There is no reason to suppose that a difference as radical as true language vs. protolanguage is required to explain why modern humans replaced Neanderthals so quickly. In much shorter spaces of time, groups of modern humans have replaced other groups with identical biological capacities; it took only decades, not millennia, for Europeans to replace Tasmanians, for instance. The precise nature of Neanderthal capacities and of human-Neanderthal interactions remains tantalizingly obscure, and is still controversial (Knight et al. 281).

hile the precise nature of the Neanderthal intellect and human-Neanderthal interactions remain unclear, there is some evidence in the archaeological record that lends support to the theory that Neanderthals simply did not have what it took to keep up with Homo sapiens. For instance, Findlayson reports that the stone tools used by the Neanderthals (usually described as being Mousterian), are more complex than those of Homo erectus; however, they also show far…...

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Works Cited

Bisson, M.S. (2004). "The Neanderthal's Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 10(3):710-11.

Camp find extends Neanderthal timeline." (2006). ABC News Online: Reuters. [Online]. Available: http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200609/s1740994.htm

Christian, David. Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004.

Graham-Rowe, Duncan. (2005). "The first complete reconstruction of a Neanderthal." Mousterian (Neanderthal) Sites. Online]. Available:  http://donsmaps.com/mousterian.html .

By all anthropological accounts, early-modern proto-human hominids like Neanderthals, Cro-Magnon Man, and Homo Habilis bore much closer similarity to Homo Sapiens than any surviving modern simian species. In all likelihood, Neanderthals possessed very similar abilities and comparable intellect to modern human beings.
The extinction of Neanderthal man is more likely related to slight differences in suitability for survival after the most recent ice age, or to being out-competed by Homo Sapiens and other animal species in their ecological niche than to any dramatic or fundamental differences between them respectively. In some respects, continual focus on identifying specific reasons for the demise of Neanderthals perpetuates the exaggerated self-importance that many of us presume corresponds to humanity.

Conclusion:

In studying the place of modern man in the context of the entire history of our evolution and history on the planet, we sometimes seem to forget that vast majority of all living species ever to…...

Examination of female Neanderthal pelvic bones in conjunction with skulls of Neanderthal infants illustrates that among Neanderthals, birth was a more difficult and dangerous process than in humans. It can be presumed that the rate of Neanderthal mortality of mothers during birth and infant mortality were far greater than even the relatively high rates that prevailed among modern humans prior to the development of modern medicine. In that regard, childbirth in undeveloped countries still reflects those dangers.
The fact that Neanderthals had comparatively greater nutritional needs to support rapid brain growth suggests that one of the main reasons for their demise was that they were unable to compete successfully with modern humans after the latter first arrived in Neanderthal habitats approximately 35,000 years ago. Likewise, the longer childhoods of Neanderthals inferred from evidence deduced from studies of their teeth seems to indicate that Neanderthals had developed cooperative hunting strategies and…...

Marcellin oule who first identified the Neanderthals as the "missing link," a "primitive evolutionary link to modern man"
In many ways, there are clues that this may have been true. First of all, the Neanderthal is one of the first hominids to have an upright stature as close to ours as it may be. Second of all, despite an obviously less qualified brain, the Neanderthal had the ability to create and use tools, practiced hunting with spears and other types of simple weapons and is believed to have had a certain hierarchical society. Several archeologists believed the Neanderthal had a primitive burial ritual as well.

Most important of all, in my opinion, is the fact that the Neanderthals are deemed to have had the ability of speech. According to some scientists, language has been around for 400,000 years, which means that the entire period during which the Neanderthal lives is hereby…...

