In April of 1893, petty officers were reclassified and the ranking of chief petty officer was established. Until 1949 ranking badges were worn on the right or left sleeve, depending on whether the person in question was on the starboard or port watch. Since February 1948, all unique marks have been worn on the left sleeve between the shoulder and elbow (Navy Uniform History, 2010).
The command at sea pin was established in 1960 to recognize the responsibilities placed on those officers of the Navy who are in command, or who have effectively commanded, ships and aircraft squadrons of the fleet. The element parts, a commission pennant, an anchor, and the line star, were determined to be perfectly suited for a design which would be symbolic in the ready recognition of those officers who have attained the highly coveted and accountable title of Commanding Officer of our commissioned units at…...

Military History
hat is Military History?

Military history is the oldest discipline within the broader discipline of history as it had a special pragmatic value for previous societies. The study of military history could make or break a society since civilization so heavily dependent upon military power. Today it is still one of the most popular subjects in history but most of the interest comes from outside academia. One of the most popular reasons to study military history from the public's perspective is simply that it is an interesting subject that garners a significant amount of attention. The level of attention from outside academia can also influence the work that is produced within academia because of this focus.

The study of military history can come from many perspectives, both historical and contemporary. For example, the public will often focus on the most interesting aspects of war while academics will attempt to study topics…...

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Works Cited

Morillo, S. And M. Pavkovic. "What is Military History?" (n.d.). Second Edition.

These elements of lack's argument represent the greatest contribution to military historiography in the book, because they highlight previously ignored aspects of military history that offer important insights into the development of military organization and practice. In many ways, downplaying the importance of technology leads naturally to a greater appreciation of the importance of political tasking, because it reveals that military history, contrary to popular assumptions regarding the single-mindedness of military endeavors, is characterized by conflicting goals or tasks, and that the particular strategies and technologies developed and deployed by militaries represent not so much the Darwinian evolution of capability in response to particular problems, but rather the nuanced and often contradictory influences of differing political interests.
Despite perpetuating some of the underlying problems inherent in all extant military history, Jeremy lack's Rethinking Military History nevertheless provides useful insight into some of the major issues facing military historiography. Furthermore, even…...

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Bibliography

Black, Jeremy. "Determinisms and Other Issues." The Journal of Military History 68, no. 4

(2004): 1217-32.

Black, Jeremy. Rethinking Military History. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Black, Jeremy. "Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy." The Journal of Military History 71, no. 3 (2007): 983-4.

submerge him or herself in protecting the country as their job, they should also fully understand the interpretation of war and conflict as well. Due to this reason, the grasp on the professional education is very important. A person should be able to understand why the conflict and the war have ultimately taken place as well. It has been noted that the composition of this sort of education plays a very big role in the formation of further competencies tin the military. It allows the personnel to play their part in the use of violence on behalf of the state[footnoteRef:1] [1: John Hackett, The Profession Of Arms, 1st ed. (ashington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1986).]
As it would be observed, there is a very thin line between violence and violence on behalf of the state. Those persons enrolled in the army should be able to define and…...

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Works cited

Burk, James. 'Theories Of Democratic Civil-Military Relations'. Armed Forces & Society 29, no. 1 (2002): 7 -- 29.

Clausewitz, Carl von, and J. J Graham. On War. 1st ed. Champaign, Ill.: Project Gutenberg, n.d.

Connelly, Donald B. 'The Unequal Professional Dialogue: American Civil-Military Relations And The Professional Military Ethic' (2010).

Hackett, John. The Profession Of Arms. 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1986.

Military
The colonists' most revered military institution was the militia, a model inherited from their forebears in England. The philosophical underpinnings of the militia model are easy to understand: "fear of a standing army," (Millet and Maslowski 1). A standing army can turn against its people, staging what now would be called military coups one after the other. During and especially after Independence, the validity, effectiveness, efficiency, and relevance of the militia model was called into question. This is why the United States Constitution eventually included the provisions for federalized systems of national security. Naturally, the existence of a standing army to "provide for the common defense" would be required. Independence required an organized military strategy against a powerful Empire; to protect the new nation, it was certain that the military would be necessary to preserve all that hard work. The Constitution therefore enabled the creation and maintenance of standing armies,…...

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Works Cited

Boot, Max. "The New American Way of War." Foreign Affairs. 2003.

Jay, John. "The Federalist 2." Independent Journal. Oct 31, 1787.

Madison, James. "Federalist 41." Independent Journal. Jan 19, 1788.

