Population Growth Essays (Examples)

Effects of Population Changes on the Environment
1. An introduction that describes the forces behind population change
Change in population takes into account the increase or decrease in the size of population in a particular period of time. In the contemporary, the population of the world has been progressively increasing. There are different forces that account for the change in population. One of the key forces is births. In delineation, the number of births causes an increase in population and having a high birth rate gives rise to a high increase in population. Another force to population change is deaths. In particular, the number of deaths have a direct effect on the decline of the population and therefore a high death rate gives rise to a high decline in population. Aspects such as growth and development in health care, technology, education have given rise to a positive population change. For…

References
Barkan, S. E. (2013). Social problems: Continuity and change. Flat World Knowledge, Incorporated.
Stolley, K. S. (2005). The basics of sociology. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Torrey, B. B. (2004). Urbanization: An environmental force to be reckoned with. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau.
Uttara, S., Bhuvandas, N., & Aggarwal, V. (2012). Impacts of Urbanization on environment. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 1637-1645.

There may be other reasons that have to do with cultural implications as well when it comes to population / fertility growth. Some people in LDNs may have religious reasons for not wanting to use birth control and may have major issues with abortion. In DNs, most women go to college, they have a career, they put off marriage, and when they do decide to get married, they may have one or two children. However, in LDNs, women may marry quite early, sometimes as early as fourteen, and may believe that having as many children as possible is what life is about. There are so many cultural factors in LDNs that people in DNs are unaware of.

It's interesting to note that in some countries in Europe especially, the government is actually trying to promote pregnancies because of the slow population growth rate. While this hasn't happened in the United…

References:

Asian Info. (2011). Bangladesh. Asian info. Accessed on January 29, 2011:  http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/bangladesh/bangladesh.htm 

Food and Agricultiral Organization of the United Nations. (2011). Media Centre: Feeding

Bangladesh's growing population amid rising climate challenges. FAO. Access on January 29, 2011: http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/46153/icode/

Growth of Tourism

Capitalism, as an economic system, is doing much of what democracy, as a political system could not. China has long been known as a communist country, but this truly applies to both political and economic policy, although the Marxist idea was originally economic. However, during the reign of Mao and the communists, the country sank deeper into poverty, and instead of being a world leader as it had been for centuries, it became a third world country. For the past three decades, the government in China has been slowly implementing economic reforms and these have been paying immense dividends. One of the most lucrative decisions made was that to allow tourism to begin again within the country. China has become a good example of what tourism can do for a failing economy, and how it can stabilize one that is emerging and volatile. The example China provided…

References

Bunten, A.C. (2010). More like ourselves: Indigenous capitalism through tourism. American Indian Quarterly, 34(3), 285-311.

Diaz-Guerra, B.B. (2008). New networks for the old paradise. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 9, 43-50.

Henken, T. (2000). Islands of capitalism in a sea of socialism: Cuban tourism and workers in the second economy. Retrieved from  http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/Lasa2000/Henken.PDF 

Ketter, W.B. (2008, Sept 17). Vietnam today: Capitalism, tourism and technology draw country out of past. Cumberland Times-News. Retrieved from http://times- news.com/archive/x1540433642

More objectivity is however expected from scientists, but their opinions also vary. Specifically, the opinions of those who support growth hormones and those who reject them are all derived from scientific evidence. This in turn means that the results of scientific research could be manipulated and influenced so that the findings are indicative of the desires of those who initiated the study. In this particular sense, the most pertinent situation is revealed by the beef and dairy producers, who hire their own scientists to lead the research process in the direction desired by them.

Aside from these situations however, the scientists who have conducted studies tend to link various health problems with the growth hormones. Some of the side effects to consuming products with residual matters from growth hormones include the onset of early puberty in girls, an increase in the risk of breast cancer, an increase in the risk…

References:

Leonard, a., the story of stuff, the Story of Stuff Project,  http://www.storyofstuff.org  / last accessed on February 21, 2012

McLaughlin, a. 2011, the effects of growth hormones in food, Live Strong,  http://www.livestrong.com/article/98816-effects-growth-hormones  / last accessed on February 21, 2012

Artificial hormones, Sustainable Table, http://www.sustainabletable.org/issues/hormones / last accessed on February 21, 2012

EU scientists confirm health risks of growth hormones in meat, Organic Consumer Association, http://www.organicconsumers.org/toxic/hormone042302.cfm last accessed on February 21, 2012

Growth ate

Slow model (1992) is an economic tool used to analyze a country economic growth. The principal conclusion of Slow model is that the accumulation of capital could not only account for the growth rate per person. To address the central question of economic growth, it is critical to move beyond the Slow model. Mankiw et al. (1992) incorporate economic tools such as FDI growth rate, trade, inequality, institutional quality and other core variables such as labor and capital to analyze the growth rate across countries,.

Objective of this paper is to use the core economic variables and non-core economic variables to investigate their potential impacts on the United States growth rates.

