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New Testament to gospels confusing, repetitious appears conflicting DISCUSS PLEASE DO NOT COPY AND PASTE FROM THE INTERNET
hy Four Gospels?
There is much controversy regarding the fact that Christianity promotes the idea that it is perfectly natural for Christians to respect four gospels. Many people have trouble understanding the attitudes that they need to employ regarding the four gospels because they come across stories that are similar to one-another and because some points-of-view expressed by a particular gospel appear to contradict points present in other gospels. One needs to comprehend that the gospels were actually designed to express stories as seen from the perspective of the person writing them. As a consequence, some aspects in one gospel might differ from ideas in other gospels precisely because the writer interpreted ideas that he encountered and wrote them as seen from his point-of-view.
Most individuals are accustomed to thinking that the…
Works cited:
Pink, Arthur W., "Why Four Gospels?," (Prisbrary Publishing)
Platt, Elizabeth, "Four Portraits of Jesus: Studies in the Gospels and Their Old Testament Background," (Paulist Press, 01.05.2004)
New Testament Vocabulary
Pharisees, Essenes, and Sadducees were three major sects or practices of Judaism at the time of Christ. The Pharisees and Sadducees were the two more powerful and influential sects, the Essenes were much smaller in number and less influential. The Sadducees derived their name from Zadok, the High Priest of David and Solomon: their version of Judaism was centered strictly on the text of the Torah and the temple rites. Sadducees tended to come from the highest ranks of Jewish society. The Pharisees by contrast had an oral tradition beyond the written text of the Torah, and were the more popular and democratic sect -- Pharisaic Judaism would become the basis for contemporary (Rabbinic) Judaism. There was political and social disagreement between Pharisees and Sadducees: they were essentially rival sects. The Essenes were, by contrast, apolitical ascetic separatists: the Dead Sea Scrolls are widely thought to have…
Instead, Paul positions the way of faith over against "works of the law" (Rom 3:27-28), pitting God's sovereign grace over against human effort. In the interests of his Gentile mission, Paul aims to deflate an inflated sense of Jewish identity, particularly "boasting," which religious leaders routinely displayed while observing ritual religious practices. Paul stressed the time had come to recognize, in accordance with the promises to Abraham, the reality of God's gracious designs for the Gentile world.
God's Justification: Beginning to End
From the beginning of Romans to its end, a theodicy, a justification of God, increasingly recognized, proves central, rather than the more accustomed perception regarding the "justification" noted in Romans as figuratively moving the opposite direction; relating God's gracious justification of human beings through faith. Although the justification of believers does serve as a primary theme of the letter, as Ernst Kasemann argued, the multiple references to "the…
Works Cited
Brendan Byrne, S.J. "Interpreting Romans: The New Perspective and Beyond." Interpretation. 2004. Available from HighBeam Research. (February 15, 2009). http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-676022051.html . Internet. Accessed 15 February 2009.
Bryan, Christopher. A Preface to Romans: Notes on the Epistle in Its Literary and Cultural Setting.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Book online. Available from Questia,
Christ is also mediator as well as High Priest. For example, Christ serves as a mediator between humanity and the divine; between man and God. The High Priest serves a similar function, but it is crucial that Christ replaces the Jewish priesthood. Likewise, Christ is King to replace and supplant all earthly kings, and is the intercessor by which human beings achieve salvation from sin.
4. Using specific examples, discuss John's view of Jesus.
John's vision, interpretation, and experience of Jesus are different from the other apostles. John's vision of Jesus is more all encompassing and powerful than any other Biblical author. John equates Jesus with God unequivocally, by drawing parallels with Genesis in John 1:1. John's view of Jesus is that Jesus is God, a truly and wholly divine being. This helps to clarify the confusion between whether Jesus was a historical figure and a prophet; he was truly…
Paul demonstrates his own faith and humility, further establishing himself as a Christian leader. For example, in Philippians 3:12 Paul admits that he has not attained the level of spiritual development that he hopes for and is far from perfect.
The New Testament book of James was supposedly penned by James the brother of Jesus, who had been established as an important Church leader. The book of James is concerned primarily with setting forth practical rules and guidelines of living a Christian life. Many Christian moral precepts are established through the writings of James. For example, James denounces greed among the wealthy classes: "The wages you failed to pay the workmen who mowed your fields are crying out against you. The cries of the harvesters have reached the ears of the Lord Almighty," (James 5:4). James therefore contains a theme of Christian communal lifestyle. Patience is clearly established as a…
Works Cited
All quotes taken from the New International Version of the New Testament, reproduced online at BibleGateway.com: http://www.biblegateway.com/ )
What was the Council of Jerusalem about and how did it turn out?
This is also known as the Apostolic Conference refers to the early Christian council that was held in Jerusalem. The purpose of the meeting according to Acts was to try and resolve the grudges and differences that were since the time in Antioch.
During this meeting, the council agreed that the Gentiles who had converted to Christianity had no strict obligation to keep most of the Mosaic Laws, the circumcision of males included. They however upheld some laws that were still to be followed by all Christians like forbidding fornication, eating blood, eating meat with blood in it and idolatry.
4. James 2:14-26 and Galatians 5:1-15 what do these text teach and what are the important similarities and differences between the theological emphases of Paul and James in these two texts?
The texts talk about faith and…
..
In terms of content, then, and also in terms of the overall consistency of both content and structure within and between most chapters, all twenty-seven books of the New Testament, for example, are discussed first from the viewpoint of 'theological story', that is, how its actual narrative content unfolds and advances itself; and second, from the perspective of various, frequently although not always or immediately compared 'theological themes', i.e., key themes that emerge, holistically, from each book on its own and later, implicitly and explicitly, in combination. The cumulative effect is one of carefully, steadily pointing out to the reader "stories" and themes that appear and reappear in common throughout the books of the New Testament.
However, that said, a nagging question underlying the whole book lingers for this reader - that of rather or not a unified Christian theology had already been fully formed and solidified, i.e., that…
References
Blomberg, C. An online review of current biblical and theological studies. Denver Journal. Accessed February 16, 2007. Available at http://www.denverseminary.edu/dj/articles2005/0200/0204.html . February 2005.
Certeau, Michel de. The Mystic Fable. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
The Writing of History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
Evangelicalism. January 28, 2007. Reference.com. Available at http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Evangelicalism.htm . February 17, 2007.
Matthew in the New Testament
The Gospel of St. Matthew of the New Testament Bible contains some of Jesus' most famous phrases. These religious phrases have been incorporated not only into contemporary theology but also the common speech and frames of reference, even for nonbelievers, because of their power to represent compelling philosophical ideas. Even though 'nonviolence' or civil disobedience would not have been comprehensible concepts to Jesus' contemporaries, advocates as diverse as Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. later extrapolated these principles from Matthew's text.
In the sermon, however, Jesus counsels humble behavior but stresses the need to have a strong internal belief structure of resistance to go with passive resistance. He inveighs his listeners in 7:6, not to give pearls to swine, that is, not to fruitlessly preach against those who will not listen. In the same book he talks of the narrowness of the gate of heaven,…
Christianity was truly a multicentric faith in its first centuries, owing to its relative modesty of influence and its own emergence from another faith, this perspective shows. The primary control mechanism at play is the human instinct to adopt varying interpretations of existing theological movements.
This is interesting, because in a manner, our reading here suggests that where we might contend that the scriptures arose out of Christianity. At least, insofar as categorization is concerned, the followers who would adopt Christ's ideas in the century to follow his death were simply another sect of Judaism. As Cross et al. cite in the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, the gospels would be composed in roughly 100 AD, several generations from the death of Christ. (Cross et al., 134) it should be considered a valuable understanding of the ideological origins of Christianity to recognize the reciprocity between the ability of the…
Works Cited
Barrett, D.B. et.al., eds. (2001). World Christian Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press.