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Bibliography

1. Oard, Michael. Neandertal Man -- the changing picture. February 2003. On the Internet at  http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2003/0217neandertal.asp 

2. Human Evolution. On the Internet at  http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/HumanEvolution.shtml 

3. Foley, Jim. Fossil Hominids: mitochondrial DNA. September 2003. On the Internet at  http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/mtDNA.html 

4. Fox, Maggie. Your forefathers were not Neanderthals. January 2004. On the Internet at  http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1066168/posts

Bone is very fragile and rock slides, cave-ins etc. could cause damage to the bones after the demise of the skeleton's owner. Trinkaus maintains that among the examples of supposed violence, only a few exceptional cases stand up to scrutiny. This would include the Shanidar 3 Iraq rib bone that undoubtedly betrays injury from a thrown spear. Trnkaus further maintains that this is the only absolutely conclusive evidence found of a violent encounter between modern man and his Neanderthal cousins (ibid. 143).
Although less definitive, Shanidar 1 shows injuries that might have been due to a violent encounter, although and accident can not be ruled out, although it is not clear whether the atrophied right arm was amputated or was due to a blow to the left side of the skull that caused paralysis to that right arm. Other Shanidar cave skeletons had only minor injuries, none of which proves…...

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Works Cited:

Trinkaus, Erik. "Hard Times Among the Neanderthals." Ghosttn.com. 15 Apr 2010.

.

Neanderthal man
he debate on Neanderthal man's place in human evolution has continued unabated since the discovery of the first Neanderthal fossil in 1856. One camp believes Neanderthal man is a human ancestor and should be classified as a subspecies of modern man -- homo sapien neandertalis. he opposing view argues that Neanderthal man is a distinct species - homo neandertalis - a species entirely separate from modern humans. his paper argues that Neanderthal man is indeed related to modern humans by looking at key elements of the Neanderthal physiology, behavior and cultural life.

DNA evidence

Recent findings on the mitochondrial DNA taken from the right humerus of a Neanderthal skeleton failed to show significant similarities with the mitochondrial DNA of modern humans. According to the study, one sequence of Neanderthal DNA shows significant variances from the same sequence in moderns. From this, researchers concluded that Neanderthals diverged about 600,000 years ago…...

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Trinkaus and Shipman, p 356.

Trinkaus and Shipman, p 255

Kate Wong, "Paleolithic Pit Stop," Scientific American, < Scientific American   November 2002.http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?colID=1&articleID=000F0825-AC71-1C72-9EB7809EC588F2D7,13 

Glimpse into Neanderthal Culture
hen one thinks of the Humanoid genus Homo Sapiens neanderthalensis (HSN) they picture a very primitive creature, simplistic in nature with few social complexities. However, upon close examination of several Neanderthan archeological sites, one will find the Neanderthal man had all of the necessary elements for the beginning of the formation of modern society. It was once thought that these elements were only present after Neanderthan culture after contact with Home Sapiens (HSS). However, evidence now exists that suggests that Neanderthals were already well on their way to developing a formal, but rudimentary, culture well before contact with HSS. This research will examine these findings using evidence gathered from the Petralona, Larga Velhol, St. Cesaire, Shanidar, and Arago sites. This research will support the thesis that Neanderthals had the beginnings of an advanced society prior to contact with Home Sapiens and that the disappearance of the Neanderthan…...

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Works Cited

Bednarik, R.G. (1992). Palaeoart and archaeological myths. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2(1): 27-43.

Chase, P. And Dibble, H (1987). Middle Paleolithic symbolism: a review of current evidence and interpretations. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6:263-296.

A d'Errico, F. et al. (1998) "Neanderthal Acculturation in Western Europe? Current Anthropology, Supplement, 39:1-44, p. 3 in Morton, G. (1998) Neanderthan Culture. Internet Discussion. September 7, 1998.   Accessed July, 2003.http://www.asa3.org/archive/evolution/199809/0121.html 

Fagan, B. (1990) The Journey From Eden, (London: Thames and Hudson) in Morton, G. (1998) Neanderthan Culture. Internet Discussion. September 7, 1998.

twenty million years ago the Indian plate collided with Asia; this generated the Himalayan mountain range, which drastically altered the earth's climate forever after. Basically, "The climate became drier and the forests of what is now Africa and Asia contracted. The result was an increased area of savanna habitat, with fewer trees." (Campbell, 711). This brought about environmental and ecological changes that animals already adapted to one way of life needed to alter in order to survive. It is widely believed that humans and apes diverged from a "common humanoid ancestor only about 5-7 million years ago." (Campbell, 711). It is not difficult to imagine that one of the leading forces that caused the early hominoids to split lineages was the widening of the savanna. Essentially, many groups of animals that had become suited to tree-dwelling needed to adjust to life on the open plains; out of these pressures…...

