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ReferencesAzagba, S., Manzione, L., Shan, L. & King, J. (2020). Trends in Smoking Behaviors Among US Adolescent Cigarette Smokers. Pediatrics, 145(3), 111-116. Barnett, A., Ding, H., Hay, K.E., Yang, I.A., Bowman, R.V., Fong, K.M. & Marshal, H.M. (2020). The effectiveness of smartphone applications to aid smoking cessation: A meta-analysis. Cinical eHealth, 3, 69-81. Harvey, J. & Chadi, N. (2016). Strategies to promote smoking cessation among adolescents. Paediatr Child Health, 21(4), 201-204. Hu, T., Gall, S.L., Windome, R., Bazzano, L.A., Burns, T.L., Daniels, S.R… Jacobs, D.R. (2020). Childhood/Adolescent Smoking and Adult Smoking and Cessation: The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium. JAHA, 9(7), 45-49. Luscher, J., Berli, C., Schwaninger, P. & Scholz, U. (2019). Smoking cessation with smartphone applications (SWAPP): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 19(1400), 77-83. Matrix Table Source Citation Purpose/Problem Design/Sample Instruments/Measures[Include Reliability/Validity] Results[Include actual data] Strengths/Weaknesses Azagba, S., Manzione, L., Shan, L. & King, J. (2020). Trends in Smoking Behaviors Among US Adolescent Cigarette Smokers. Pediatrics, 145(3), 111-116. In the present paper, the authors sought to chart the smoking behaviors among teen smokers in the United States. In so doing, the authors hoped that findings would in this case help in the formulation of the most appropriate interventions to discourage cigarette smoking in this age group. The National Youth Tobacco Survey Data was utilized in the analysis of cigarette smoking frequency trends. The indicators (tobacco-related) provided by the National Youth Tobacco Survey were in relation to high school and middle school students – specifically grades 9 - 12 and grades 6 – 8 respectively. In essence, the National Youth Tobacco Survey utilized a stratified cluster sample design (3-stage). It is also important to note that for each student, it utilized a weighting factor resulting in data that could be deemed nationally representative. The authors made the finding to the effect that between the year 2011 and 2018, teenage smokers not only smoked fewer cigarettes per day, but also smoked fewer days. More specifically, the authors found that within the time period under consideration, “there was a decrease in smoking ?10 days (50.0% to 38.3%), ?20 days (37.2% to 26.3%), and 30 days (26.6% to 18.2%) among current smokers.” Strength: The utilization of stratified analyses could have come in handy in seeking to ensure that all population subgroups had the right representation in the sample. Weakness: Small sample sizes Barnett, A., Ding, H., Hay, K.E., Yang, I.A., Bowman, R.V., Fong, K.M. & Marshal, H.M. (2020). The effectiveness of smartphone applications to aid smoking cessation: A meta-analysis. Cinical eHealth, 3, 69-81. The present study sought to establish just how effective dedicated smartphone apps are (with or without the incorporation of other interventions) amongst those who would want to quit smoking. The authors of the study embraced a meta-analysis approach. The sample size range in this case was 11 – 1,599. A mixed-effects approach was used in the conduction of the meta-analysis.The said approach helped in the computation of pooled risk ratios. According to the authors, the confidence intervals in this case were 95%. The study made a finding to the effect that there is limited evidence that smartphone apps come in handy in the promotion of adult smoker quit rates. More specifically, in the words of the authors, the study clearly indicates “that at present, there is no such evidence with a small 15% (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.57) non-significant increase in abstinence rates at 2–6?months. Strength: Comprehensive review of current literature.Weakness: Short intervention period as well as follow-up time. Harvey, J. & Chadi, N. (2016). Strategies to promote smoking cessation among adolescents. Paediatr Child Health, 21(4), 201-204. The present study sought to review the various smoking interventions that have been implemented in the past in an attempt to encourage teen smokers to quit cigarette smoking. Some of the interventions that have been explored in the present study include, but they are not limited to; nicotine replacement therapy, psychological support, and individual counseling. This was a descriptive study. Towards this end, there were no human subjects. A systematic review of present/available literature was undertaken. The authors did not make use of any instruments in the present descriptive study. According to the authors, there are still many gaps in literature concerning the most effective methods to aid in smoking cessation among teenage smokers. As they further point out, there is need for various healthcare providers to rely on available literature in their attempts to help the youth quit cigarette smoking. Strength: Assessment of numerous interventions that have been deployed in the past. Weakness: Some of the sources that the authors rely upon appear to be quite dated, i.e. published over three decades ago. Hu, T., Gall, S.L., Windome, R., Bazzano, L.A., Burns, T.L., Daniels, S.R… Jacobs, D.R. (2020). Childhood/Adolescent Smoking and Adult Smoking and Cessation: The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium. JAHA, 9(7), 45-49. The current study sought to make use of the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium to make a determination as to whether there was any significant relationship between adult daily smoking and teen smoking. The authors adopted a longitudinal research design – specifically cohort study design. The relevant data was sourced from a total of 6687 International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium participants. SAS software was used in the conduct of all analyses. The authors regarded P