Cross, E.L. & Livingstone, E.A. (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press.
He possesses authority over all the people on earth, the Creator of all things and Ruler of all. Men will be judged according to His teachings, even those who reject Him. The Law of God is the Law of Jesus, who teaches it as revealed to Him by the Father. His specific teaching on divorce and remarriage is addressed to all the people of this world, not only His disciples. He spoke to the great multitudes about it in Matthew 19:3-9. When the Pharisees tested Him on the issue of divorce, Jesus' answer was and is addressed to them and to all, not just a few followers. Jesus emphasized to them and still emphasizes now that a man should leave father and mother and cleave to his wife and the emphasis is universal. He stressed and still stresses that anyone, not only a Christian, who puts away his wife and…
Bibliography
1. Clarifying Christianity. What the Bible Says About Divorce and Remarriage., 1999. http://www.clarifyingchristianity.com/divorce.html (accessed 19 July 2006).
2. GospelWay. Divorce and Remarriage. Bible Study Lessons, 2006. http://www.biblestudylessons.com/cgi-bin/gospel_way/divorce_remarriage.php
3. Hughes, John J. What the Bible Teaches About Divorce and Remarriage, 2006. http://www.rbvincent.com/BibleStudies/divorcejhughes.htm
Gospel Way. Divorce and Remarriage. Bible Study Lessons, 2006. http://www.biblestudylessons.com/cgi-bin/gospel_way/divorce_remarriage.php (accessed 19 July 2006)
Salvation in the Old and New Testaments
The Old and New Testaments do have a very similar view of the theme of salvation in that is ensured by God through one's faith and righteousness. The connotation is originally defined in the Old Testament, but the theme is extended in the New Testament to illustrate the necessity of Jesus Christ and his ultimate sacrifice to bring salvation to mankind. Still, there are some clear differences within the two works that show the complexity of the evolution of the term as it spread through centuries of Biblical scripture.
Salvation
Similar methods of salvation are shared between the two texts
Salvation through Grace
Jesus Christ as an Extension of the concepts first drawn out in the Old Testament
Differences
Many believe that there are major differences in the connotations of salvation seen in each work
B. Dispensationalism shows how there may be more…
References
Drake, Francis. "The Meaning of Salvation in the Old Testament." Forum. Theologica. Web. http://theologica.ning.com/forum/topics/the-meaning-of-salvation-in
Feinberg, John S. "Salvation in the Old testament." Tradition and Testament: Essays in Honor of Charles Lee Feinberg. Moody Press. 1981. Pp 39-77.
Mead, James K. Biblical Theology: Issues, Methods, and Themes. Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. 2007.
New American Standard Bible. Foundation Publications. 1997.
Orthodoxy and the Canon:
There are several areas in the early church on essential issues such as the deity of Christ, nature, and humanity. This period of dispute was also characterized with the emergence of groups like Gnostics, which brought a completely new set of presumed beliefs to the faith that came alongside the faith and in total compromised tenets of the faith. These new beliefs were supposedly based on the truth of Christ's teachings as presented to his followers. Consequently, there was a great need to explain the true writings that presented the truth of Christ. The need for clarifications of these truths was necessary because of the fact that heretical parties involved would constantly present texts and teach them as being the writings of the Apostles. This process should include clarification of key events and movements that impacted the acknowledgment of the canonical books.
Orthodoxy and Canon:
Canon…
Bibliography:
Hill, Jonathan. Zondervan Handbook to the History of Christianity. Michigan: Lion Publishing,
2006.
Schnabel, Eckhard J. "History, Theology and the Biblical Canon: An Introduction to Basic
Issues." Themelios. 20, vol.2 (1995): 16-24, accessed April 2, 2014, http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/canon_schnabel.pdf
features topic significance understanding New Testament. This a short research paper include introduction, thesis, body, conclusion.
Jesus and Paul -- compare/contrast
Both Paul and Jesus are largely considered to be two of the most influential individuals in Christian history. Even though Paul was an apostle, many consider him to be equal to or even more important than Jesus, taking into account his contribution to early Christianity. Paul is widely regarded as being the founder of Christianity, but there is much controversy regarding his understanding of Jesus' teaching, as he provides a relatively different account concerning the Messiah's life. Many Christians actually denounce Paul on account of him having modified Jesus' word with the purpose of shaping the Christian world and having Christians appreciate him more than they did at the time when he became a Christian.
Body
It is impossible to provide solid data supporting the fact that either Jesus…
Works cited:
Still, Todd, "Jesus and Paul reconnected: fresh pathways into an old debate," (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007)
Wenham, David, "Paul and Jesus: the true story," (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2002)
"Jesus and Paul: Parallel Lives," (Liturgical Press, 2007)
Introduction
The God of the Old Testament has been viewed by scholars as something different from that of the New Testament. This mischaracterization is often produced by placing emphasis in the Old Testament on the God’s insistence that infidels be dealt with in a bloody manner (Deuteronomy 9:4-5), whereas God in the New Testament appears to preach mercy and charity and turning the other cheek (Matthew 5:38-40). Yet what the scholars fail to appreciate is that God in the New Testament is just as insistent on due respect being shown to God: after all it is Christ who literally whips the money changers out of the Temple because they are disrespecting the sanctity of the place (John 2:15). It is therefore inaccurate to suppose that the God of the Old Testament is different from the God of the New Testament. The God of the Old Testament is just as merciful…
Preaching the New Testament, is gracefully written collection of 17 essays by preachers who are also evangelical New Testament scholars. Edited by David Wenham and Ian Paul, the book does not just merely focus on 'persuasive communication, instead it concentrates on offering insights on how interpret, personalize and communicate the New Testament. In theological speak, it focuses on the hermeneutical and exegetical foundations of homiletics rather than the mere mechanics of homiletics.
The first 11 essays in the book are arranged in a canonical New testament order, with a special focus on the Gospels in (chapter one), infancy narratives (chapter two), Jesus miracles and parables (chapter 3 and 4), the sermon on the mount (chapter 5), Acts (chapter six), Paul's letters (chapter seven), the pastoral epistles (chapter eight), the book of Hebrews (chapter nine), General epistles (chapter ten), the book of revelation (chapter eleven). The rest of the seventeen essays…
Bibliography
Paul, Ian, and David Wenham. Preaching the New Testament. 2013. .
O'Reilly, Matt. "Orthodoxy for Everyone: Review: Preaching the New Testament (@ivpacademic)." Orthodoxy for Everyone: Review: Preaching the New Testament (@ivpacademic). Accessed July 22, 2015. http://www.mattoreilly.net/2013/06/review-preaching-new-testament.html .
These figures add an important historical dimension to the Bible.
Also in the Hebrew Bible are collections of romantic poetry calls psalms. The psalms and also the proverbs round out the collection of Biblical literature that is included within the Jewish canon. All the books of the Hebrew Bible are thousands of years old, and were not authored or compiled all at once. The Bible has many different authors writing at many different periods of time in many different places throughout the Levant.