Millet, Allen R. And Maslowski, Peter. For the Common Defense. Free Press, 1994.

[footnoteRef:32] This lack of forces for other Pacific struggles generally weakened the Japanese war effort, as the Japanese were forced to fight those battles with insufficient men, weapons, ammunition and other related materiel. [27: Eric Hammel. Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea: The Naval attle of Guadalcanal, November 13-15, 1942. Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Military History, 1999, p. 346.] [28: Colin G. Jameson. "attle of Guadalcanal: 11-15 November, 1942." www.history.navy.mil Web site. 1944. http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/battleguadalcanal1942.htm (accessed March 18, 2013), p. 78.] [29: Robert Leckie. Challenge for the Pacific: Guadalcanal: The Turning Point of the War (Paperback). New York, NY: antam ooks, 2010, pp. 127-128.] [30: Mark Stille. USN Cruiser vs. IJN Cruiser: Guadalcanal 1942. New York, NY: Osprey Publishing, 2009, pp. 19-20.] [31: Leckie, p. 306.] [32: Ibid.]
The Allied victory at the Naval attle of Guadalcanal through the leadership of Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, the Southwest Pacific Theater commander, was also a turning…...

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Bibliography

Baer, George. One Hundred Years of Sea Power: The U.S. Navy, 1890-1990. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993.

Frank, Richard B. Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle. New York, NY: Penguin Books USA, Inc., 1992.

Hammel, Eric. Carrier Clash: The Invasion of Guadalcanal and the Battle of the Eastern Solomons: August, 1942. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press, an imprint of MBI Publishing Company, 2004.

-- . Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea: The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, November 13-15, 1942. Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Military History, 1999.

"
The Army's Special Forces, referred to as the legendary Green Berets, consist of a unique, unconventional combat arms organization, that are considered the most versatile Special Operations soldiers in the world. Their lineage dates back more than two hundred years of unconventional warfare, including predecessors such as Francis Marion of the Revolutionary ar, the orld ar II OSS Jedbourg Teams and Detachment 101 in Burma, and the Alamo Scouts.

According to Robert Andrews, principal deputy assistant secretary of defense for special operations and low-intensity conflict, it takes two years to train some of the enlisted personnel, and longer for officers. In fact, Special Forces units "continually train to conduct unconventional warfare in any of its forms - guerrilla tactics, evasion and escape subversion." In order to learn to fight in cold weather and mountainous environments, special operators attend a two-week course at the Army's Mountain arfare School in Jericho, Vermont, where…...

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Works Cited

Dyhouse, Tim. (2004 February 01). 'Black ops' shine in Iraq War: the scope of U.S. special operations in the Iraq War was the largest in American military history. VFW Magazine. Retrieved July 02, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Kennedy, Harold. (2002 February 01). Special ops equipment: Newest -- and Oldest.

National Defense. Retrieved July 02, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Special Forces: History. Special Operations Recruiting Battalion. Retrieved July 02, 2006 at http://www.bragg.army.mil/specialforces/History.htm

-29 and -26 bombers were used by U.S. forces to decimate Korean cities through round-the-clock air war using incendiary bombs, delayed demolition explosives and an "infernal jelly" called napalm.[footnoteRef:38] Created secretly during World War II, napalm was basically a mixture of petroleum and a thickening agent, designed to fiercely adhere to the target and severely burn it. Though first used against enemy structures and humans in World War II, napalm was used in the Korean War to devastating effect.[footnoteRef:39] the results of the U.S. air war against North Korea were intentionally catastrophic: at the commencement of the War, North Korea had 22 major cities, 18 of which suffered at least 50% obliteration.[footnoteRef:40] Furthermore, the U.S. government seriously considered using the atomic bombs that had so decisively ended World War II in the Pacific Theater. Particularly in September and October of 1951, -29 bombers were used for multiple runs to…...

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Bibliography

Bizony, Piers. The Space Shuttle: Celebrating Thirty Years of NASA's First Space Plane. Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press, 2011.

Blight, James G., and Janet M. Lang. The Fog of War: Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005.

Boyne, Walter J. Beyond the Wild and Blue: A History of the United States Air Force, 1947-2007, Second Edition. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 2007.

Chant, Christopher. The World's Greatest Aircraft. New York, NY: Crescent Publishing, 1991.