Overview of the United States Growth ates

The United States is the largest and most powerful economy in the world. Presently, the U.S. has the highest level of output with the country GDP valued more than U.S.$14…

References

Andrew, W. (2007). The link between institutional quality and economic growth: evidence from a panel of countries. Master's Thesis.

Country Watch (2012).United States Economic Overview. CountryWatch, Inc.

Freckleton, M. Wright, A. & Craigwell, R.(2012). Economic growth, foreign direct investment and corruption in developed and developing countries. Journal of Economic Studies. 39 ( 6):639 -- 652.

Kornecki, L. & Borodulin, V.(2011). Foreign Direct Investment Stock Contributes to Economic Growth in the U.S. Economy. Department of Economics, Finance, and Information System.

In the mass national media our contemporary gossip culture creates a sense of intimacy and knowledge about the rich and famous through television, if not personal interaction.

New York thus had a paradoxical culture of mass communication and segmentation, even before these descriptions became apt for the mass media of the world. According to Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2007), the history of media can be traced through five main eras that of oral, written, print, electronic, and digital. The last three phases are significant because they have featured the development of mass communication: or delivering cultural messages to large and diverse audiences through media channels. New York, because of its small size and diversity had a mass media and a culture of diverse communication styles long before it became common all over the nation and the world. And ironically, because of the media segmentation allowed by the mass communication of…

Works Cited

Campbell, R, C.R. Martin, & B. Fabos. (2007). Mass Media and Culture. Sixth Edition. Bedford/St. Martin's: Boston, New York.

Yellow Journalism." (2007). Think Quest. Retrieved 21 Oct 2007 at http://library.thinkquest.org/C0111500/spanamer/yellow.htm

, 1998). Cognitive functioning, particularly memory performance has been found to be impaired in patients with childhood onset of growth hormone deficiency and HGH replacement therapies have been found to offset this memory impairment (Arwert et al., 2005). Studies have identified a link between improved attention and increases in memory performance in children with growth hormone deficiency (Arwert et al., 2005; Arwert et al., 2006). This is due to the connection between memory capacity and attentional resources.

Growth hormone deficiency that begins in childhood is most often treated with growth hormone supplementation in order to increase body size during adolescence (Nieves-Martinez et al., 2009). Yet recent studies have demonstrated that this treatment directly correlates to improved memory in adulthood. In fact studies have suggested that treatment with growth hormone in child onset deficiencies can in fact prevent learning and memory deficits later in life (Nieves-Martinez, 2009). Childhood onset of growth…

References

Arwert, L.I., Veltman, D.J., Deijen, J.B., Sytze van Dam, P., & Drent, M.L. (2006). Effects of Growth Hormone Substitution Therapy on Cognitive Functioning in Growth Hormone Deficient Patients: A Functional MRI Study. Neuroendocrinology, 83 (1), 12-19. doi: 10.1159/000093337

Arwert, L.I., Deijen, J.B., Muller, M., & Drent, M.L. (2005). Long-term growth hormone treatment preserves GH-induced memory and mood improvements: a 10-year follow-up study in GH-deficient adult men. Hormones and Behavior, 4, 343 -- 349. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.11.015

Arwert, L.I., Veltman, D.J., Deijen, J.B., Lammerstsma, A.A., Jonker, C., Drent, M.L. (2005). Memory performance and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in elderly: A positron emission tomography study. Neuroendocrinology, 81(1), p31-40. doi: 10.1159/000084872

Arwert, L.I., Veltman, D.J., Deijen, J.B., Van Dam, P.S., Delemarre-Van de Waal, H.A., & Drent, M.L. (2005). Growth hormone deficiency and memory functioning in adults visualized by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroendocrinology, 82(1), p32-40. doi: 10.1159/000090123

Then, in 1000 a.D., Polynesian farmers colonized New Zeeland -- the group would break into two tribes, the Maori and the Moriori, who would later on collide (Diamond).

In 1500 a.D., Portuguese explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral discovered Brazil and claimed it as a territory for his country. The period also represented an ascension in arts, as numerous works, such as sculptures and cathedrals, had been completed. Books were being printed; advancements were being made in literacy and more focus was being placed on the learning process, with the opening of learning institutions; diplomatic services and approaches were gaining momentum; more inventions were being made and the first forms of copy right and patents emerged (Timeline). All these developments were however occurring in the more developed states, such as Spain, France, the Netherlands or Portugal.

Given this situation, as well as Diamond's theory of world evolution, it could be argued that…

References:

Diamond, J.M., 1997, Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, W.W. Norton

2009, Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, Barnes & Noble Website, http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbninquiry.asp?r=1&ean=0393038912 last accessed on September 25, 2009

Guns, Germs and Steel, About the Book, Jared Diamond, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/about/jared.htmllast accessed on September 25, 2009

Jared Diamond: Why Is the World so Unequal? Yonsei University, Retrieved from www.yeh.pe.kr/s2/report_down.php?d_uid=160&PHPSESSID on September 26, 2009

As the wealthy people no longer had to live in the center of the city, the central business district was characterized by retail shops, office buildings and light manufacturing.

