Object Oriented Programming
The programming language that is organized around data rather than actions, and objects instead of actions is referred to as object oriented programming Mitchell, 2003.
A program has always been viewed as a logical procedure which accepts input data, processes the data, and produces some output. Object oriented programming was developed out of the need to write the logic instead of how to define the data. In object oriented programming the objects that the programmer wants to manipulate take center stage and not the required logic of manipulating the objects. An object is defined as a composition of nouns like strings, variables or numbers and verbs like functions. A program that is object oriented is a collection of objects that are interacting. A conventional program model was viewed as a list of tasks that the program was required to perform. Each of the objects used in OOP has the…...
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References
Bruce, K.B. (2002). Foundations of Object-Oriented Languages: Types and Semantics. Cambridge, MA: Mit Press.
Craig, I. (2007). Object-Oriented Programming Languages: Interpretation. London WC1X 8HB: Springer.
Marrer, G. Fundamentals of Programming: With Object Orientated Programming. Glendale, Arizona: Gary Marrer.
Mitchell, J.C. (2003). Concepts in Programming Languages. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
This is one of the greatest limitations of this technology. A second major disadvantage of DBMS-based systems is their lack of support for image- and spatial-based databases that include Computer-Aided Design (CAD) drawings, 3D rendering and model-based data. Their table-based structure is inefficient in defining the attributes of these data types and lacks the necessary data tagging and data types to manage imaging and CAD-based design files and data sets. Object-Oriented Database Management Systems (OODBMS) are more adept at managing graphical data elements and indexing them for future use (Lungu, Velicanu, Botha, 2009). A third limitation of DBMS architectures is the lack of support for defining complex interrelationships of data, which is often required for data mining and the intensive analysis used for sentiment and content analysis of social networks for example (Seng, 2003). The emerging areas of latent semantic indexing (LSI) and linguistic analysis, two critical technologies the…...
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References
Antoniotti, M., Carreras, M., Antonella, F., Mauri, G., Merico, D., & Zoppis, I.. (2010). An application of kernel methods to gene cluster temporal meta-analysis. Computers & Operations Research, 37(8), 1361.
Thomas M. Connolly, & Carolyn E. Begg. (2006). A Constructivist-Based Approach to Teaching Database Analysis and Design. Journal of Information Systems Education, 17(1), 43-53.
Object Oriented Hypermedia design model and the four-step process involved in the development of the model. This section will provide an explanation for each step in the process. Then we will discuss the past, present and future business uses of the model. This will explore the importance of the model in business applications that are conducted through the Internet. e will also provide details about the compatibility of the model and compare the model to similar applications such as HDM and OOHM. Finally, we will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the model. Including that navigational design of the model and the costly overhead and training involved in implementing the application.
There will be several types of sources used during the course of this discussion. Most of these sources will be essays and articles written by Rossi and Schwabe who invented the Object Oriented Hypermedia Design Method. In addition there…...
Structured Design and Object-Oriented Design
This report attempts to distinguish between two information technology design philosophies; namely, the basic differences between structured design and object-oriented design. The report also addresses the kinds of systems that are naturally more inclined to function with a hierarchy and those which function better through interacting objects. The report also goes on to discuss how systems were designed and when the methods used were most effective.
A structured approach was the original information technology design methodology and began in the early 1960's. Although industry insiders were very familiar with the concepts and processes, structured design gained a greater designation and popularity in 1979 when Larry Constantine and Edward Yourdon released a book on the topic known as the 'orange book' that was published by Prentice Hall. Many copycats followed and the structured design process became a standard. From that point forward, software engineers had a variety…...
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References
Connor, M.F. (1980). "SADT: Structured Analysis and Design Technique Introduction," SofTech, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, May 22, 1980. Proceedings of Guide 50, Houston, Texas, 1980.
Goldberg, A. And A. Kay. (1976). Editors, Smalltalk-72 Instructional Manual, Technical Report SSL-76-6, Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, California, March 1976.