The Christian Bible comprises a series of books that were also authored by different people at different times. Although the Christian Bible follows the Hebrew Bible and builds upon some of its core tenets, believers in Christ refer to the Hebrew Bible as the Old Testament. This is because a Jew named Jesus Christ developed a body of teachings that diverged significantly from Judaism. Jesus believed that…
Old Testament Bible Dictionary Project
Person-- -- Moses
Moses was born in 1393 and died in 1273 BCE. The Maimonides called him 'perfect' and the Talmud sages said 'Divine Prescence' spoke from Moses' throat. While some have said these wonderful things of Moses, the man who freed the Israelites from slavery in Egypt was written in the Old Testament as a very humble man. The third child of Amram and Jocheved, Moses' brother Aaron was older than him by three years. Miriam, the oldest, was six years his senior. As many know, when Moses was a baby (three months old), he was set afloat in a bakset in the River Nile to avoid death by the Pharoah's decree[footnoteRef:1]. This decree said all male Hebrew children would be killed via drowning. Batyah, the Pharoah's daughter saved him and took him from the river to raise as her own (Exodus 2:5-10. He…
Setting/Place- -- Jordan River
Mount Hermon is the source of the small but well-known, Jordan River. As it rolls outward, through the Sea of Galilee, it stretches along the borders of Jordan and Israel[footnoteRef:6]. It is a 200-mile long river that ends in the Dead Sea. With ferile and lush areas adjacent to the river, it provides a haven amid the arid landscape beyond. Thanks to flooding throughout the year and irrigation, rthe Jordan River maintains its size even with little rainfall experienced in the region. While it is a small river, with its widest point only being 100 feet across, it is the main setting for numerous Biblical stories and accounts, making it an important setting. Some memorable stories that hold the river as the main backdrop is the story of the Israelites entering Canaan. God parted the waters of the river so the Israelites could cross safetly (Johusa 3:14-16). In Samuel and the 1st and 2nd Kingds, the ancient kings like before, cross over the river and would camp near the river during their numerous skirmishes. Healing also took place in the river as a Syrian captain that suffered from leprosy was healed by the river waters by being dipped in it seven times as per Elisha's instructions. The most important event that makes the River Jordan so famous was the baptisim of Jesus Christ by John the Baptist as described in Mark 1:9. [6: Rachel S Havrelock, River Jordan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011).]
Page 6 of 6
New Testament: The Life of John the Apostle
The Life of John the Apostle: The New Testament
John the Apostle
John and his brother James are called by Jesus to follow Him; they immediately and without question leave their fishing nets and follow Christ (Mat 4:18) (Brownrigg, 2002).
John is one of three disciples' in Jesus' inner circle. He, alongside Peter and James are with Jesus when He raises Jairus' daughter from death (Luke 8:49 -56; Mark 5: 53-43), during the transfiguration (Luke 9: 8; Mathew 17: 1; Mark 9: 2), and in the Garden of Gethsemane before His arrest (Mark 14: 33). Moreover, John is chosen by Jesus to prepare the Passover celebrations (John 13: 23) and is the first to see Jesus' empty tomb (John 20: 1-10)
John is referred to, time and time again as 'the disciple that Jesus loved' (John 13: 3; 21: 20); however, he…
References
Brownrigg, C. R. (2002). Who's Who in the New Testament? London, UK: Routledge.
Whalde, V. C. (1995). Community in Conflict: the History and Social Context of the Johannine Community. Interpretation, 49 (1), 387-389.
Biblical Character Analysis
Abstract
Leadership in the New Testament is best exemplified by Christ, Who embodies various leadership styles, but especially transformative leadership and servant leadership. He also embraces authentic leadership, as He leads by example. He presents a vision of what He wants His followers to become, and He serves their interests by supporting them, giving them the courage they need, and even getting out of the way so they can become leaders.
Jesus Christ is the central leader and figure in the New Testament and thus serves as a good example of leadership. Christ faced various issues during His public life. These included: 1) being questioned by the Pharisees about His true nature; 2) resisting the temptation to submit to Satan; 3) convincing His skeptical followers that He was the Messiah by performing various miracles, such as calming the storm, walking on water, the miracles of the loaves…
Messiah in the Old and New Testaments
The Jewish origins of the word "messiah" are found in the ancient consecration ritual of the Hebrews, who "anointed" something or someone by purifying it with holy oil (1 Sam 10:1-2). It is to this act of anointing that the word "messiah" is derived, as it means "anointed." Kings, priests, prophets, the Temple, and the special bread (which also takes on a unique significance in the New Testament) are all variously spoken of in terms of anointing or touching with oil in the Old Testament (1 Kings 1:39, Lev 4:3, Isa 61:1, Ex 40:9-11, Num 6:15). However, the term "messiah" came to take an on even deeper meaning after Saul fell out of favor with the Lord and a new king (David) was anointed. David was not a direct, bloodline descendent of the kings -- but, rather, a spiritual descendent of Abraham: he…
Bibliography
Clark, W. The Four Gospels. Bible Students. Retrieved from http://www.biblestudents.net/htdb/r1046b.htm
Kaiser, Walter C. The Messiah in the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zandorvan,
1995.
New Revised Standard Version Bible. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009.
Introduction
For one to construct a biblical-theological framework to understand God’s and the church’s mission, as well as the church’s mission to the world, one should begin by understanding the unified Biblical narrative. The unified Biblical narratives comprises for major plot movements. These are: creation, fall, redemption, and restoration (Christensen, 2003). Understanding the grand narrative of Scripture remains a vital step towards understanding God and the church. This essay hopes to break down this grand narrative to illuminate the United presented in the Bible.
I. The Unity of the Bible
The Bible
a. The four-fold Plot of Scripture: Creation, Fall, Redemption, New Creation
Shalom from Genesis 1 and 2 is the best way up its story. There was peace on earth. In this version of earth, the world was bountiful, a place where humanity could flourish. However, from this tale of Creation cam the Fall and rejection of Adam and…
Bibliography
Christensen, D. L. (2003). The unity of the Bible: Exploring the beauty and structure of the Bible. New York: Paulist Press.
Fewell, D. N. (2016). The Oxford handbook of biblical narrative. Oxford University Press.
Zondervan Bible Publishers (Grand Rapids, Mich.). (2008). Holy Bible: New International Version. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
Gospel: Gospel is a message that has contents on Jesus, God, salvation, the Kingdom of God, and everything that is done to reach out this message to the believers. Gospel is also one of the books in the New Testament talking about the life, death, resurrection, and the works of Jesus Christ.
• Original sin: Original sin refers to the tendency and deprivation to the evil that is seen as innate in all humankind and it is passed from Adam to all human beings, resulting from the sin engaged by Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. The sin is naturally adapted to every born human being, born of Adam being the initial sinner.
• Fundamentalism: Fundamentalism is a 20th-century religious movement emphasizing on a strict belief in the literal understanding and interpretation of the religious texts.
• Heresy: Heresy is a theory that is developed to be at…
Old Testament Bible Dictionary Project:
I Samuel
The book of 1 Samuel is largely considered as one of the historical books and Deutronomistic writings that attempt to display the history of Israelites as well as showing how the Laws of God were explained to the Israelites under the guidance of the prophets. It also highlights the life of Israelites in Canaan as they transitioned from the leadership of the judges to being ruled by Kings, indeed, it was Samuel who acted as the last Judge and it was him who anointed the first two Kings of Israel; Saul and David. A significant part of the book is also dedicated to the life of Samuel and Saul. Though the author(s) of this book is largely anonymous, some of the chapters therein are attributed to Samuel, Nathan and Gad (). The authorship of the book took place over a span of 100…
References
A&E Television Networks, (2017). Ancient Egypt. Retrieved January 20, 2017 from http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-egypt
Bible Places, (2017). Ephesus. Retrieved January 20, 2017 from http://www.bibleplaces.com/ephesus/
Insight for Living Ministries, (2017). Romans. Retrieved January 20, 2017 from https://www.insight.org/resources/bible/the-pauline-epistles/romans
Wellman J., (2016). Apostle Peter Biography: Timeline, Life, and Death. Retrieved January 20, 2017 from http://www.whatchristianswanttoknow.com/apostle-peter-biography-timeline-life-and-death/
The value of discipleship stresses the cohesion between the events of the past and the present, a fundamental tenant of psychotherapy. Discipleship also implies a mediation between God and his agents on earth, and the therapist always functions as a mediator between God's grace and earth. Community is also an important tenant of modern therapy, namely that no psychologically healthy human being is a spiritual and social island. Everyone needs social resources to fall back on, such as the church and the family. In particular for Christian counselors, the family often comes to the forefront as part of the patient's community as well as the church community. And apocalypticism focuses on the future and the patient's hopes and plans, over the course of the inner and outer changes weathered during the counseling relationship.
