Microbiology & Spontaneous Generation
Microbiology is the study of microbes that are practically invisible to the human eye. Although microbes are usually associated with causing and aiding disease, they are essential organisms in the ecological world. They allow for life to thrive and are of great interests for food, scientific, and medical industries (Black, 2008). The term microorganism encompasses bacteria, protozoa, fungi, archaea, parasites, algae, prions, and viruses (Nester, Anderson, & oberts, 2012). Each of these types of microorganism is responsible for everything that can essentially cause illness in living organisms, but are also necessary for the proper functioning of a mammal's digestive tract. However, in early scientific history, as illnesses were being investigated and the cell theory was beginning to emerge, the question about whether life could come out of nowhere was being explored. Because the majority of microorganisms were practically invisible, early microbiologists did not understand the concept of…...

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References:

Nester, E., Anderson, D., & Roberts, C.E. (2012).Microbiology: A human perspective. (7th ed). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Black, J.G. (2008). Microbiology, principles and explorations. (7th ed). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Microbiology
Microbes

Microbial metabolism is referred to as the manner in which microbes find their nutrients and energy that makes them live and reproduce. The paper will describe metabolic requirement for Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum that provide them with environment that support their growth. The paper also summarizes mechanism of action by which drug inhibits the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is as facultative anaerobic gram-positive cocci that is able to occur in irregular, in pairs or in single cluster. It tends to be catalase/coagulase positive, non-spore forming and nonmotile. The real colonies have a color that ranges from yellow to golden yellow, slightly raised, smooth as well as hemolytic on 5% sheep blood agar. Nevertheless, most of the strains may as well look non-hemolytic and dirty white.

Generally staphylococcus aureus is known to find their breading environment on the skin as well as mucous membranes that belongs to warm-blooded animals…...

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References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1998) "Botulism in the United States, 1899-1996. Handbook for epidemiologists, clinicians, and laboratory workers." Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. Retrieved May 18, 2013  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/files/botulism.pdf .

Keith R. Schneider, Alexandra Chang and Renee M. Goodrich (2012) Preventing Foodborne Illness: Clostridium botulinum. Retrieved May 18, 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs104

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, (2013) "Staphylococcus aureus Toxin Formation in Hydrated Batter Mixes" U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved May 18, 2013  http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Seafood/ucm092237.htm

Microbiology
How to discover the causative agent of a new disease and its mode of transmission:

The standard epidemiologic triangle model of infectious disease causation, asserts that communicable diseases are the result of the contact between the agent, surroundings and the host with the vector. Transmission in particular happens if the agent leaves the host or reservoir via an exit portal and then it is moved (transmitted) in a particular form and enters a vulnerable host, infecting it through a suitable portal of entry. This cycle is also is widely regarded as the sequence of infection.

The locale where the infectious agent usually breeds and multiplies in number is its reservoir. The environment, animals and humans are some of the reservoirs. A contagious agent can be transmitted to a host either directly from a reservoir or through other intermediary sources. There are several different ways by which diseases spread from the natural reservoir…...

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References:

Bailey, R. (2015). Antibodies. Retrieved from  http://biology.about.com/od/molecularbiology/ss/antibodies.htm 

BiologicTX. (2013). Transplant donors: Why donors & recipients do not match. Retrieved from http://biologictxpaireddonation.com/donors/why-donors-recipients-do-not-match/

Brigham & Women's Hospital Kidney Transplant Staff. (n.d). Kidney transplantation: A guide for patients. Retrieved from http://msl1.mit.edu/ESD10/kidneys/HndbkHTML/ch12.htm

CDC. (2012). Introduction to epidemiology. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section10.html

This is primarily because two sprouting facilities in two states were linked with the implicated alfalfa sprouts and only one lot of seeds from Idaho State was common to Michigan and Virginia. Therefore, the likely point of contamination include during growth or harvesting, seed processing, in storage, or during transportation of the food. This implies that the identification of the actual point of contamination requires collection of more information on each of these steps.
Question 17:

The results of inspection of the alfalfa fields indicated that the three possible source of contamination include cattle manure, deer feces, and irrigation water. Generally, cattle are the basic reservoir for E. coli O157:H7 while other animals like deer can either be carriers of or become infected by the bacteria. Therefore, inspecting the alfalfa fields and harvesting process may require consideration of the site of the fields, soil, fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation water, harvesting and processing…...