Crimes in Prison
Summary of "A Laboratory for Teaching Object-Oriented Thinking"
"A Laboratory For Teaching Object-Oriented Thinking" describes a novel method for teaching programmers to think about programs in terms of objects instead of procedures in an attempt so solve the problem of programmers not adapting well to object-oriented programming. Programmers are introduced to the concepts of object-oriented programming without involving the specifics of any given language so that they can be taught to think in objects before they actually write object-oriented programs. The method consists of having programmers write down the class name, responsibilities and collaborators of each object on a separate note card, called a CRC card. Use of physical cards allows the programmer to represent relationships between objects spatially. The use of CRC cards has a high success rate for teaching programmers to solve problems using objects, rather than trying to add procedural techniques to an object-oriented design.
S., experts estimate the genuine number of incidents of abuse and neglect ranges three times higher than reported. (National Child Abuse Statistics, 2006) in light of these critical contemporary concerns for youth, this researcher chose to document the application of Object elation, Attachment Theories, and Self-Psychology to clinical practice, specifically focusing on a patient who experienced abuse when a child. Consequently, this researcher contends this clinical case study dissertation proves to be vital venture, which will contribute to enhancing research in the field of psychology.
For this clinical case study dissertation exploring Object elation, Attachment Theories, and Self-Psychology, along with researching information for the application of these theories to clinical practice, this researcher answered the following research questions.
esearch Questions
What is Winnicott's elational Model Theory?
What is Bowlby's Attachment Theory?
What is Kohut's Self-Psychology?
How may components of these three theories be applied to the clinical case chosen for this clinical case study dissertation's focus?
Enhancing…...
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References
American Psychiatric Association, (2004). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Test Revised. Washington DC.
Blatt, S. (1974). Levels of object representation in anaclytic and introjective depression. New York: International University Press.
Bowlby, J. (1969) Attachment. Volume One of Attachment and Loss, New York: Basic
Community Oriented Policing
new and comprehensive strategy against crime: Community Policing:
For the purpose of reducing neighborhood crimes, creating a sense of security and reduce fear of crimes among the citizens and improving the quality of life in the community, the community policing strategy will be proved to be the most effective one. The accomplishment of all these objectives to develop a healthy and clean society can be done by combining the efforts of the police department, the members of the community and the local government. "The concept of community policing is not very new however it has gained attention in last few years. It is an approach to make a collaborative effort between the police and the community in order to identify and solve the problems of crime, societal disorder and disturbances. It combines all the element of the community to find out the solutions to the social problems. Its foundations…...
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References
Gordon: Community Policing: Towards the Local Police State?: Law, Order and the Authoritarian State, Open University Press, Milton Keynes, 1987, p. 141.
O'Malley and D. Palmer: Post-Keynesian Policing, Economy and Society: 1996, p 115.
Bright: Crime Prevention: The British Experience: The Politics of Crime Control: Sage, London, 1991. p. 24-63.
MacDonald: Skills and Qualities of Police Leaders Required of Police Leaders Now and in the Future: Federation Press, Sydney, 1995. p. 72
That is, until an infant ealizes that she is looking at heself in the mio athe than anothe baby, the concept of self cannot begin to fom (Johnston, 1996). As childen matue, the link between cognition and self-concept becomes moe illuminated. In olde childen, pat of the matuation pocess is the ability to solve poblems and pocess infomation (Siegle and Alibali, 2004). The fact that childen use a vaiety of stategies and behave diffeently when ovecoming obstacles to each a common goal eflects diffeences not only in thei cognitive abilities but also how they see themselves -- "I don't give up easily; I always ty my best; I lean well; I don't like myself," etc. (Measelle et al., 2005).
If, as ealie suggested, by five to seven yeas of age, childen ae able to give accuate self-desciptions of themselves, then the pecusos of self-concept clealy evolve aound the toddle and…...
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references, discussing negative emotions, engaging children in conversations, discovering unique attributes, and the like all have Western upbringing tones. In other cultures, these norms may not be norms at all and hence the psychometric procedures used to generate traditionally Western self-description may not apply, say among Chinese or Asian children (Wang, 2004). The Chinese, as opposed to the autonomy-oriented European-Americans, are interdependent and put value in kinship such that a person's identity is often tied to his social responsibilities. Social rules exist in the Chinese culture that promotes humility and self-criticism for the sake of social harmony (Chin, 1988, in Wang, 2004). This, of course, is in contrast to Western culture that promotes self-enhancement.