These four important challenges or concepts offered by the book for effective Christian counseling thus form a…
In Genesis 3:15, God said, "I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring. He will bruise your head, and you will bruise his heel." According to some biblical experts, this is an oblique reference to the coming of Messiah.
This is taken by many as one of the earliest Messianic prophecies describing Satan's brief victory over the Messiah and the Messiah's ultimate victory over Satan. It is mentioned here because the offspring (Messiah) is described as being of the woman (Eve). This is extraordinary as the nation of Israel has always been patriarchal; people are mentioned in terms of their fathers, not their mothers. Because of this, many see this verse as also being a prophecy of Messiah's birth through a virgin
Prophecies Fulfilled by Jesus)
The Book of Genesis also makes reference to the importance of the lineage or the heritage…
Works Cited
Alexander B. On the threshold of the New Millennium. 30 Dec. 2006. http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/new_millennium_threshold.htm
Christian religion, the Old and New Testaments form a whole upon which its belief system is based. The transition between the Old and New Testaments resides in the person of Christ, who came to earth as the fulfillment of the Old Testament Messianic prophesy.
This transition then occurs not only through the ultimate sacrifice of Christ at his death and resurrection, but also in his ministry during his lifetime. Christ uses the Old Testament in various ways in order both to establish the new order of the New Testament, but also to validate the authority of the Old.
As the son of God, Christ shows his relationship to the Father through his respect for the validity and authority of the Old Testament. He does this in various ways, of which one is his acceptance of the history of the Old Testament. Jesus refers to various persons of the Old Testament,…
Bibliography
France, R.T. Jesus and the Old Testament: His application of Old Testament passages to Himself and His mission. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1982
Holmgren, Frederic C. The Old Testament and the significance of Jesus: embracing change -- maintaining Christian identity: the emerging center in biblical scholarship. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans Publishers, 1999.
Smith, Barry D. "The Use of the Old Testament in the New Testament." Atlantic Baptist University, 2005. http://www.abu.nb.ca/courses/NTIntro/OTinNT.htm
Sper, David. "Jesus Christ and the Old Testament." RBC Ministries, 1990. http://www.rbc.org/ds/sb101/page6.html
Jesus through the Old Testament
Christopher J.H. Wright's Knowing Jesus Through the Old Testament is a book written to connect the two halves of scripture, in a way that helps Christians better understand that "…it is Jesus that gives meaning and validity to the events of Israel's Old Testament history."[footnoteRef:0] Wright is an Old Testament scholar -- an Ulsterman whose own parents had been Presbyterian missionaries in razil, although he would convert and become ordained in the Anglican church, and now resides in London where he directs an international ministry. His academic background is in historical study of the Old Testament, and his first full-length book was a study of economic ethics in the Old Testament. (He confesses endearingly, but unnecessarily, in the present work that he feels much less at ease with the New Testament as a scholar.) Knowing Jesus through the Old Testament is his second work, first…
Bibliography
Alexander, Paul. "Book Review: Knowing Jesus Through the Old Testament." IX Marks, http://www.alliancenet.org/CC/article/0,,PTID314526_CHID598026_CIID2438290,00.html (accessed 15 April 2011).
David Murray, "Jesus never read the New Testament." The Gospel Coalition, http://thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/tgc/2010/04/21/jesus-never-read-the-new-testament / (accessed 15 April 2011).
O'Collins, Gerald and Jones, Michael Keenan. Jesus Our Preist: A Christian Approach to the Priesthood of Christ. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Wright, Christopher J.H. 1992. Knowing Jesus Through the Old Testament. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press.
We cannot look at what happened to the Canaanites as cruelty against a race because what God was dealing with was not a race of people, but rather, he was dealing with evil people (independent of race).
Wright doesn't spiritualize Israel's Conquest of Canaan because he believes that there is a difference between any kind of violent acts that appear to be arbitrary -- like the conquest of the Canaanites, which also appeared to him as selfish -- and an act that appears to be the consequence or punishment because of an act. Wright likens it to a parent smacking their child for no good reason as compared to a person who enacts a punishment because of disobedient behavior.
What is interesting is Wright's first framework, which refers to the conquest of Canaan as being merely an act of God (p. 90) as opposed to a war of some sort.…
The healing of Hezekiah in 2 Kings 20:1-11 explains that God can provide proper treatment for terminal illnesses and add years to life, but the necessity is to heal your inner self, your soul, which is in your hand. ("The biblical basis of healing in Old Testament," n. d.)
The idea is considered to be very true. Anxiety, distress and tension because of bad habits, irrational ways of living and improper routine practices often brings up the illnesses in a healthy body. By healing one's inner self and practicing meditation and patience, one can improve their inner health that provides strength to improve the physical health. This strength works as perfect aid for the outside healing process assisted by doctors and physicians.
eferences
Siegel, Bernie. (1990) "Love, Medicine and Miracles: Lessons Learned about Self-
Healing from a Surgeon' Experience with Exceptional Patients," Harper Paperbacks.
John ev. (2009) "The Currency of…
References
Siegel, Bernie. (1990) "Love, Medicine and Miracles: Lessons Learned about Self-
Healing from a Surgeon' Experience with Exceptional Patients," Harper Paperbacks.
John Rev. (2009) "The Currency of Healing: Old Testament' & 'The Currency of Healing: New Testament" Retrieved 21 July 2010 from http://www.mountainsideunited.ca/node/311
N.A. (n. d.) "The biblical basis of healing in Old Testament" Retrieved 21 July 2010
Greidanus' Preaching Christ from the Old Testament and Merrill's Everlasting Dominion: A Theology of the Old Testament may be compared and contrasted on the grounds that both approach the Old Testament Scriptures, though each does it a different and unique way. Greidanus' method of examining the Old Testament is to approach it from the perspective of the New Testament -- namely, to show how Christ is evident all throughout the Old Testament Scriptures and why and how the latter link directly to the coming of the former. Specifically, Greidanus' objective in his book is to show that Christ is the fulfillment of the Old Testament. Merrill, on the other hand, takes a much more immersive approach to Old Testament and examines it thoroughly and in great detail, looking at everything from the creation of man to the fall to the prophets, the kings, the covenants and the commandments. It is,…
Bibliography
Greidanus, Sidney. Preaching Christ from the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI:
William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999.
Merrill, Eugene. Everlasting Dominion. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman
Publishers, 2004.
He considers that one would be an ignorant if he were to declare himself a true Christian without being acquainted with parts of the Old Testament.
It would be wrong if someone were to interpret the Old Testament on the basis of the information in the New Testament. This would mean that the New Testament is the perfect interpretation of the Old Testament. However, the truth is that the more recent text is only one of the interpretations that people can make when relating to the Old Testament, thus meaning that the older document can be interpreted in a series of ways, each being different from the other. The New Testament is however one of the most accurate interpretations made by people with regard to the Old Testament.
Similar to how the information in the New Testament offers little to no occasions to be fought, right's book contains numerous solid…
Works cited:
1. Pickup, Martin. "New Testament Interpretation of the Old Testament: the Theological Rationale of Midrashic Exegesis," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 51.2 (2008).
2. Wright, Christopher J.H. Knowing Jesus Through the Old Testament. (Lion Hudson PLC, 2005).
Martin Pickup, "New Testament Interpretation of the Old Testament: the Theological Rationale of Midrashic Exegesis," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 51.2 (2008).
