medieval American home, using the distinctive example of houses from early colonial times in the state of Massachusetts. James Deetz used the term "medieval" to describe such structures, based upon art history traditions of the time. Stull argues that colonial building styles were in fact part of a much longer period of social change that preceded the British colonization of America's New England region. Stull considered that Deetz's usage of the medieval label should….

Medieval Europe and the Evolution of the Church State
How Constantine's Deception lead to a Holy Roman Empire

And the virtual collapse of the Christian church

The Decline of the Roman empire and the rise of tribal powers

Constantine and his "conversion" o

The Edict of Milan grants legal rights to Christians

o

The Council of Nicea The first church council conducted under the governmental oversight of the Roman empire.

Diocletian reorganized the empire in attempts to rebuild a workable chain of command, and political structure which would defuse growing political power struggles. Persecuation of the Christians is reignited.

Thousands of Germans cross the Rhine into the Roman Empire

Romulus Augustus, the last Roman emperor in the West is deposed and the Roman empire is officially ended.

500-1000: Early Middle Ages [ or Dark Ages]

565-750: Christianization of ritain begins

o

565: Saint Columba begins his missionary work among the Scotish

o

597: Saint Augustine begins his missionary work in England.

711-715: Moslem conquest of Spain occurs….

Medieval Period - Westminster Abbey
The history of the Westminster Abbey in London stretches back to the Early Middle-ages. The edifice was constructed circa the turn of the 7th century (Mason, 1996). Although the accounts vary, the monk, Sulcard's description of Westminster Abbey's is given some weight by historians. According to Sulcard's history, the original structure's erection was commissioned by King Aethelbert of Kent (Mason, 1996).

Due to the fact that timber was the building material used for most structures during the Early Medieval period, it is likely that any edifice built prior to the 11th century was made out of wood (Stalley, 1999). Furthermore, the early Christian churches were often built upon preexisting pagan temples or oman basilicas. These buildings were designed to be used according to different practices than what we have come to associate with the Christian use of churches. Pagan sacrifices were conducted outside of temples. Christians, however,….

1). But this begs the question -- how does one define a good life, given that the empire was dependant upon the subjugation of other peoples, slavery, a decadent, undemocratic and corrupt Imperial system, and the "entrenched social hierarchies that were also part of the Roman world" (Heather 2006, p.1). Viewed as such, the Dark Ages may be seen as a "necessary evil" (Heather 2006, p.1). Rome had to fall to destroy large-scale slavery and make possible, eventually, a world which valued all human beings more equally. To establish control, over the new order, however, required a "slow and difficult" process and thus the early medieval world was in a state of constant turmoil in a way that did not support patronage of the arts and culture (Jansen 2006).
Eventually, there were substantial innovations that would affect the rest of human history towards the end of this age. The Renaissance and….

I. Introduction
A. Definition of the Human Condition
B. Importance of Studying the Human Condition
C. Thesis Statement: Exploring key aspects of the human condition and their significance in shaping human existence.

II. Historical Perspectives on the Human Condition
A. Ancient Philosophical Views (e.g., Aristotle, Plato)
B. Medieval and Renaissance Perspectives (e.g., Thomas Aquinas, Machiavelli)
C. Enlightenment Thinkers (e.g., Rousseau, Hobbes)

III. Psychological Dimensions of the Human Condition
A. Human Emotions and Behavior
B. Cognitive Processes and Perceptions
C. Impact of Social and Environmental Factors

IV. Existential and Philosophical Views
A. Existentialism: Meaning and Purpose
B. Absurdity and Anxiety in Human Existence
C.....

Sure! Here are a few essay topics on Chaucer and Boccaccio:

1. Compare and contrast the storytelling techniques of Chaucer and Boccaccio in "The Canterbury Tales" and "The Decameron."
2. Analyze the portrayal of women in the works of Chaucer and Boccaccio. How do they challenge or reinforce traditional gender roles of their time?
3. Discuss the theme of social satire in the writing of Chaucer and Boccaccio. How do they use humor to critique society?
4. Explore the role of religion in the works of Chaucer and Boccaccio. How do they approach themes of faith, sin, and redemption?
5. Examine the influence of classical....

I. Introduction
A. Brief overview of the history of corrections
B. Importance of understanding the historical perspective on corrections

II. Ancient and Medieval Times
A. Origins of corrections in ancient civilizations
B. Use of punishment and retribution in medieval Europe
C. Evolution of correctional institutions during the Middle Ages

III. The Enlightenment Era
A. Influence of Enlightenment ideals on corrections
B. Emergence of reformative approaches in corrections
C. The role of punishment and rehabilitation in the Enlightenment era

IV. The Industrial Revolution
A. Impact of industrialization on corrections
B. Development of modern prison systems
C. Changes in correctional practices during the Industrial....

Title Generator-Aligned Essay Topics

1. The Power of Language: The Influence of Titles in Shaping Narratives

Explore the ways in which titles can predetermine the interpretation of literary works.
Analyze how titles create expectations and bias the reader's perspective.
Discuss the ethical implications of using manipulative or deceptive titles.

2. Titles as Mirrors: Reflecting the Complexity of Literary Characters

Examine how titles can reveal the inner nature and motivations of characters.
Analyze the use of irony, paradox, and symbolism in titles to create complex character portraits.
Discuss the impact of character-based titles on the reader's understanding of the narrative.

3. The Art of....