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Works Cited:

Canada. Health Canada. Risks Associated with Sprouts. The Government of Canada, 11 Aug. 2011. Web. 25 June 2013. .

Clark, Marler. "Press Releases: Food Poisoning Litigation News: Sprouts and Foodborne Illness Have a Long History, Says Marler Clark Food Safety Expert." Marler Clark: Attorney at Law L.L.P.P.S. Marler Clark, 24 May 2010. Web. 25 June 2013. .

United States. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A Multistate Outbreak of E. Coli O157:H7 Infection: INSTRUCTOR'S VERSION. By Jeanette K. Stehr-Green. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Apr. 2002. Web. 25 June 2013. .

Quality in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
The objective of this study is to define quality in the microbiology clinical laboratory including its major components. Toward's this end, this study will examine what constitutes quality in the laboratory setting and will list and discuss the activities in the laboratory that are designed to assure quality from collection of specimen to reporting.

Quality management in the clinical microbiology field was initiated in the decade of the 1960s with government and professional societies alike introducing proficiency testing and laboratory inspection and accreditation programs. It is reported that there were many laboratory scientist and pathologists "independently active and creative in expanding efforts to monitor and improve practices." (artlett, et al., 1994, p.1) The emphasis in the beginning was on intralaboratory process with attention later shifting to such as "physician ordering, specimen collection, reporting, and use of information." (artlett, et al., 1994, p.1)

I. Quality Management

Quality management in…...

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Bibliography

Bartlett, RC, et al. (1994) Evolving Approaches to Management of Quality in Clinical Microbiology. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Jan 1994, p.55-88. Retrieved from:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358306/pdf/cmr00030-0067.pdf 

Elder, B.L. And S.E. Sharp. 2003. Cumitech 39: competency assessment in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Coordinating ed., S.E. Sharp. ASM< Press, Washington, DC

McCarter, Y.S. And A Robinson. 1997. Competency assessment in clinical microbiology. Clin.Micro.Newsl. 19: 97-101.

Sharp, S.E. 2001. Initial training verification and competency assessment in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Clin.Micro.Newsl. 23: 79-91.

Base Case Study Microbiology
Which organism is causing the food poisoning (include genus and species)? What is the most common source of contamination?

The organism causing the food poisoning is E. coli or Escherichia coli. The most common source of contamination is through food like in ground beef, venison, sausages, dried (non-cooked) salami, unpasteurized milk and cheese, unpasteurized apple juice and cider, alfalfa, parsley, radish sprouts, lettuce, cabbage, spinach, fruit, nuts, and berries, and cookie dough.

What information should Ami gather from the victims and their families?

Ami should gather what the victims have eaten prior to being sick.

Why do children seem to be the most ill?

The children seem to be the most ill because their immune system isn't fully developed and are weak, so they are at an increased risk of serious complications from E. coli.

How does this bacterium damage its victims?

The bacterium damages its victims by leading to hemorrhagic diarrhea and kidney…...

Certainly, the fact that I signed up for the course both times I was given a form is an indication of my understanding of my responsibilities and my desire to fulfill them. When I was not scheduled for these classes, I assumed I still had some time to meet the requirements in a future semester. However, I am learning only now that due to the aforementioned inconsistency between the handbook and the curriculum itself, that there is a requirement for this course to have been completed before I am able to move on the next tier of my education.
I do understand and respect the rules of this institution. However, in my current position, I am imploring you to consider that this misunderstanding was a reasonable one and that I might be entitled to be made an exception. Certainly, I have had every intention of taking the required microbiology course.…...

Microbial World
The history of Microbiology

Microbiology dates back to the 1600s. This is when there was recorded evidence of scientists collecting and observing micro organisms. obert Hooke was the first person to do so, as he studied strands of fungi among the different cells he observed. In the 1670s, Anton van Leeuwenhoek conducted research on protozoa, fungi and bacteria. After he died, is when the theory of spontaneous generation was developed. This is because there were only a handful of experiments to support his claims. Under the theory, it was believed that life forms emerge from lifeless matter such as beef broth. This debate continued until Lazzaro Spallanzani and Francesco edi disputed it through a series of experiments that were conducted by them. (Bastian, 2001) (Black, 2008)

In the late 1880s, Louis Pasteur concluded that bacteria can make someone ill and demonstrated how it will have an effect on all organisms. His…...