Martin Pickup, "New Testament Interpretation of the Old Testament: the Theological Rationale of Midrashic Exegesis," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 51.2 (2008).
As Spong has closed his career as a formal minister, retiring from the bishop position in 2000 have has become even more controversial than ever before:
Spong believes in a transcending reality at "the very heart of life" that presses toward life and wholeness. He describes God as the "Ground of Being" and "universal presence" that undergirds all life and is present in all that is. He regards heaven as a symbol standing for "the limitlessness of Being itself," describes Jesus as "a God presence" whose burning awareness of God made him a doorway to divine reality, and believes that the divine source of life calls human beings to live fully, love wastefully, and have the courage to be. Spong describes his project in classic liberal terms -- walking the "razor's edge between orthodox overbelief and losing the 'Christ experience'..."I do so not because I reject the church, but because…
Works Cited
The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments: Revised Standard Version. Rev. ed. Toronto: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1952.
The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments: King James Version. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1984.
Bakker, Jay. & Brown, Marc. "What the hell happened to Christianity?"
December 18, 2006 CNN.com at http://www.cnn.com/2006/U.S./12/13/bakker.brown.commentary/index.html
The Pope and the leadership guide us in our interpretation of scripture and tradition.
As stated previously, Roman Catholicism is truly a lifetime experience. From cradle to grave, Holy Baptism to the Anointing of the Sick, we are surrounded by these life giving and soul building acts and rarely appreciate them fully. This investigation has not only, truly deepened the author's knowledge of the sacraments by choosing Holy Eucharist, Baptism and Penance. They are an organic whole that represent the totality of our lives and with the spread of the Church's doctrines will hopefully encompass humanity as a whole.
orks Cited
Benedict 16th, (2009, June 14). Angelus. Retrieved from http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/angelus/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_ang_20090614_en.html
Catechism of the catholic church. Retrieved from http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.htm
Consequences of original sin for all humanity . (1986, October 1). Retrieved from http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19861001en.html
Knox, James, & right, John. (1977, March 31). A letter from the vatican: first penance, first communion.. Retrieved…
Works Cited
Benedict 16th, (2009, June 14). Angelus. Retrieved from http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/angelus/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_ang_20090614_en.html
Catechism of the catholic church. Retrieved from http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.htm
Consequences of original sin for all humanity . (1986, October 1). Retrieved from http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19861001en.html
Knox, James, & Wright, John. (1977, March 31). A letter from the vatican: first penance, first communion.. Retrieved from http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cclergy/documents/rc_con_cclergy_doc_19770331_penance-communion_en.html
Thus, the term "a new start" came to embody a lofty ideal and it was considered to be more important from the simple fact that the respective period in history dealt with the particular issues addressed by people such as Thomas Paine. For instance, he tried, through his writing to give a new incentive for the people fighting for the independence from Britain and from this point-of-view he is remembered as an important figure of the era (Philip, 2005).
Without a doubt there are periods in history that are dominated by certain interpretations of the notion of "a new start." This is precisely due to the fact that the American literature, it its attempt to escape the influence and the stereotypes of the British creations, have searched for new sources of inspiration. In this sense, while in the British Isles the romantic view of the world was still predominant, in…
References
Funston, Judith E. (1990) "Authority, Autonomy, and Representation in American Literature, 1776-1865." By Mark R. Patterson. Review. The Journal of American History, Vol. 77, No. 2., pp. 650-651.
Kwok, Gordon. (2001) Civil War Poetry. 13 Feb 2008. http://hometown.aol.com/gordonkwok/cwpoetry.html
Larkin, Edward. (2008). Thomas Paine and the Literature of Revolution. Cambridge University Press.
Outline of American Literature. (2006). Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers, 1776-1820. USINFO.STATE.GUV website. 13 Feb 2008. http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/oal/lit2.htm
New Testament
What city is central to the development of Acts? How so?
Besides Jerusalem, the city most central to the development of Acts is probably Antioch. Acts chapter 11 narrates the founding of the church at Antioch, and in 11:26 the word "Christians" is used for the first time in the New Testament -- this is where the disciples were first called "Christians."
What are the "we passages "u in Acts?
In five separate sections of the book of Acts -- each reporting the missionary journeys of Paul -- the author suddenly shifts into the first person plural, as though to indicate the author of Acts was a traveling companion of Paul in the journey described. The "we passages" are Acts 16:10-17; 20:5-15; 21:1-18; and the openings of chapters 27 and 28. The significance is that the author of the book appears to have had first-hand personal knowledge of…
God of the Old Testament is one that must not disappear from the minds of those that embrace the Christian faith. Brueggemann notes, "The Old Testament is indispensable...because it is a peculiar witness to elusive, irascible, multilayered, multivoiced holiness that can affect agency in the world" (Brueggemann, 2015, p. 263). It is in the Old Testament that God shows His presence not just in the sense of the beginning, but also the end. Brueggemann mentions this inhabiting God as a keeper of the world as well as people's pretensions, penultimate and open, helping believers resist deadly idolatries that come packaged in the guise of something precious.
With regards to Holiness or the term 'holiness' Brueggemann mentions the irreducible otherness of God'. Meaning, God supersedes and defies a formulation, domestication, and morality in pathos/power. God then becomes through holiness, a multifaceted topic of scriptural discourse. Is then that the Old Testament…
.....prophets influence the monarchs?
By deriving their power from divinity, prophets possessed an incredible amount of credibility and influence. They provided a divine foundation of power for monarchs, and could influence the policies of monarchs because of their prophetic power. Prophets were "closely connected with kings," part of the "royal establishment," (Coogan, 2011, p. 301).
Historically, the period of prophecy roughly overlaps the period during which the ancient monarchies arose (Coogan, 2011, p. 301). The two phenomena are therefore linked. In fact, it was not until the establishment of the monarchy that prophets started to feature prominently in the Biblical narrative. This shows the close connection between religious and political power in ancient times, as well as the direct ways prophets could influence the reputation of monarchs and the decisions that those monarchs might make. Prophets continued to influence monarchs by claiming to know the word and will of God.…
McDonald's New Challenges
A look at how socio-culture trends such as obesity will require that McDonald's breaks from standardization on a grand scale
(Fitness Mantra, 2007)
Industry Overview
Influence of Culture and Demographics
Supporting ork
McDonald's is the multi-national company (MNC) that has worked to break through internal barriers on a global scale. McDonald's has been at the forefront in new market expansion and the organization has now covered nearly every market on the globe (Lafontaine & Leibsohn, 2004). Despite the global coverage of operations, McDonald's has excelled in keeping its menu virtually the same. Although some room is given in terms of flexibility to incorporate items from the local culture, a Big Mac made in the U.S. tastes much like one prepared in China. This strategy has offered McDonald's a great deal of standardization through quantities of scale in different markets composed of many varieties of demographic and cultural…
Works Cited
Faulkner, D., 2004. Strategy: critical perspectives on business and management. 1st ed. London: Routledge.
Fitness Mantra, 2007. FitnessMantra Weekend: The McDonald's Effect On Children's Taste. [Online]
Available at: http://www.fitnessmantra.info/2007/08/12/fitnessmantra-weekend-the-mcdonalds-effect-on-childrens-taste / [Accessed 13 July 2012].