In America, the industrial revolution started just before the beginning of the 19th century. Prior to this, 6% of the United States' population lived in urban areas with close to 90% of practicing agriculture. This figure later fell to 50% in the following century meaning that every farmer could produce twice of what they required for themselves. American cities grew as a result of the enhancement in agricultural efficiency brought by the development of agricultural machinery. Agricultural machinery made manual labor of farming redundant because of large equipment which hastened agricultural productions. As a result, a very smaller proportion of the country's population could meet the entire nation's agricultural needs.

The other factor that led to the growth of American cities…

Works Cited:

Excalibur. "Urbanization in 19th Century America." Everything2. D and The Everything Development Company, 16 Oct. 2002. Web. 9 Apr. 2010. .

"Urbanization of America." TheUSAonline.com: Interactive Website About the United States. Active USA Center A.U.C. Web. 10 Apr. 2010. .

Growth in the Practice of Nursing and Patient Care Delivery Models

The practice of nursing is expected to continue growing and changing given the reform initiatives that are taking place in the healthcare system. Some of the factors that are contributing to these changes and growth in nursing practice include the restructuring of healthcare delivery system, increased healthcare costs, increase in demand for nurses, nursing shortage, and increase in the patient population. Given these factors, nurses are expected to continue assuming a wide range of healthcare responsibilities because of the complexities in patient care delivery or caring for the sick (Tiffin, 2012). It is expected that as nursing practice continues to change and grow, new models of patient care delivery will emerge. As nurses, we need to understand these changes/growth and the emerging patient delivery models in order to enhance our practice.

One of the patient care delivery models that…

References

Gulliford, M., Naithani, S. & Morgan, M. (2006, October). What is "Continuity of Care"? Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 11(4), 248-250.

Haney, C. (2010, June 9). New Care Delivery Models in Health System Reform: Opportunities for Nurses & their Patients. Retrieved December 3, 2016, from  http://nursingworld.org/Mainmenucategories/Policy-Advocacy/Positions-and-Resolutions/Issue-Briefs/Care-Delivery-Models.pdf 

Nurse Oncourse Learning (2013, December 9). Nursing: A New Paradigm. Retrieved December 3, 2016, from https://news.nurse.com/2013/12/09/nursing-%C2%97-a-new-paradigm/

Tiffin, C. (2012, March 28). Beyond the Bedside: The Changing Role of Today's Nurses. The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 3, 2016, from  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charles-tiffin-phd/nursing-school_b_1384285.html

It deals with inbuilt societal problems that cannot simply be dealt with due to the fact that they are so internalized. They therefore require a restructuring of societal systems -- that is, a transition and this can be done -- according to Rotman and Loorbach (2008) - by looking into the social structure of the problem

Transition management has already come a long way. As Rotman and Loorbach D (2008) observe:

The progress made in practice as well as the theoretical developments shows that modern times require experimental, innovative, multidisciplinary and participative forms of governance like transition management. In line with the underlying philosophy we cannot be certain about this, but transition management seems to be in tune with present societal demands, research and policy.

At the same time: "We are, however, also a long way from realizing a sustainable society, which means that there are ample challenges for the…

Sources

Australian Govt (2007)Tackling Wicked Problems. pdf.

BBC How many people can live on planet earth?

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wa3ZDEZj3P8 

Castro (2004) Sustainable Development: Mainstream and Critical Perspectives Organization Environment; 17; 195

A United Nations convention on the subject in 1993 would predict some
of the patterns of globalization, noting that the contradictory
relationship between certain health indicator. The convention "drew on
growing concern about the acceleration of population growth in developing
countries (that resulted from rapid decline in mortality while fertility
remained high), occurring at a time when these countries were also
beginning efforts to raise living standards." (POPIN, 2) To this extent,
there is a need to control or slow population growth to allow national
resources, environmental regulations and infrastructural stability to catch
up to population needs.

orks Cited:

Easterlin, R.A. (1967). Effects of Population Growth on the Economic
Development of Developing Countries, 369(1), 98.

United Nations Population Information Network (POPIN). (1993). Statement
on Population Growth and Economic Development. United Nations Population
Fund. Online at http://www.un.org/popin/unfpa/pubs/econmeet/sect7.html

Works Cited:

Easterlin, R.A. (1967). Effects of Population Growth on the Economic
Development of Developing Countries, 369(1), 98.