A recent study on the comparative autobiographical memories and self-description in 3- to 8-year-old American and Chinese children considered the following differences and used a relatively novel, open-ended narrative method to examine the development of self-constructs. The results of the study are consistent with the cultural outlines above. American children tend to describe themselves in terms of their personal attributes and inner disposition in a generally light tone. Chinese children, on the other hand, focused on specific relationships, social roles, observable behavior, and situation bound features in a modest tone (Wang, 2004). The implication of this study is that self-concept is culture-specific and that the early emergence of cultural self-constructs may prepare children to become competent members of their respective societies (Wang, 2004).
In summary, this paper illustrates that the development of self is a product of cognitive achievement, everyday experiences, and cultural values. The role of child-parent interactions and differing cultural beliefs are emphasized as crucial in shaping self-concept among children.
Web Services in the context of an SOA framework are designed to be the catalyst of greater order accuracy and speed, further increasing performance of the entire company in the process. The collection of Web Services is meant to not replace the traditional and highly engrained EP systems in a company; rather Web Services are meant to extend and enhance their performance and making them more agile over time (Alonso, Kuno, Casati, Machiraju, 2004). Theorists have suggested that the SOA framework is only as successful as the approaches taken to creating a unified Web Services strategy that creates a single system of record of customer data the entire company standardizes on (Kobielus, 2007). This concept of the system of record is defined as Master Data Management (MDM) and is the basis of analytics and Business Intelligence (BI), which are fueling more focus on measuring the value of SOA frameworks…...
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References
Alonso, Kuno, Casati, and Machiraju, 2004, Web Services: Concepts, Architectures and Applications. Springer-Verlag Publishing. 1 January 2004. London. ISBN 3540440089
Bohm, K., S. Etalle, J. den Hartog, C. Hutter, S. Trabelsi, D. Trivellato, and N. Zannone. 2010. A Flexible Architecture for Privacy-Aware Trust Management. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 5, no. 2, (August 1): 77-96.
Cobarzan, a.. 2010. Consuming Web Services on Mobile Platforms. Informatica Economica 14, no. 3, (July 1): 98-105.
Drissen-Silva, M., and R. Rabelo. 2009. A collaborative decision support framework for managing the evolution of virtual enterprises. International Journal of Production Research 47, no. 17, (September 1): 4833.
People-Oriented Leadership
In 1911, Frederick Taylor wrote Principles of Scientific Management and Shop Management, and became the first to clearly introduce the study of people management. Taylor theorized that companies should identify the most efficient way to accomplish a job, train workers to complete each separate task in a specific way and provide equitable rewards for productivity improvements. Although Taylor is often criticized for his scientific approach that emphasized a strict division of labor and repetitive tasks, he is also commended for recognizing the need for cooperation between management and employees, fair rewards for positive work results and training programs. Over the past century, as increased globalization and technology has placed an emphasis on the acquisition of knowledge and a highly competitive customer-based service economy, a shift has occurred in organizations from task- to people-orientation. It is imperative for companies to meet the specific needs of their varied constituents -- customers,…...
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References:
Amabile, Teresa M. And Steven J. Kramer (2007). Inner Work Life: Understanding the Subtext of Business Performance, Harvard Business Review, 85 (5), 72-83.
Archer, C.A. (2009) Different Path, A Different Result: A New Consciousness Model for Businesses. New York: I Universe.
Bensimon, E.M., Neumann, A., & Birnbaum, R. (1989). Making sense of administrative leadership: The "L" word in higher education. ASHE-ERIC Higher education report. Washington: The George Washington UniversityGeorge Washington University, at Washington, D.C.; coeducational; chartered 1821 as Columbian College (one of the first nonsectarian colleges), opened 1822, became a university in 1873, renamed 1904.
Management:
egardless of numerous efforts to define data, knowledge, and information, there are still some uncertainties and lack of clarity regarding what these three things are and the relationships that exist between them. While many descriptions of the three are relevant, most of these definitions are far from providing the clear picture of what the three really are. However, there are considerable differences between data, knowledge, and information though they have some relationships between them. The main relationship is that data is described in relation to information, information defined on the basis of data and knowledge, and knowledge explained in terms of information.