Franchise Direct, 2010. Industry Trends. [Online]
Testaments to Truth
Roman Catholicism and Mormonism Compared
There are many varieties of Christianity, some of them very old, and some of them of quite recent origin. The Roman Catholic Church boasts an uninterrupted existence of two thousand years. Its hierarchy, and its beliefs, have adapted to changed conditions. Yet truth is not so easily discovered. Rome may have purified her Church during the Counter Reformation, but not all were satisfied. The Protestant Churches of estern Europe spawned an even greater number of sects in the New orld. Some of these creeds held beliefs similar to those of the Roman Catholic Church, while others developed in remarkably different ways. In mid-Nineteenth Century New York, Joseph Smith was privileged to receive an entirely new Revelation. This Book of Mormon was at odds with the teachings of virtually all other Christian denominations. The followers of this brand new Church of Jesus Christ…
Works Cited
Barlow, Philip L. Mormons and the Bible: The Place of the Latter-Day Saints in American Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Coates, James. In Mormon Circles: Gentiles, Jack Mormons, and Latter-Day Saints. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1991.
Guelzo, Allen C. For the Union of Evangelical Christendom: The Irony of the Reformed Episcopalians. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994.
Posner, Richard A. Sex and Reason. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.
Wisdom and Woman in the Old Testament
Women and Wisdom in the Old Testament
In recent years, scholars and Bible commentators have analyzed extensively the way in which women are portrayed in the Old Testament. The matter has also been the focus of many feminist studies that research the role of the women in the patriarchal Israelite society. However, in spite of the fact that there are indeed many instances of harsh treatment of women in the Old Testament, as their social roles were constrained by many serious restrictions, there are also a few cases where women are associated with divine wisdom and understanding. For example, in Proverbs, wisdom is personified as a feminine figure that directs the believers towards true understanding and godly illumination. Likewise, in Judges 4 and 5, Deborah is described as both a judge of Israel and as the leader of the army, whereas Jael, another…
References
The Bible. King James Version, www.biblegateway.com
Bach, Alice.1999, Women in the Hebrew Bible: A Reader. New York: Bantam House.
Crenskaw, James L. 2000, Old Testament Wisdom: An Introduction. New York: John Knox Press.
Mandell, Sara. "King David with the Wise Woman of Tekoa: The Resonance of Tradition in Parabolic Narrative. Book Review." Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 118, No. 2, p. 344-346
Vera rittain
The advent of the First World War brought with it the stark reality of the 'progress' which modern man had made. Mankind found out that despite the eloquence of the enlightenment, and the wonderful advancements made in medicine, education, literature, and the arts that man could still take up arms against his brother, and fight hand to hand if necessary in order to gain a foot of ground, or in retaliation for yesterday's loss of a comrade. The First World War plunged the entire western world into a deep pit, governed by the engines of war, empowered by the newly mechanized assembly line manufacturing of the industrial revolution. Fro all his advancement, and enlightenment, mankind was still closely related to the Romans who burned and conquered peopled under their iron fist, and the Huns where known to destroy everything in their path. Civilized, and enlightened, we still were…
Bibliography
DAYS LIKE THESE 19 MAY 1941. The Independent London, England. 5/19/2003
Brittain, Vera. Testament of Youth. New York: Penguin Books. 1994
" (Fletcher in Gogeometry Website, 2008). The trail to Machu Picchu is known as one of the best trekking sites in the world, particularly for its landscapes that showcase the remnants of its historic past as well as its diverse ecology (ibid).
Mexico's Chichen Itza also showcases its nation's rich, historical past in the same way the Machu Picchu does. Chichen Itza, roughly translated as "at the mouth of the well of the Itza," is considered as a political, commercial, and religious center of the ancient Mayan tribe in Mexico. In this city, one can locate the Temple of Kulkulan (Feathered Serpent), the Observatory, an astronomical observatory, and Temple of the Warriors and the Sacred Cenote (Well of Sacrifice). These structures have religious and scientific significance for the Mayan culture (ibid.).
Not too far from Mexico, we can find Brazil's huge Christ edeemer structure. "Christ the edeemer is a large…
References
Garrison, L. (n.d.). Petra - Lost City in Jordan and One of the New Seven Wonders of the World. Retrieved at http://cruises.about.com/od/southwestasiacruises/ig/Petra/?once=true&on Nov. 12, 2008.
Gogeometry Website. (2007). New 7 Wonders. Retrieved at http://www.gogeometry.com/wonder_world/index.html . On Nov. 12, 2008.
Seven Wonders of the World Website (2007). The World Has Voted for the New 7 Wonders! Retrieved at http://www.sevenwondersworld.com/on Nov. 12, 2008.
Table:
In Genesis 2, God rested on the seventh day. Then, in Genesis 2, God creates the first man and the first woman. God created "a garden eastward in Eden" (Genesis 2:8, p. 58), where he put the first man he had formed (Adam). Then God created "every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil" (2:9, p. 58). God made a river to water the garden, and the river had four heads: Pison; Gihon; Hiddekel; and Euphrates. Then God said "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him" (2:18. p. 58). God then sent Adam into a deep sleep, and as he slept, formed a woman (Eve) from Adam's rib to be his companion in the…
Works Cited
Genesis 1-2. The Old Testament. In the Norton Anthology of World Literature, Beginnings to a.D. 100, Vol. A (Pkg. 1). Sarah Lawall et al. (Ed.). New York: Norton, 2002. 56-58.
The Jews, of course, were as antagonistic to hearing Stephen preach the life of Christ as they were to Christ Himself -- ho is the way of salvation, and hom they have rejected. Stephen's speech is fiery and full of love and fury -- love for Christ, fury for the Jews who rejected Him: "You stiff-necked people! Your hearts and ears are still uncircumcised." (Here Stephen as much as says, "You are not real Jews. Real Jews would have recognized their Redeemer.) "You are just like your ancestors: You always resist the Holy Spirit!" The reaction of the Jews is to stone Stephen to death. Stephen accepts his martyrdom and dies as Christ died, with a prayer for his persecutors -- and out of that prayer comes (through the mercy of God) the conversion of St. Paul.
In conclusion, "we may say that perseverance as a Christian is the only…
Works Cited
Fitzmyer, Joseph. The Gospel According to Luke (I-IX), vol. 28. Garden City, NY:
Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1981. Print.
Hamm, Dennis. "Are the Gospel Passion Accounts Anti-Jewish?" Journal of Religion
and Film vol. 8, no. 1 (Feb, 2004). Print.
Christian Church acknowledges its missionary function as truly the core of Christianity, the heart of the Church. Through Christ's teachings, mission is the foreground of His legacy to the Church, the instrument for redemption. The guiding principles at the basis of the Church's mission exist as transparently related by the ible which in itself transcends all worldly knowledge and phenomena. God, as the Holy Trinity, reveals Himself through the biblical record in order to communicate with man candidly and openly, sends His only son into the world in order to claim Him back to the offspring of wholeness, and puts forth a missionary pattern for His followers: "A new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another." (John 13:34, 15:17 King James ible) "And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the…
Bibliography
Abraham, William, James. The Logic of Evangelism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1989.
Blauw, Johannes. The Missionary Nature of the Church. New York, Toronto, London: McGraw-Hill Company Inc., 1974.
Bosch, David, C. Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. New York: Orbis Books, 1991.
Flett, John, G. The Witness of God: The Trinity, Missio Dei, Karl Barth, and the Nature of Christian Community. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2000.
Jesus
The four gospel books in the New Testament are the principal foundation of the information regarding the life of Jesus. These books include Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. The four books tell the story of the life of Jesus, but from different perspectives. Christian faith depends on the four gospel books that narrate the historical life of Jesus. As a result, if the provisions in these four books are a correct historical account of Jesus, then the faith of Christians is practical. Moreover, if indeed Jesus rose on the third day from the departed, the claim that Jesus is the Son of God is rational. If the claim that Jesus taught the people many things highlighted in the four gospel books, then believing in Him is the only means through which Christians can have everlasting life. Although the gospel books particularly Matthew, Mark and Luke demonstrate the synoptic problem,…
References List
Bible Society in Australia Staff 2008. Holy Bible: New international version. Australia: Bible Society in Australia Incorporated.