United Nations Population Information Network (POPIN). (1993). Statement
on Population Growth and Economic Development. United Nations Population
Fund. Online at  http://www.un.org/popin/unfpa/pubs/econmeet/sect7.html

Biology

Exploration - Populations

Population pyramids symbolize graphically the age/gender arrangement of a population. Basically is shows how many men and women of a given age or age group are present in the population. They are detailed kinds of histograms, in which the male population is displayed on the left side of the graph, and the female population on the right; the youngest are the base of the pyramid, and the oldest are at its top. The very oldest are generally absent from the representation of the pyramid because it is unfeasible to depict this open-ended interval that includes a few of the oldest-old. Percentages are figured using both sexes combined or the total population as the denominator. A lot can be read from population pyramids as they can trace the history of a populace, as well as project its prospect. In particular, one can deduce the likelihood of population…

References

Malcom, C. (2012). Types of Population Pyramids. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/list_6370548_types-population-pyramids.html

Population Pyramids. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://healthandrights.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/demography/population_pyramids.html

Population Pyramids 2. (n.d.). Retrieved from  http://www.martinsclass.com/aphug/population-pyramids-2/

Dasgupta (2018) shows in his article on urban growth around the world, that by the year 2050 approximately 70% of the world’s population will live in urban areas. This means that cities are going to have a major impact not only on the lives of human beings but also on the planet, as there will be a concentrated amount of energy and activity in these urban parts of the world. Moreover, aside from environmental concerns there are likely to be social issues that emanate from this intense localization of the population into vast cities. As Coleman and Kerbo (2009) point out, how these areas are socially organized will be very critical to how well they are maintained and how well the inhabitants of these areas are striving to take care of their world: “Young people may be inadequately socialized because of problems in the institution of the family, or society…

A context of economic stability strengthens the country's status in the world, increases the value of the national currency and attracts foreign investors. But there should also exist a certain level of flexibility in order to encourage investors to open businesses within the country. Foreign investors need both security but also the promises of adaptability and flexibility, which will help them conduct organizational operations.

Stability should be offered by most industries and sectors, as well as national institutions. Among the sectors which reveal increased importance in offering stability are the financial sector and the banking sector. The financial sector, supervised by the country's central bank, must be stable as to develop and implement fair financial regulations, maintain an appropriate value of the national currency and reduce inflation. The banking sector has to be stable as to offer numerous credit and savings opportunities for entrepreneurs.

eferences

Benito, C.A., Neo-Classical Growth Model,…

References

Benito, C.A., Neo-Classical Growth Model, Development Economics Sonoma State University, retrieved from www.sonoma.edu/users/b/benito/econ403/units/NeoClassical.ppton February 7, 2008

Elbaum, B., Lazonick, W., 1984, the Decline of the British Economy: An Institutional Perspective, the Journal of Economic History, Volume 44, Number 2

Gourvish, T., 2000, Entrepreneurship in Britain 1870-1914 - Failure or Adaptation, London School of Economics, Retrieved at http://www.dieboldinstitute.org/paper3b.pdfon February 7, 2008

Meade, J.E., 1962, a Neoclassical Theory of Economic Growth, Retrieved at http://www.economyprofessor.com/economictheories/neo-classical-growth-theory.phpon February 7, 2008

Future of Healthcare as it Relates to the Geriatric Population

Description and Problem Statement

The geriatric population in the United States is growing and compared to the population of health care providers the geriatric population growth is advancing much more rapidly. This presents a problem in making provision of health care to the future geriatric population. While there is a growth in the demand for geriatric health care services, there is not a matching growth in the population of health care providers and in fact, a shortage presently exists.

The population of geriatric patients is experiencing rapid growth while the population of health care providers specifically trained in geriatric medicine is seriously lagging behind. In fact, of the approximately 650,000 medical doctors who are practicing, only a small percentage receives the training and education required to provide geriatric care. Exacerbating the problem is the fact that only three medical schools…

Bibliography

Bagel, LM (2011) Designs to Support Aging Acute Care Patients. Elder Care. Health Facilities Management. Retrieved from:  http://www.hfmmagazine.com/hfmmagazine/jsp/articledisplay.jsp?dcrpath=HFMMAGAZINE/Article/data/04APR2012/0412HFM_FEA_interiors&domain=HFMMAGAZINE 

Gottlieb, S. (2013) Medicare Has Stopped Paying Bills For Medical Diagnostic Tests. Patients Will Feel The Effects. Forbes 27 Mar 2013. Retrieved from:  http://www.forbes.com/sites/scottgottlieb/2013/03/27/medicare-has-stopped-paying-bills-for-medical-diagnostic-tests-patients-will-feel-the-effects/2/ 

Graverholt, B., et al. (2011) Acute hospital admissions among nursing home residents: a population-based observational study. BMC Health Services Research 2011. Retrieved from:  http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/11/126 

Healthcare in America: Trends in Utilization (2004) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from:  http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/healthcare.pdf

In 2007 it was 5.8%, while the State of Florida was at 12.1% (Palm Beach Gardens Florida, 2008).

According to the U.S. Census in the year 2000, there number of high school graduates in Palm Beach Gardens was 94%, which was well over the state average of 79.9%. It was also recorded that 43.8% of the population, compared to 22.3% in the state of Florida had received a Bachelors degree or higher. These figures speak very highly of the school systems in Palm Beach Gardens, showing that they are indeed doing something right (Palm Beach Gardens (city), Florida, (2009).