S. system of communication was responsible for far too many problems, including the presidential conception of the value of the leader, Nhu Ding Diem. Key factors in this war were the misuse of technology in the south and intelligent use of simple technology by the north. The Battle of Diem Bin Phu was a classic miscalculation when the French thought that artillery could not be brought against them through the jungle. The North Vietnamese did just that, manually hauling big guns on jungle trails and over mountains, then followed with ammunition on bicycles. In addition they hid the guns in tunnels and set off charges in the jungle to confuse the French as to the sources of shelling.
After the French left, the U.S. set up Nhu Ding Diem as president of South Vietnam. Between him and his brother, they alienated more than half the population in short order with their…...

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Works Cited www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109396003

Best, Antony, Jussi M. Hanhim ki, Joseph a. Maiolo, and Kirsten E. Schulze. International History of the Twentieth Century. London: Routledge, 2004. Questia. 8 Oct. 2006  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109396005 .

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106977474

Bull, Stephen. Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004. Questia. 8 Oct. 2006  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106977476 .

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9805116

Military ar or Campaign
The world has existed amidst a set of wars and conflicts that have shaped political systems, governments, and humanitarian associations. Gulf ar is one of the universal and all time conflicts that rocked the world. ith equitable measures and categorical procedures, philosophies, missions, and visions of these wars, this piece of study exemplifies Gulf ar as one of America's participatory wars in the world. The article tries to establish the basement of Gulf ar together with its consequences and responses it received from the United States of America and the world as a whole.

and the Middle East have been on good terms for quite some time. Various wars between the U.S. And countries including Iraq have occurred. In such instances, military deployment by the U.S. government is intense supported by its foreign policies. This study focuses on the 1990/91 Gulf ar. The America's paradoxical love-hate relationship…...

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Works cited

Boyne, Walter J. Gulf War: A Comprehensive Guide to People, Places & Weapons. New York: Signet, 1991. Print.

Bulloch, John, and Harvey Morris. The Gulf War: Its Origins, History, and Consequences.

London: Methuen London, 1989. Print.

Carlisle, Rodney, and John S. Bowman. Persian Gulf War. New York: Facts on File, 2003.

Monograph
One of the great challenges the military faces is remaining current and preparing the current and future generations of soldiers for inevitable shifts to the geopolitical environment, technological changes, and shifts in both domestic and foreign policies. The importance of preparing officers for the new realities of unpredictable environments and non-state actors cannot be underestimated.[footnoteef:1] The roles and goals of the AMSP and SAMS have not changed. These educational programs provide the requisite advanced and specialized knowledge to foster critical thinking and strategic analysis among military leaders. What must be remembered, however, is the need for organizational awareness and the willingness to change. [1: Edward B. Bankston, Boards vs. Bureaucracies: Field Grade Officer Education in the United States Army, 1946-1985. School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph, 2013.]

This analysis points out the importance of analyzing post-Cold War realities and adapting AMSP and SAMS programs accordingly to include such things as warfighting…...

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References

Bankston, Edward B., Boards vs. Bureaucracies: Field Grade Officer Education in the United States Army, 1946-1985. School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph, 2013.

Beck, William T., Developing Army Leaders Through CGSOC/AMSP and BCTP. School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph, 2005.

Goble, Jeffrey J., Wants and Needs: SMAS' Relationship with the Army. School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph, 2008.

McKinley, Matthew R., An Assessment of the Army Officer Education System from an Adult Learning Perspective. School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph, 2005.

Military
Steihm, J.H. (1996). It's Our Military, Too! Women and the U.S. Military. Pennsylvania: Temple University Press.

This book is central to studies on gender discrimination and institutionalized sexism in the merican military. Given that the Commander in Chief is an elected official, and that more than half of all voters are women, it makes sense that women should have a greater say in the organizational culture of the military. However, the organizational culture of the military is stubbornly misogynistic and shows no real signs of change in spite of great inroads being made by female combatants. lthough this book was published in 1996, the themes that run through each of the essays continue to be relevant. The book addresses gender discrimination from nearly every aspect of its manifestation in the military: from differential medical care benefits to sexual harassment. Steihm (1996) shows how women can confront institutionalized sexism, overcome it, and…...

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Although the author does not focus exclusively on women in the military, Katz (2005) does spend a great deal of time on the gender discrimination manifesting in the military environment. The military organization offers ample opportunities for discrimination because it is a "old boys club," and unapologetically so. Changing the organizational culture of the military is no small job, but it must happen little by little with the help of legal counsel.