Donahue, J., & Harrington, S.J 2002. The Gospel of Mark: Texas: Liturgical Press.
Dunn, J 1985. The evidence of Jesus. Westminster: Westminster John Knox Press.
Green, J., Turner, M 1999. Jesus of Nazareth: Lord and Christ: Essays on the historical Jesus and the New Testament Christology. New York: Wipf & Stock Pub.
The literal meaning of the word is the place for the dead. Literal meaning of both words is the grave. This can be confirmed with a comparison of the Old Testament and the New Testament (West 34). For instance, it has been mentioned in the Psalms 6.10;
"For You, will not leave my soul in Sheol, nor will You allow Your Holy One to see corruption." This verse has been referred in Acts 2.27 by the apostle Paul saying that the verse talks about Jesus Christ.
If the Old Testament is taken into account there are many who have highlighted that there is no mentioning of hell to the Israel by the God. There is no place in the Old Testament where God has said to the Israel that if they follow the teachings of the God, they will see and remain in heaven and if otherwise, they will seek…
Bibliography
Bunyan, John. Visions of Heaven and Hell. Sovereign Grace Publishers, 2007.
Daley, J. Michael. Why Do Catholics...: Teens Respond to Questions about the Faith. Saint Mary's Press, 2007.
Gibbs, T. Franklin. The Shocking Truths About Heaven, Hell and Your Birthright Blessing, Volume 2. AuthorHouse, 2011.
Madrid, Patrick. Where is that in the Bible? Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, 2001.
Typology in Christianity
The author of this report is reviewing typology in Christianity with a strong focus on a few particular dimensions. Typology, for the purposes of Christianity, is the translation and transition between the Old Testament and New Testament. Indeed, the different faiths that center on the traditional Christian God usually (but not always) rely on the ible, or at least part of it, with some sects focusing mainly or solely on the Old Testament while other sects or groups do the same thing with the New Testament. Obviously, since both Testaments are part of the same Holy ible, it is important to look into how they are connected and how that connection, and the church itself, has evolved over the years. A focus on how typology was done, different groups that engaged in it like the Alexandrin school and the overall history from the time of the Apostles,…
Bibliography
Barna, G. (1983). Typology offers perspectives on growing Christian market. Marketing News, 17(19), 12.
Brent, Allen. 2009. A Political History of Early Christianity. London: T & T. Clark, 2009. eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed September 30, 2013).
Cook, Jonathan A. 2006. "Christian Typology and Social Critique in Melville's "The Two Temples." Christianity & Literature 56, no. 1: 5-33. Religion and Philosophy Collection, EBSCOhost (accessed September 30, 2013).
Driesen, Isolde, Chris Hermans, and Aad De Jong. 2005. "Towards a Typology of General Aims of Christian Adult Education." Journal Of Empirical Theology 18, no. 2: 235-263. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 30, 2013).
However, Pharaoh's heart was heartened and he refused. ecause of this, Aaron was instructed to lay down the rod in front of the Pharaoh and it became a snake. The pharaoh then ordered his sorcerers to throw down their rods and they also became snakes but Aarons snake ate the other snakes and the Pharaoh's heart was hardened and he would not release the children of Israel. Then the Lord turn to River into blood and there was no water for seven days.
Pharaoh's heart continued to be hardened and several other plagues followed. According to the Old Testament these plagues included frogs, flies, lice, the death of cattle, boils, hail, locust, the plague of darkness. Finally, the Lord killed the entire first born of Egypt. He instructed the people of Israel to cover their doors with the sacrificial blood of a lamb so that death would pass over them.…
Bibliography
Demille C. The Ten Commandments. (1956) Paramount Studios
Freedman, D.N. & Mcclymond, M.J. (Eds.) www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102109074"Ehrlich, C.S. (2001). Moses, Torah, and Judaism. In the Rivers of Paradise: Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad as Religious Founders /, (pp. 11-null9). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o& ;d=5001865837
Fuchs, E. (1999, Winter). Moses / Jesus / Women: Does the New Testament Offer a Feminist Message. Cross Currents, 49, 463.
high degree of misinformation I had received from traditional teachings about the church and the beginning of Christianity. Moreover, I was struck by the notion that most other people in the Western world receive this same degree of intentional misinformation, so much so that I have even heard people defend the idea that knowledge of the historical church is irrelevant to modern Christianity. Reading through the class material, I was struck by how critical this historical information was to the understanding of the actual church. One critical piece of information is the idea of Jesus as the head of the church, despite him not establishing Christianity as a separate religion. Another critical idea was that prophets could play a continuing role in Christianity, when my traditional understanding had suggested that after Jesus there would be no more Jewish prophets. I also found myself wondering about the very obvious and significant…
" Further, as previously stated, in the Jewish tradition, it is believed that the Messiah (whom Christians believe is Jesus), must be a descendent of David's line.
The New Testament in fact introduces Jesus as the son of David and of Abraham (Mt. 1:1). Further, in the Gospel of Luke, he describes how Mary, the mother of Jesus, was descended from King David through one of his sons, Nathan. This leads contemporary Christians to believe that Jesus is the prophesied messiah, as well as the rightful king of Israel.
It is interesting that Jesus, despite the fact of David's obviously sinful nature, follows him in matters of conduct. Indeed, the reader notes that Christ used the actions of the pre-descent David as justification for his own (Luke 6:1-5) concerning the eating of wheat from the fields on the Sabbath. (McCall, 1999). However, even more interesting than David's use as a…
Works Cited
Aish. Aish.com. Staff. "Jewish History." Web site. 1995. Retrieved on July 8, 2005 http://www.aish.com/literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History_Part_19_-_King_Solomon.asp
Alter, R. "The David Story." Chicago, Norton. 1999.
Bible History.com. Staff. "Biblical Archaeology: Tel Dan Stele." Web site. 2005. Retrieved on July 8, 2005 http://www.bible-history.com/archaeology/israel/tel-dan-stele.html
Biran, Aaron and Joseph Naveh, "An Aramaic Stele Fragment from Tel Dan," in Israel Exploration Journal 43 (1993), pg. 81-98
Historicity of Acts
For centuries, the historicity of the book of the Acts has been questioned and criticized, prompting historians to label it "the storm center of modern New Testament study." Many scholars have suggested that the Acts were written as a means of religious propaganda, rendering the work historically unreliable. Others view the Acts as a blend of historical facts and unhistorical traditions.
While the argument continues in present time, the book of Acts has withstood the test of time, holding its ground as an accurate and reliable historical work, particularly as a result of many recent archaeological findings.
An unknown pastor once described his unquestioning faith in Jesus Christ by saying: "Even if some archeologists were to find the bones of Jesus tomorrow, I would still believe in Jesus Christ as my Savior and Lord!" While faith draws its life and strength from a place far beyond history,…
Bibliography
Bruce, F.F. Are the New Testament Documents Reliable? London: IVP, 1943.
Bruce, F.F. New Bible Commentary, 3rd. ed. Leicester: IVP1989.
Bruce, F.F. The Book of the Acts, revised edition. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989.
Carson, D.A., Moo, D.J. And Morris, L. An Introduction to the New Testament. Leicester: Apollos, 1992.
Jesus' Testimony to the Pharisees in John 8:58
The Gospel of John reveals a number of "I AM" assertions made by Jesus Christ. They are bold declarations through which Christ makes a powerful point, namely that he IS divine. However, the language that Jesus uses also conveys a message about the mystery of His Person. He uses words and formulas that are deeply meaningful for the Hebrews to whom He speaks. "I AM" after all is more than a mere subject followed by a predicate. It is the name of God as He called Himself when He spoke it to Moses in the Old Testament. Therefore when Jesus says to the Jews, "efore Abraham was, I AM" (John 8:58), he is deliberately equating Himself with the God of the Old Testament by using the language of that God.