Although Palm Beach Gardens has grown and prospered over the years and appears to be a great place to live, it is not without its problems as well. Like most modern communities around this country it is faced with some challenges. One problem that has recently been discussed is that of…

References

"Palm Beach Gardens Florida." (2008). Retrieved April 20, 2009, from City-Data.com Web site:

 http://www.city-data.com/city/Palm-Beach-Gardens-Florida.html 

"Palm Beach Gardens (city), Florida." (2009). Retrieved April 20, 2009, from U.S. Census

Bureau Web site: http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1254075.html

Macroeconomics

For most of the time since the subject of economics was first studied, the idea of resource constraints has been irrelevant. The world was simply not viewed as a finite place. The concept of resource constraints was limited, more or less, to the consideration of constraints on an individual economy. Adam Smith recognized that all economies would face resource constraints of one type or another. As Snowdon (2003) points out, "to Smith, it was obvious that all economies were faced with resource constraints and that free trade was a policy that would allow any nation to achieve the most efficient allocation of its scarce resources." This notion was built into the Ricardian trade theory and classical economics. It has not been until recent times, however, that the concept of worldwide scarcity has become relevant. The idea of peak oil and a world with seven billion people (or more) has…

Works Cited:

Alexandratos, N. (2005). Countries with rapid population growth and resource constraints: Issues of food, agriculture and development. Population and Development Review. Vol. 31 (2) 237-258.

Asheim, G., Buchholz, W., Hartwick, J., Mitra, T. & Withagen, C. (2005). Constant savings rates and quasi-arithmetic population growth under exhaustible resource constraints. CESInfo Working Paper No. 1573

Ellis, K., Cantore, N., Keane, J., Peskett, L., Brown, D. & te Velde, D. (2010). Growth in a carbon constrained global economy. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved November 27, 2011 from  http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4984&title=growth-carbon-constrained-global-economy 

Friedman, M. (1971). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved November 27, 2011 from  http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.html

NYC Smart Growth

In 2007, then-Mayor Michael Bloomberg initiated PlaNYC. Based on the principles of Smart Growth, the PlaNYC aims to prepare for and balance New York City's population growth, economy development, and environmental issues. By the year 2010, the city of New York received the National Award for Smart Growth Achievement from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency with an overall excellence. Taking the direction of a greener and more efficient development means that it is time for the city that never sleeps to rest.

One of the main concerns of American urban governments today is to limit urban sprawl, to expand revenue sharing, to increase affordable housing, and Smart Growth fits in with these objectives. Bloomberg's approach for New York's development is an example of American metropolitan governments have returned to regionalism, yet with a newer perspective and strategies. A city with a long history and great economy, such as…

References

EPA (2014). This is Smart Growth. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved May 13, 2015 from  http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-04/documents/this-is-smart-growth.pdf 

Feuer, W. (2010). Overall excellent in Smart Growth. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved May 13, 2015 from  http://www2.epa.gov/smart-growth/2010-national-award-smart-growth-achievement#overallexcellence 

Greenway.org (2015). The East Coast Greenway in New York Greenway.org. Retrieved May 13, 2015 from https://www.greenway.org/pdf/nyc_guide.pdf

NYC.gov (2015). Stronger buildings. NYC Mayor's Office of Sustainability. Retrieved May 13, 2015 from http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc/html/resiliency/stronger-buildings.shtml

The concept of the business cycle is that the rate of growth in an economy will shift over time, but in a more or less repeatable pattern. The structure of the pattern is, roughly, that economies will grow quickly, then a turning point will occur and the economy will turn into recession. After a trough, the business cycle will begin anew with a fresh period of growth.

For most Western economies, characterized by rising populations, intensive resource exploitation and continuous technological improvements, are on a long-run growth trend in their GDP. The business cycle should be identifiable outside of that trend. The degree of influence between business cycles and the trend is subject to debate. For example, in the United States the recession of 2008-2009 is believed by some to have permanently set the country's growth trajectory below where the previous trendline was -- so the business cycle will have…

Starvation is a distant memory in both countries.

The Club of Rome refused to take a look at the beneficial effects of the "Green Revolution," pioneered by American scientists in the 1960's. This revolution increased Indian agricultural production to the point that the country was not only able to feed itself, but to do it well. As soon as China gave its peasants 1/2 acre to farm on their own (in the 1960's), overall food production in China climbed 30%. The freeing of the Chinese farms in the 1980's by Deng Xiao Ping not only increased agricultural production; it dramatically increased peasant income.