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Works Cited:

1. Campbell, Neil A. Jane B. Reece. Biology: Sixth Edition. New York: Benjamin Cummings, 2002.

2. Class Notes. "HPN: Homo Erectus." 2005.

3. Cowen, Richard. History of Life: Third Edition. Malden: Blackwell Science, 2003.

4. Geocites. "Homo Erectus." Geocites.com, 2005. Available: http://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Herectus.html.

They make fire (p. 29). They use stones to cut branches (p. 30). They are not afraid to get muddy (pp. 16-17). Their physical abilities, however, are informed and governed by their mental abilities. The people of Lok's tribe, ironically, are not Neanderthals. Golding's use of the word "cunningly" in describing how the old woman built the fire is telling: "She fitted these pieces cunningly together till wherever the flames rose they found dry wood to bite on." Modern day Scouts can take lessons from this lady. Hunger is an almost always present part of the life of Lok and his people. Golding writes how, "Mentioning food made [Lok's] hunger as real as the smells." Golding, too, describes how Lok, Fa, and Liku discover and enjoy honey (pp. 50-51) -- at least until the hyenas crash the party.
Tuami's tribe was, at the same time, physically superior to Lok's people…...

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Work Cited

Golding, William. The Inheritors. New York: Harcourt Brace & World, Inc., 1955.

person within the Christian worldview. Specifically it will discuss technology, the environment, and the media as it relates to my personal Christian worldview. As noted in this course, understanding a worldview can help a person understand other people and all their roles in today's society. Today's culture is broad, and influenced by a variety of sources, from scientific to religious, and they combine to create a contemporary Christian worldview in others and myself. Personally, my worldview is one of balance between my Christian beliefs and scientific study and analysis, which may be fairly common for a modern Christian worldview.
First, it is necessary to define worldview and what it is. A worldview encompasses every aspect of life, so understanding it is crucial in decision-making and living life to the fullest. It is really a wide-ranging perception of the world around us, formed using a Christian viewpoint. In other words, it…...

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References

Editors. (2009). About us. Retrieved 22 June 2009 from the Evangelical Climate Initiative Web site:  http://christiansandclimate.org/about/ .

Gibson, T.S. (2004). Proposed levels of Christian spiritual maturity. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32(4), 295+.

Holy Bible. New King James Version.

Schmeltekopf, D.D. & Vitanza, D.M. (Eds.). (2006). The future of Baptist higher education. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.

As these people get a little bit older, they also find that they want to help the next generation of people to grow up, and this becomes more important than their problems and worries. Old age brings with it a curiosity about what comes next and an acceptance of dying that younger adults do not have very often. These stages are not always exact for everyone, and not everyone reacts to the changes in their lives the same way, but most people move through these certain stages as they grow older and realize that what is important to them changes (Learning, 1997).

Part of this is biological and based on changes in the mitochondria, because people see the deterioration of their physical bodies and they are then faced with the choice of whether they are going to accept it or whether they are going to rail against it - even though…...

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Bibliography

Bailey, R. (1988, October 17). In praise of the conventional life. (Grant Study of Adult Development finds a conventional life leads to happiness and a successful career). Forbes.

Finlayson Clive, and Carrion, Jose S. (2007). Rapid ecological turnover and its impact on Neanderthal and other human populations Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22(4), 213-222

Learning about life from the movies. (Temple Univ psychology professor Marsha Weinraub uses movie characters to teach students about stages of adult development). (1997, August 1). USA Today.

Lieberman, Philip. (2007). Current views on Neanderthal speech capabilities: A reply to Boe et al. (2002). Journal of Phonetics, 35(4), 552-563.

DNA
Understanding the structure and function of DNA has allowed scientists to uncover truths about the origin of human life on planet earth. In "Ancient ussian's DNA Sheds Light on Neanderthal Interbreeding," Dunham (2014) discusses one of the recent discoveries in human genetic history. A DNA sample was extracted from the tibia of a Homo sapiens called "Kostenki man" because of the village in which the skeleton was found. Because so much is now known about DNA, it is possible to take samples from 37,000-year-old skeletons. The article also shows that DNA remains intact in the bones of living creatures thousands of years after they die. Moreover, the article is about the fact that the DNA samples from Kostenki man show that some 50,000 years ago, Homo sapiens had interbred with Neanderthals, who had "colonized the region thousands of years earlier," (Dunham, 2014). As a result of these findings, researchers now…...