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References

Bastian, C. (2001). Evolution and the Spontaneous Generation Debate. Sterling, VA: Thoemmes.

Black, J. (2008). Microbiology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

M. tuberculosis can extend to other tissues or organs such as the lymph nodes, joints, skin, bones, the central nervous system, the urinary tract and the abdomen. The host immune reaction to M. tuberculosis originally involves the employment of activated macrophages to the site of infection in the lung, where they can form a tuberculous granuloma that serves to restrict the infection. Bacteria that are trapped in the granuloma face aggressive surroundings that become anoxic and rich in toxic fatty acids. M. tuberculosis under these circumstances has been assumed to take for granted a dormant status in which it can remain viable for years without causing observable disease. A succeeding breakdown of the immune system of the host may permit its emergence from this dormant status, resulting in reactivation of the latent disease (Manganelli, Dubnau, Tyagi, ussell and Smith, 1999).
In order to diagnosis TB a doctor will complete a…...

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References

Manganelli, Riccardo, Dubnau, Eugenie, Tyagi, Sanjay, Russell, Fred and Smith, Issar. (1999).

Differential expression of 10 sigma factor genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Molecular Microbiology. 31(2), p. 715 -- 724.

Schiffman, George. (2010). Tuberculosis (TB). Retrieved July 23, 2010, from MedicineNet Web

Phylogenetic Analysis of the Black Plague
Microbiology Article eview

The first successful sequencing of an ancient bacterial pathogen was reported in the October 27, 2011 issue of Nature (Bos et al., 2011). Samples of Yersinia pestis, otherwise known as the Black Death, the Black Plague, or the bubonic plague, were recovered from the teeth and bones of victims interred in a 14th century burial ground outside of London, England.

Y. pestis DNA was recovered from five teeth and the authors found a C. To T. damage pattern previously shown to be characteristic of endogenous ancient DNA. The recovered DNA fragment length averaged around 55.5 base pairs, which is also consistent with ancient DNA. These findings help to confirm the recovered samples had not been contaminated with extant strains of Y. pestis.

After validating the technical approach, which was a capture-based array method, the authors were faced with aligning the very short reads in order…...

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References

Bos, Kirsten I., Schuenemann, Verena J., Golding, G. Brian, Burbano, Hernan A., Waglechner, Nicholas, Coombes, Brian K. et al. (2011). A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the black death. Nature, 478, 506-510.

Corynebacterium diphtheria. The answered . The pdf file attached referenced. The paper written format a scientific paper a microbiology . These textbooks great sources reference: Willey, J.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a bacterium that is pathogenic and is the leading cause of diphtheria. Due to the resemblance in their shape and sizes, bacteria and archaea were earlier classified as one but on discovery of their metabolic and biochemical differences, it was determined that they had different evolution histories. The bacillus falls under the nonlipophilic fermentative bacteria in classification. Structurally, it possesses cell membranes formed from a combination of the hydroxyl group and fatty acids. Unlike the bacteria, the archaea has linkages that contain ether bonds (Willey, 2003). The cell wall of C.diphtheriae is made up of peptidoglycan bonds which is a great variance from that of the archaea which contains no such bonds. Another major cutting edge factor that classifies C.diphtheriae…...

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Lammert, J.M. (2007). Techniques in Microbiology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

McClane, B.A., & Mietzner, T.A. (1999). Microbial pathogenesis: a principles-oriented approach: Fence Creek Pub.

Willey, J.M., Sherwood, L.M., & Woolverton, C.J. (2003). Prescott's Microbiology (8 ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw Hill Higher Education.

The chemical was found to turn on quorum sensing in V. fischeri, whereas it inhibited pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Also, the slow-release was shown to be far more effective than by applying the chemical directly as an aqueous solution. Since quorum sensing is also important for pathogen establishment this application could be important for inhibiting pathogenic bacteria from colonization of internal medical devices.
In summary, the V. fischeri and squid symbiotic relationship is an important model host-bacteria system. Aspects of colonization of host-symbiont and host-pathogen have been shown, using the V. fisheri and squid model, to be the same. Therefore, understanding the mechanism and complex transcriptional regulatory systems of V. fischeri could lead to potential new therapies and pharmaceutical applications. Likewise, understanding the environmental factors necessary for successful host-bacteria interactions could lead to novel drug targets. In addition to being important in understanding other harmful host-bacteria relationships the V. fischeri and…...