Poorer Workers. The argument of the Club of Rome was pure socialism, and should have been recognized as such in 1972. Compare the average lifestyle of an ECD citizen today and in 1972: Home ownership, automobile ownership, richness of diet, ability to travel -- all are drastically…

One can argue that the world has more conflict today than in 1972, and therefore the effects predicted by the Club of Rome were muted. This author would argue that the world today is a much more peaceful place, which allows for the flowering of the world's population. What is clear is that if there is genocide, an ethnic cleansing or a populist uprising in the world today, people will know about it. The millions killed in the Cultural Revolution will never be accounted for because there was little public knowledge or recognition. Today, the military dictators of Burma, North Korea or Iran are no longer able to get away with murder in silence. Although religious differences still exist today, they are hashed out in a public environment. Gone is the secrecy and repression of the Cold War period -- dictators can no longer hide behind their loyalty to the Soviet Union, China or the United States.

The Club of Rome's predictions were wrong in 1972, and are wrong today. This author takes a much more optimistic view of citizens -- their ability to understand, adapt and change to their environment. As compared with 1972, we have many more people on this earth, but also many more who are living well.

Limits to Growth: The Thirty-Year Update

Alternate Corrections Proposal

Alternative Punishment for a Population of Inmates

Alternate Corrections Program Proposal

The need for a major overhaul of the U.S. prison system, and its purpose, is becoming increasingly recognized by human rights organizations around the world (for example, see Bewley-Taylor, Hallam, and Allen, 2009; Pew Center on the States [Pew Center], 2010). Prior to 1972, the size of the prison population in the United States predictably tracked the growth rate in the general population, but during the past 38 years has grown by 705% (ibid., p. 1). In contrast, the U.S. population grew by less than 44% during the same period (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011, p. 1). If we include the number of Americans currently under community supervision, then about 1 in 31 Americans is under some form of correctional control today (Pew Charitable Trusts, 2009, p. 1; U.S. Department of Justice [U.S. DOJ], 2010, p. 2).…

References

Bewley-Taylor, Dave, Hallam, Chris, and Allen, Rob. (2009). The incarceration of drug offenders: An Overview, Report Sixteen. The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme, International Centre for Prison Studies, Kings College of London, University of London. Retrieved June 12, 2011 from  http://www.idpc.net/php-bin/documents/Beckley_Report_16_2_FINAL_EN.pdf 

Blumstein, Alfred and Wallman, Joel (Eds.). (2002). The crime drop in America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Boxer, Paul, Middlemass, Keesha, and Delorenzo, Tahlia. (2009). Effects on psychological adjustment following release. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(8), 793-807.

Cusac, Anne-Marie (2009). Cruel and Unusual: The Culture of Punishment in America. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Government Impact the Lives of Individuals

Between 1900 and 1945, the United States was characterized by major demographic, technological and economic changes, which took Americans to the moon. These changes greatly altered the ways that Americans lived and work and constructed a new housing stock, new automobiles and increased production to counter the challenge of the doubling populace. During this period a bigger African-American middle class emerged.

A wave of social and economic changes swept across the U.S. between 1900 and 1945. Nicknames for this period, like the Jazz Age, depict the changes in social conventions which were taking place during this period (Du Bois, 1903). With the booming economy, prices dropped, and wages for most Americans rose leading to a drastic rise in consumer consumption and better living standards. Although women's lives were not significantly transformed by the acquisition of the right to vote, young women changed their dressing…

References

Addams, J. (1910). Twenty Years at Hull House. New York: Macmillan.

Garvey, M. (1923). "The Negro's Greatest Enemy," Current History 18 (September 1923), 951 -- 57.

Du Bois, W. E. (1903). The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago: A. C. Mcclurg & Company.

59-84). A lack of rule of law equates to lawlessness and high levels of violence and theft.

In aggregate the factors of investment, fertility, schooling, and socio-political openness to new venture create statistically significant differences in economic performance between the regions. What De Gregorio (et. al.) also found was Latin American nations are continually coming in and out of economic crises, which makes their banking system, money supply and balance-of-payments highly risky and difficult to invest in even when there is a growth opportunity. Latin America's greatest challenge will be in overcoming the tendency to continually cycle from one economic crisis to another.

eferences

De Gregorio (2004) - "Growth and Adjustment in East Asia and Latin America"

Econom'a Journal. Jose De Gregorio - Volume 5, Number 1, Fall 2004, pp. 69-134.

Brookings Institution Press. Accessed from the Internet on February 7, 2007 from location: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/economia/toc/eco5.1.html

De Gregorio (1992). "Economic Growth…

References

De Gregorio (2004) - "Growth and Adjustment in East Asia and Latin America"

Econom'a Journal. Jose De Gregorio - Volume 5, Number 1, Fall 2004, pp. 69-134.

Brookings Institution Press. Accessed from the Internet on February 7, 2007 from location:  http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/economia/toc/eco5.1.html 

De Gregorio (1992). "Economic Growth in Latin America." De Gregorio, Jose Journal of Development Economics 39(1): 59-84.

population" by Thomas Malthus

Thomas Malthus, in his discussion of the relationship between population increase and food supply in "An essay on the principle of population," proposed that his essay was an attempt to provide an explanation, though a speculative one, of the nature of the growth of human society in terms of its population and food supply. Working on the assumption that "population must always be kept down to the level of the means of subsistence," Malthus tried to bring forth his argument and position that this assumption was an ideal one. In fact, this assumption was proven not applicable with the histories of early societies in the Eastern and Western nations, as what Malthus proves in his discussion, wherein he stated that as the population increases geometrically, food supply increases arithmetically.