At its most basic level, Jesus' "I AM" assertion in John 8:58…
Bibliography
Brandt, Steve. "Before Abraham was, I am." Columbia University. Web. 20 Nov 2013.
Frey, Joseph B. The New Testament. Brooklyn: Confraternity of the Precious Blood,
1948.
Maas, Anthony. "Jehovah (Yahweh)," The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York:
The Kingdom of God annotated bibliography And Essay
Part I: Introduction with Thesis Statement
The Kingdom of God is a much different kingdom than the earthly kingdom the Pharisees were expecting. What characterizes the kingdom of God? Isaiah 11:1-9 describes a restoration of innocence, in which there is no more disharmonic world but rather a world in which everyone and everything is at peace. Romans 14:16-19 relates to this passage, as it also tells Christians that the Kingdom of God is focused on peace and serving God in the Holy Spirit. Psalm 72:5-14 describes a kingdom that is without end, that covers the whole world, and that is served by all men. These two passages from the Old Testament were selected because they touch both on the spirit of the kingdom—it is oriented towards restoring peace and innocence and love—and on the earthly aspect of the kingdom: it is not…
Resources
Abernethy, Andrew. The Book of Isaiah and God’s Kingdom: A ThematiTheological Approac. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2016.
Dempster, Stephen. Dominion and Dynasty: A Theology of the Hebrew Bible. New Studies in Biblical Theology. Downers Grove,IL: IVP Academic, 2003.
Goldsworthy, Graeme. The Goldsworthy Trilogy: Gospel and Kingdom, Gospel and Wisdom, The Gospel in Revelatio. Exeter, UK: Paternoster, 2011.
Hahn, Scott. “Kingdom and Church in Luke-Acts: From Davidic Christology to Kingdom Ecclesiology.” In Reading Luke: Inter-pretation, Reflections, Formatio, edited by Bartholomew, Joel Green, and Anthony Thiselton, 294–326. Scripture and Hermeneutics 6. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2005.———.
The Kingdom of God as Liturgical Empire: A Theological Comentary on 1–2 Chronicles. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2012.
Jipp, Joshua W. Christ Is King: Paul’s Royal Ideology. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2015.
Kupp, David. Matthew’s Emmanuel: Divine Presence and God’s People in the First Gospel. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 146 For Further ReadingLadd, George Eldeon. Gospel of the Kingdom: Scriptural Studies in the Kingdom of God. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerd mans, 1959.
McCartney, Dan. “Ecce Homo: The Coming of the Kingdom as theRestoration of Human Vicegerency.” Westminster TheologicalJournal 56.1 (1994): 1–21.
Living in the palace as a prince was no doubt an indulgent experience, and likely contributed to the temper that Moses was so famous for. As an infant, he is the very image of innocence and hope, just like the baby Jesus. But as his life went on, his character became much more complex. The first story form the Old Testament that clearly illustrates Moses' inability to contain his temper comes in the second chapter of the book of Exodus: "He saw an Egyptian beating a Hebrew, one of his own people. Glancing this way and that and seeing no one, he killed the Egyptian and hid him in the sand" (Exodus 2:11-12). This episode is especially telling because it does not show simply a rash display of temper -- Moses takes the time to make sure no one will witness his actions before he kills the Egyptian. He is…
Gnostics believed that they belonged to the "true church" of an elect few who were worthy; the orthodox Christians would not be saved because they were blind to the truth.
Part E -- Content - if we then combine the historical outline of the "reason" for John's writings with the overall message, we can conclude that there are at least five major paradigms present that are important in a contextual analysis of John.
John 5:13 - I write these things to you who believe in the name of the Son of God so that you may know that you have eternal life. This seems to point that John saw a clear difference between those who believed in Jesus as the Son of God, but were unsure about eternal life. However, if we look back at other parts of his Gospel, we do find repetition of this theme. In John 1:5-7,…
REFERENCES
Raymond Brown, "Does the New Testament Call Jesus God?" Theological Studies.26: 1,
545-73.
Clark, N. Interpreting the Resurrection. (London: SCM Press, 1967).
Hamilton, James. God's Indwelling Presence: The Holy Spirit in the Old and New Testaments.
That must be obvious by now."
How ironic it is that the director and the lawyer talk so condenscendingly to Cincinnatus, in the same manner that Christ is talked to by the Pharasees and the Saducees.
The entire first part of the story lends an air of similarity to the New Testament that is undeniable.
Using it as a foreground for the remainder of the story enhanced the overall veracity of such a narrative. To read the allusions made to the life of Christ and at the same time to the life of Cincinnatus was an intriguing ploy by Vladimir that allowed the reader to both explore and understand the methodology of which he was using to present the story.
Further references and allusions throughout the story are as evident as the ones written about above. One of the easiest to discern came towards the last of the book when…
Works Cited
Nabakov, Vladimir, Invitation to a Beheading,
New Testament, King James Version
Bible: Canonical Developments
Canonicity is a term used to describe the "sacred books distinguished and honored as belonging to God's inspired word" (Keathley, 2013). This particular term has, since the fourth century, been applied to the books of the Bible. Conservative Christians and Jews today recognize the 39 Old Testament books as inspired; the oman Catholics, 88 (because of the semi-canonical apocrypha), and the Evangelical Protestants, the 27 New Testament books (Keathley, 2013). These were, however, not the only books written during the NT and OT periods. A number of questions, therefore, arise; what criterion was used in determining whether or not to include a book in the Bible? Why should Christians today trust these books as reliable, considering the massive changes the world has undergone since their inception? This text provides answers to these questions.
Historical Evidence of the Books that Make up Both the Old and New Testament…
References
Keathley, J.H. (2013). The Bible: the Holy Canon of Scripture. Bible .org. Retrieved from https://bible.org/seriespage/bible-holy-canon-scripture
Miller, J.W. (2004). How the Bible Came to be: Exploring the Narrative and Message. Mahwah: NJ: Paulist Press.
Julius Scott Jr.'s work of literature Jewish ackgrounds of the New Testament, is quite fascinating. The manuscript is well researched and dedicated to a number of crucial events that influenced the form of practice of both Christianity and Judaism. The author incorporates a variety of sources, both traditional and otherwise, in an attempt to reconstruct some of the critical elements in the intertestamental period that greatly influenced both of these religions for posterity. In order to better identify the central theme of this book and the author's intention in writing it, it is necessary to begin with background information about him and the scope of focus of the book to ultimately determine whether or not he has achieved his purpose with this work.
One of the most salient facets about the background of Scott Jr. is the fact that he is a Christian. The author is an emeritus professor at…
Bibliography
Scott, Jr., J. Julius. Jewish Backgrounds of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2006, ISBN: 978-0-8010-2240-1.
End Notes
1. J. Julius Scott, Jr., Jewish Backgrounds of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2006), 356.
2. Scott Jr., Jewish Backgrounds, 273.
The poems Catullus wrote to the woman Lesbia are among his best known. How would you characterize their affair?
Catallus describes a conflicted and stormy affair with the women of Lesbia. Sexual tension is evident in his poems, which have a strong erotic content. Therefore, his affairs were passionate and physical.
If the gender roles were reversed and the woman were the narrator, do you think this series of poems would read differently? Explain.
The poems would read differently not because their content would have changed but because they would subvert social norms. As a male, Catallus is allowed, almost expected to write such explicit details about his physical affairs including references to love and hatred. Females would have been more subtle because of the widespread social persecution they might suffer if they admitted to promiscuity or tumultuous romantic interludes especially with married people.
Catullus ends up calling his lady…