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References:

Breitbach, a.S., Broderick, a.H., Jewell, C.M., Gunasekaran, S., Lin, Q., Lynn, D.M., & Blackwell, H.E. 2010. Surface-mediated release of a synthetic small-molecule modulator of bacterial quorum sensing: Gradual release enhances activity. Chem Comm.

Chun, C.K, Troll, J.V., Koroleva, I., Brown, B., Manzella, L., Snir, E., Almabraz, H, Scheetz, T.E., Bonaldo, M.F., Casavant, T.L., Soares, M.B., Ruby, E.G., & McFall-Ngai, M.J. 2008. Effects of colonization, luminescence, and autoinducer on host transcription during development of the squid-vibrio association. PNAS 105(32): 11323-11328.

Lyell, N.L., Dunn, a.K., Bose, J.L., Stabb, E.V. 2010. Bright mutants of Vibrio fischeri ES114 reveal conditions and regulators that control bioluminescence and expression of the lux Operon. J. Bacteriol. 192(19): 5103-5114.

Murray, P.R., Rosenthal, K.S., Kobayashi, G.S., Pfaller, M.A. 1998. Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Plesiomonas. In M. Brown (Ed.), Medical Microbiology Third Edition (pp. 245-250). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

"Elimination of these and other pathogens from the lower respiratory tract is made possible by an effective innate immune response, which is necessary yet potentially dangerous to the infected host."
E. coli Outbreak:

There have been numerous E.coli outbreaks over the years. Pakalniskiene, Falkenhorst, Lisby, and Madsen (2009) studied one of the larger single source outbreaks. On November 11th, 2006, there was an outbreak in Greater Copenhagen, Denmark. The director of a high school had contacted the regional health authority to report an outbreak of diarrhea and vomiting among guests of a school dinner party. A total of 750 people, nearly all of the teachers and students at the school, had attended the dinner. The evening, the first people became sick. Three days later, when the director made the report, approximately 200 to 300 teachers and students had reported gastroenteritis. It was found that the fresh basil used in the pesto…...

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References

Cegelski, L., Marshall, G., Eldridge, G., Hultgren, S. (Jan 2008). The biology and future prospects of antivirulence therapies. Nature Reviews: Microbiology. (6). Retrieved May 7, 2009, from Proquest.

Hacker, J. & Blum-Oehler, G. (2007). In appreciation of Theodor Escherich. Nature Reviews. Microbiology, 5(12) Retrieved May 7, 2009, from ProQuest.

Justice, S., Hunstad, D., Cegelski, L., & Hultgren, S. (2008). Morphological plasticity as a bacterial survival strategy. Nature Reviews. Microbiology, 6(2). Retrieved May 7, 2009, from ProQuest.

Pakaliniskiene, J., Falkenhorst, G., Lisby, M., Madsen, B., Olsen, K., Nielsen, E., Mygh, A., Boel, J., & Molbak, K. (2009). A foodborne outbreak of enterotoxigenic E. coli and Salmonella Anatum infection after a high-school dinner in Denmark, November 2006. Epidemiology and Infection, 137(3) Retrieved May 7, 2009, from ProQuest.

Management of Immunocompromised Patients
In beginning I writer specific nursing assignment. The Question: 2000 Words While clinical placement asked prepare a single room an admission. The patient requiring admission isolation room immunocompromised.

Immunocompromised patients usually require isolation in order to prevent them from becoming infected with infections from other patients which is known as protective isolation. For the immunocompromised patients, their immune system is unable to fight the infectious diseases. There are many diseases or conditions that lead to immunodeficiency in patients.

One is AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The pathophysiology of AIDS starts when the person's CD4+ T cell count begins to decrease as the disease kills these cells. This is HIV-induced cell lysis where the virus enters the CD4+ cells where it inserts its genetic information to the cell nucleus thus taking over the cell and replicating itself. The virus then mutates extremely rapidly thus making it more and more difficult for…...