In proving his thesis, the author sets out to discuss the basic principles which he had used…

Bibliography

Malthus, T. (1798). "An essay on the principle of population." Available at: http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/malthus/malthus.0.html.

growth and development trends of the Chinese economy and economic development of China in relation to this argument. It also puts light on the role played by the Chinese government in making China the fastest growing economy of the world.

The 21st Century Is The Chinese Century

According to a number of people 'the 21st century is the Chinese century'. People, however, made the same comments about the Chinese economy 100 years ago but unfortunately such comments did not prove out to be fruitful. However, in the present era, it is quite evident from the economical and financial development of the Chinese economy that China is going to play an important and critical role in the world economy. And if we analyze the trends of development in different sectors of the Chinese economy we can deduce that China has a potential to become a global market leader. According to a…

References

Dellios, R. Casa Asia, (2005). China: The 21st century superpower? Retrieved from Casa Asia website:  http://www.casaasia.es/pdf/9200595422AM1127202862621.pdf 

Elliott, M. (2007, January 11). The Chinese century Time, Retrieved from http://ww2.odu.edu/al/jchen/Chinese Politics (Undergraduate) / Recommended Readings/The Chinese Century -- Thursday, Jan. 11, 2007 -- Printout -- TIME.pdf

Kalish, I. Deloitte, (2003). The world's factory: China enters the 21st century. Retrieved from Deloitte website:  http://www.deloitte.com.mx/csgmx/docs/Consumer_Market_China21stCentury.pdf 

Kirby, W.C. The Harvard Center Shanghai, (n.d.). The Chinese century?. Retrieved from The Harvard Center Shanghai website:  http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/event/Harvard  and China Session 2 v051910.pdf

The author states that the laws of citizenship have also shown an even greater amount of discrimination. The article goes on to describe the various laws as they relate to birthright and citizenship.

The important point is made that most people receive citizen as a result of birth right and not naturalization. It is also noted that for the first hundred years of the history of the county little concern was given to racial minorities.

lacks for example were denied citizenship in 1857 - which was rectified by the Civil Rights act of 1866. The author also cites other instances of discrimination after this period. This discrimination was also to apply to the granting of citizenship to the Native American Indians. It was only in 1940 that the basic law of citizenship, namely that a person born in the country is a citizen of the county, was fully applied.

The…

Bibliography

Akst D. New Americans Fresh off the presses. Carnegie Reporter. 2003. pp.3-11

, 2006). Soliciting client's self-report may be another helpful practice (Landry et al., 2009).

To deal with both attrition and ethnicity factors in conjunction with an adolescent or school-aged client, the counselor may be well advised to consider the fact that the client may better benefit from a school counselor's intervention rather than from her own. Studies (for instance Cummings, 2009) have shown that "schools may be the best setting in which to provide mental health services if the objective is to reduce the unmet need for mental health care among adolescents living in disadvantaged and/or ethnically diverse communities." (Cummings, 2009, 1).

At times, the counselor may have to deal with trauma-related matters. Since trauma may traverse several generations and is comprised of complex issues, Goodman and West-Olatuni (2008) recommend a transgenerational trauma recognition and assessment approach as well as historical and contextual knowledge of the trauma.

Of particular interest…

References

Abe-Kim, J., Takeuchi, D., Hong, S., Zane, N., Sue, S., Spencer, M -- . & Algeria, M. (2007). Use of Mental Health Related Services Among Immigrant and U.S.-Born Asian-Americans: Results From the National Latino and Asian-American Study. American Journal of Public Health, 97(11), 91-8.

Barrett, M., Chua, W., Chistoph, P., Gibbons, M., Casiano, D. & Thompson, D. (2008). Early withdrawal from mental health treatment: Implications for psychotherapy practice. Psychotherapy, 45(2), 247-67.

Bird, T. (2010). Approaches to patients with neuropathic disease. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 30(4), 785-93.

Brach, C., Falik, M., Law, C., Robinson, G., Trent-Adams, S., Ulmer, C. & Wirght, a. (2005). Mental Health Services: Critical Component of Integrated Primary Care and Substance Abuse Treatment. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 6(3), 322-41.

Local Gangs

Part I Research Process

Using the Internet Explorer search engine, "ergen County Passaic County" was typed in. It returned no results for any gang issues. The search terms, "ergen county Passaic County gang issues in local community" was entered. It returned the results on an article, "State police survey shows gang activity in all N.J. counties" (Fabiano, 2011). The article named ergen County as one in nine counties with higher than average gang presence. The article also talked about law enforcement officials questioning the results of the survey based on the results not adding up to the number of arrests that were gang related. And, another problem of a significant population of illegal immigrants staying isolated from police and being a breeding ground for gangs.