5. Korb, L. & Arons, J. (2012). Women in military deserve better care. Politico. Retrieved online:  http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0912/81604.html#ixzz2DFonDhQL 

This article discusses the lack of access to health care services for women in the military. The statistics included in the article are alarming. "According to the Pentagon's own data, 52 military women are raped every day, and we estimate that more than 300 women are likely to become pregnant from rape in the military each year," (Korb & Arons, 2012, p. 1). Without access to abortions, many women are forced to carry an unwanted child to term.

[footnoteRef:24] in the Archaic Period, Ancient Greece's initial maritime power was critical but also "sporadic."[footnoteRef:25] During the Classical Period, Athens in particular "pursued a policy of naval imperialism"[footnoteRef:26] and this Period saw the development of "siege warfare" in which the Greeks -- particularly the Athenians -- developed the skills to wage war on the open sea.[footnoteRef:27] in the Hellenistic Period, the scope of warfare was enlarged considerably, as whole areas of land were now in dispute. Consequently, there was an "ancient naval arms race"[footnoteRef:28] in which various kings extending beyond Greece fought for control of mainland Greece, islands of the Aegean, western Turkey and southern Syria.[footnoteRef:29] [21: EH.Net and C. Michael Hogan. "Economy of Ancient Greece." www.eoearth.org Web site. May 1, 2010. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Economy_of_Ancient_Greece (accessed January 17, 2013).] [22: Chester G. Starr. The Influence of Sea Power on Ancient History. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1989, 7.] [23: Ibid.,…...

After a long search and review of different systems, the committee decided to send their men to train at the Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Academy in Torrance, California (National Guard, 2012; lanton, 2008; Curtez, 2012). In time, it found the razilian Jiu-Jitsu taught in this Academy as meeting almost every aspect requirement of a military combatives program long sought by them. It was easy to learn, competitive and proven effective in hand-to-hand encounters. It detailed the techniques to be taught and in the proper order. It would first teach the basics of razilian Jiu-Jitsu ground fighting. Then it would proceed to throws and takedowns of judo and wrestling. This would be followed by the strikes of oxing and Muay Thai. All these initial steps could combine with a training phase on marksmanship and weapons towards a totally integrated system of close quarters combat. The committee saw that one could pass smoothly between…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Blanton, J.F. (2008). Hand-to-hand combatives in the U.S. Army. U.S. Army Command

and General Staff College. Retrieved on July 12, 2012 from  http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA511484 

Curtez, R. (2012). The history of the modern army combatives program. Army Combatives: Army Combatives Program. Retrieved on July 12, 2012 from http://www.armycombatives.org/the-history-of-the-modern-army-combatives-program

National Guard (2011). The history of modern army combatives. National Guard

History Naval Warfare
What was naval power in the age of sail and how did different sea going states exercise it from the period 1650-1850?

"There is a deep landlubber bias in historical and social research," writes Charles King. "History and social life, we seem to think, happen on the ground. What happens on the water…is just the scene-setter for the real action when the actors get where they are going. ut oceans, seas, and rivers have a history of their own, not merely as highways or boundaries but as central players in distinct stories of human interaction and exchange." Current essay is an exploration of the naval power and sea command during the period of the age of sail (1650-1850). The author has mentioned the war history and war strategies of major navies and sailors during this era. The author has also discussed how different sea going states exercise naval power…...

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BibliographyAmes, Glenn Joseph. "Colbert, Mercantilism, and the French Quest for Asian Trade." DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, (1996).Black, Jeremy. "Britain as a Military Power, 1688-1815." London: UCL Press, (1999).Boxer, C.R. "The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825." London: Hutchinson, (1969). Brewer, John. "Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688-1783." Cambridge: Harvard University Press, (1988).Charles King, "The Black Sea: A History" Oxford: Oxford University Press (2004), 3.Diamond, Jared. "Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies." New York W.W. Norton & Co., (1997).Kennedy, Paul M. "The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery." Malabar, FL.: Robert E. Krieger, (1982).Pearson, M.N. Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.Timothy Brook, The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998), 12.Warren I. Cohen East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 88.]

Conclusion

The author discussed the sea power in the age of sail i.e., 1650-1800 and how different countries adopt this power. For this purpose the author analyzed main sea powers during this period i.e., Purtogues, Dutch, French and English in the Atlantic Ocean and Chinese navy. The author concluded that sea power was the main source of authority for any country. The courtiers with powerful fleet ships and navy were dominant in the world.

Mostly the countries having command on sea used this dominance to expand trade. There are also evidences of unfair means to occupy other countries as well to maintain this occupation. The author also discussed how the British Royal Navy used impressments system to forcefully include the seaman in the Royal Navy.

Endnotes