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References

Agusti, C., & Torres, A. (2009). Pulmonary Infection in the Immunocompromised Patient: Strategies for Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Bodey, G.P. (2010). Managing Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40(Supplement 4), S239. doi: 10.1086/427328

Glauser, M.P., & Pizzo, P.A. (2009). Management of Infections in Immunocompromised Patients New York: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Hayden, R.T. (2008). Diagnostic Microbiology of the Immunocompromised Host. Washington, DC: ASM Press.

air traffic has continued to increase and it now constitutes a considerable proportion of the travelling public. The amount of long-hour flights has increased significantly. Based on the International Civil Aviation authority, air traffic can be anticipated to double amid till 2020. Airline travel, especially over longer distances, makes air travelers vulnerable to numerous facets that will impact their health and well-being. Particularly, the speed with which influenza spreads and mutates, via transportation routes, is the reason why the influenza pandemic is considered to be a huge threat to the human population. Pandemic is a term, which is used for a virus or microbe when it spreads over a large area, in severe cases even the whole world and large number of people start getting affecting by it (CDC, 2009).
In the past 300 years, there have been ten significant influenza pandemics outbreaks that have taken place in this world. The…...

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References

Airports Council International (2009) Airport preparedness guidelines for outbreaks of communicable disease. Available at: (Accessed: 28 November 2011)http://www.airports.org/aci/aci/file/ACI_Priorities/Health/Airport%20preparedness%20guidelines.pdf

Bouma, G.D. (2002) The research process. 4th edn. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

Brigantic, R., Delp, W., Gadgil A., Kulesz, J., Lee, R., Malone, J.D. (2009) U.S. airport entry screening in response to pandemic influenza: Modeling and analysis. Available at:   (Accessed: 28 November 2011)http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7578-4W2M6SG1&_user=10843&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000000150&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10843&md5=44685b11dd53d74a8ef85a4f03e185f2 

Bush, George W. (2003a). Homeland security presidential directive -- 5: Management of domestic incidents. Available at:   (Accessed: 28 November 2011)http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030228-9.html 

I. Introduction
- Hook: Start with an attention-grabbing statement or anecdote related to biology.
- Background information: Provide a brief overview of biology as a scientific discipline.
- Thesis statement: State the main argument or focus of your essay.

II. Body Paragraph 1: Branches of Biology
- Explanation of different branches of biology (e.g., zoology, botany, microbiology, genetics).
- Descriptions of key concepts and research areas within each branch.
- Examples of how each branch contributes to our understanding of living organisms.

III. Body Paragraph 2: Importance of Biology
- Discuss the relevance and significance of biology in everyday life.
- Highlight the impact of biological research on human health,....

Methods for Detecting Burkholderia Cepacia in Water in Pharmaceutical Literature
Introduction
Burkholderia cepacia is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause serious infections in immunocompromised individuals. It is often found in water, soil, and plants, and can contaminate pharmaceutical products, such as intravenous fluids and medications. Detecting B. cepacia in water is essential for ensuring the safety of these products.
Culture-Based Methods
Culture-based methods are the traditional approach for detecting B. cepacia in water. These methods involve growing the bacteria on a selective culture medium, such as Burkholderia cepacia selective agar (BCSA). BCSA contains antibiotics that inhibit the growth of other bacteria, allowing B. cepacia....

Latest Findings on Rifampicin Use in Treating Tuberculosis
Rifampicin is a potent antibiotic that plays a critical role in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Over the past few decades, extensive research has been conducted to evaluate its efficacy, safety, and potential role in optimizing TB treatment regimens. Here are the latest findings on the use of rifampicin in TB treatment:
1. Efficacy in TB Regimens:
Rifampicin is the core component of first-line TB treatment regimens recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is highly effective in killing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterium that causes TB, and reducing the duration of treatment from....

Key Findings of Using Cyanobacteria as Bioindicators in Marine Water Pollution
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are a group of photosynthetic bacteria commonly found in marine environments. They have gained significant attention as valuable bioindicators for assessing marine water pollution due to their sensitivity to various pollutants and their ability to accumulate and reflect the presence of contaminants in their environment. Here are the key findings from studies using cyanobacteria as bioindicators:
1. Sensitivity to Pollutants:
Cyanobacteria exhibit high sensitivity to a wide range of pollutants, including heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides, hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Their physiological and metabolic processes are affected by....