The differences between data, knowledge, and information can be explained in terms of their basic definitions, purposes, and how each is formed. Under definitions, data can be described as basic, unprocessed, and unfiltered information whereas information is described as more developed data that has evolved to a useful…...
object-oriented (OO) and component-based development. It begins by describing the evolution of the abstraction process and the emergence of OO programming. Next, the limitations of OO programming are discussed along with an explanation of how component-based development was born to serve as a complimentary extension to OO to overcome its primary disadvantages. Given the differences between objects and components, this paper makes recommendations for developing systems using both constructs. Finally, the future of objects and components is discussed.
Assembly languages started the abstraction process by coding the binary-based machine code, or pulse train of successive 0s and 1s, into assemblies representing particular machine code sequences (Hoagland). Next, higher level languages made coding closer to human readable. The language and its compilers were coordinated such that the output would give a computational valid result. OO programming raised the level of abstraction in programming even further. OO programming is a programming language…...
Hurwitz, J. (1998, May) Component Directions. DBMS Magazine. Retrieved November 28, 2003 from DBMS Magazine Web Site: http://www.dbmsmag.com/9805d04.html
This is unlikely to change short of an amazing new technological innovation that takes "natural" language capability and programming to a new level. Let us now compare how COOL meets the needs of organizations working in various industries. The next section will help clarify why COOL is in such demand among commercial enterprises worldwide.
Chapter 3 - COOL and Organizational Goals
This section analyses how COOL supports organizational goals. COOL supports organizational goals in many ways. It is an adept and multi-faceted programming language that provides organizations the ability to manage data in many departments. It is useful for financial analysis, for shipping and inventory maintenance, for the creation of reports and data management systems and for linking various units within the organization. Each of these key features is described in more detail below.
Decision support systems such as that COOL can help facilitate are critical for supporting all levels of the…...
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Bibliography
ANSI. (2007). COBOL, Standards. American National Standards Institute. Accessed 29,
C++ programming language. Specifically, it will discuss the creation of the language and some of its applications. C++ is one of the most important programming languages in use today. It has revolutionized the computing world, and applications using the language are utilized by millions of people around the world every day.
Bell Labs scientist Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++ Programming Language between 1983 and 1985. Initially, Stroustrup simply added some features to the C. Programming Language, and called it "C with Classes." Stroustrup added more alterations and functions and finally came up with C++, an Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) language. C++ evolved from a long line of languages that began in the 1960s with languages like FOTAN and Combined Programming Language (CPL) ("History," 2000). CPL eventually evolved into C (which first stood for "Cambridge" where it was developed, and later "Christopher," for Christopher Strachey, the scientist who helped develop it (Lohr, 2001,…...
Lohr, S. (2001). Go to: The story of the math majors, bridge players, engineers, chess wizards, maverick scientists, and iconoclasts, the programmers who created the software revolution. New York: Basic Books.
"Sometimes abbreviated as WP, a word processor is a software program capable of creating, storing, and printing documents. Unlike the standard typewriter, users using word processors have the ability of creating a document and making any changes anywhere in the document. This document can also be saved for modification at a later time or to be opened on any other computer using the same word processor. (Computer Hope, 2011)" Microsoft's Word is a word processor and there are other ones as well such as Apple iWork, Corel WordPerfect, and Sun StarOffice. Amongst the various office automated systems, the word processor is one of the most used thereto.
Hierarchical Database
This type of database is one of the first of its kind and is still present in older or legacy systems. "Each cell in a table may have a table underneath it, which is similar to the filing system of most…...
Inheritance is a mechanism in Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that allows a new class to inherit attributes and methods from an existing class.
It promotes code reusability and allows code to be structured in a hierarchical manner where classes can be organized based on their relationship to one another.
Through inheritance, a class can inherit properties and behavior from a superclass, known as the parent class, enabling the creation of specialized classes, known as subclasses or child classes.
When a subclass inherits from a superclass, it automatically gains access to all public and protected members of the superclass. This means that....
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