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References

Alberts B, Johnson A., Lewis J, et al. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science.

Dunham, W. (2014). Ancient Russian's DNA sheds light on Neanderthal interbreeding. Reuters. Nov 6, 2014. Retrieved online:  http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/06/us-science-genome-idUSKBN0IQ2QK20141106

Some Chinese researchers assert that Chinese flutes may have evolved from of Indian provenance.

In fact, the kind of side-blon, or transverse, flutes musicians play in Southeast Asia have also been discovered in Africa, India, Saudi Arabia, and Central Asia, as ell as throughout the Europe of the Roman Empire. This suggests that rather than originating in China or even in India, the transverse flute might have been adopted through the trade route of the Silk Road to Asia. In addition to these transverse flutes, Southeast Asians possessed the kind of long vertical flutes; similar to those found in Central Asia and Middle East.

A considerable amount of similarities exist beteen the vertical flutes of Southeast Asia and flutes from Muslim countries. This type of flute possibly came from Persians during the ninth century; during the religious migration to SEA. Likeise, the nose-blon flute culture, common to a number of traditional African…...

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works cited:

Purple highlight means reference from his thesis, chapters 1-5

Blue highlight means reference from his raw research that was sent (17 files)

Yellow highlight means that writer could not find reference; one of the 17 files received

Gray highlight means writer found this source

African Fossil ecord Contributions
African Fossil ecord

African Fossil ecord Contributions to the 'Out of Africa' Theory

The African fossil record represents the foundation upon which modern archeologists base many of their theories concerning the evolutionary history of modern humans (Klein, 2008). When combined with DNA sequencing, the African fossil record shows that modern humans probably emerged about 200-150 ka (thousand years ago) and expanded into Eurasia as recently as 50 ka. This 'Out of Africa' theory would therefore not exist without the African fossil record.

The human fossil record reveals that humans split into three morphologically distinct species approximately 500,000 years ago; Homo sapiens, H. neanderthalensis, and H. erectus, in Africa, Europe, and Asia, respectively (Klein, 2008). The African fossil record contains no evidence that Neanderthals were ever in Africa, therefore it is assumed that modern humans emerged in Africa in the absence of a Neanderthal contribution (Klein, 2011). The emergence of modern…...

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References

Klein, Richard G. (2008). Out of Africa and the evolution of human behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology, 17, 267-281.

Shea, John J. (2011). Refuting a myth about human origins: Homo sapiens emerged once, not as modern-looking people first and as modern-behaving people later. American Scientist, 99, 128-135.

Dibble also suggested "scraper types might represent stages of core reduction sequence, with intensity of utilization as a major causal factor." In 1990, Rolland and Dibble agreed "that Middle Paleolithic assemblage variability is continuous in nature" and "that raw material variability and intensity of occupation are the principal factors underlying Middle Paleolithic assemblage variability." Dibble asked whether Bordes' typology reflected arbitrary temporal slices in a continuum of variability in 1991, and also the factors underlying this variability. hat Rolland and Dibble argued about was whether "most of the significantly represented Middle Paleolithic tool types represent stages in the reduction of tools due to resharpening and rejuvenation...." (After an edge is dull, the tool may be retouched on that edge, or another edge may be sharpened, producing a different type of tool. Dibble contended that intensity of utilization is a causal factor of variation, from raw material quantity, accessibility and quality…...

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Works Cited

Aiello, L.C. And Dean, C. (1990). An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy. London: Academic Press, 268-74.

Bordaz, J. (1970). Tools of the Old and New Stone Age. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press.

Bordes, F. (1968). Mousterian cultures in France. Science, 134 (September 22): 802-10.

Dibble, Harold L., (1984). Interpreting typological Variation of Middle Paleolithic Scrapers: Function, Style or Sequence of Reduction? Journal of Field Archaeology, 11:431-436.