The search terms, "New Jersey gang statistics" was entered. It returned the 2007 State police survey that compared data to the 2004 survey…

Bibliography

New Jersey Announces Gang Suppression Initiative Through Stepped Up Enforcement and Awareness Efforts. (2001, Nov 16). Retrieved from New Jersey's Online Gang Free Community:  http://www.njgangfree.org/gang-news/launch1116.htm 

Gangs in New Jersey: Municipal Law Enforcement Response to 2007 NJSP Gang Survey. (2007). Retrieved from New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety:  http://www.state.nj.us/njsp/info/pdf/njgangsurvey-2007.pdf 

Gangs in New Jersey: Municipal Law Enforcement Response to the 2010 NJSP Gang Survey. (2010). Retrieved from New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety:  http://www.njsp.org/infor/pdf./gangs_in_nj_2010.pdf 

Fabiano, G. & . (2011, Jan 28). State police survey shows gang activity in all N.J. counties. Retrieved from NewJersey.com:  http://www.northjersey.com/news/012811_State_police_survey_shows_gang_activity_in_all_NJ_counties.html

Michael Powell describes the combination of factors that contribute to the harsh and drastic shift in the economic realities of the wealthy, black communities in Memphis, TN. This article was published by the New York Times just over two years ago, certainly during severe economic times during the United States, which have not subsided in the present, a few years later. The article provides a brief and modern history of the growth the black middle class in Memphis and some surrounding towns.

For a time, many black people were employed very well, owned attractive property, and lived comfortable middle class, American lifestyles. As of 2010, there were drastic events occurring with great frequency that changed the lives of many blacks for the worse. The article describes the rise and the descent of the middle class black community in Tennessee during the early 21st century. Additionally, the article provides evidence of…

References:

Farley, Reynolds, & Frey, William H. "Changes in the Segregation of Whites from Blacks During the 1980s: Small Steps Toward a More Integrated Society." American Sociological Association, Vol. 59, No. 1, 23 -- 45.

Powell, Michael. "Blacks in Memphis Lose Decades of Economic Gains." The New York Times, Web, Available from:  http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/31/business/economy/31memphis.html?pagewanted=all . 2012 July 20.

Worldwide Population Increase Affect Planet

The world population is a lucrative endeavor that has influential effects on the immediate environment. One of the changing or growing avenues of the planet is that of the enlargement of the human population. Initially, the human population was perceived as a small entity within a vast planet. Nonetheless, the human population has been on the increase over the past centuries. Many lucrative approaches and human activities are part of the changes that have occurred because of the increase in human population in the planet. The avenues of performance within the spectral and planetary stratifications account to the many steps that have been taken by human beings in the environment. The environment is a fragile structure and body that deserves equitable management and security. In order to foster equitable management of the environmental sustainability avenues, there is a need to have a long-range of performances…

References

Axelrod, R.B., Cooper, C.R., Warriner, A.M., & Kennedy, X.J. (2011). Reading Critically,

Writing Well ninth Ed + Writing and Revising. Bedford/St. Martins

Baer, H.A. (2012). Global capitalism and climate change: The need for an alternative world system. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.

Gilbert, G. (2006). World population: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-

Indigenous populations in epublican ome (ca. 500 BCE -- 31 BCE)

Citizenship in colonial era

IV Comparison and Contrast

The issues citizenship of indigenous populations in the oman epublic and during the colonial era in Europe provides comprehensive information regarding how the indigenous populations were treated by Europeans. The right to get justice and to self-determine their politico-social life is the main issues that political philosophy is confronted with (Kabeer, 2002). The internationalization and globalization phenomenon has increased the debate on the issue as the indigenous population demands the rights that only citizenship status grants to individuals. espect and rights are demanded by the indigenous populations and these are accompanied with obligations as well, that being argued by the nation states and expansionist regimes. Citizenship has been regarded as a humane word with plethora of rights and obligation associated to it. The oman epublic is considered as a spearhead of…

References

Acemoglu, D, Johnson, S & Robinson, J 2003,'The rise of Europe: Atlantic trade, institutional change and economic growth',The American Economic Review, Vol. 95, No. 3, pp. 546-579.

Dodds, S 1998,'Citizenship, justice and indigenous group-specific rights-Citizenship and indigenous Australia',Citizenship studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 105-119.

Fantham, E 2005,'Liberty and the people in Republican Rome',In Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 135, No. 2, pp. 209-229.

History.org 2013, 'Voting Chain of Events Directions', Viewed on 15 Apr 2013, [ http://www.history.org/History/teaching/enewsletter/volume4/images/ChainDirections.pdf ]

Care for Populations

When it comes to the well-being of the overall population, community and public health are both vital areas to consider. However, how the community rallies around its members and how it bands together in times of crisis are not the only kinds of issues that have to be looked at. Those are important, but it is the day-to-day workings of a community that provide more indication as to how it treats the population and whether an overall sense of well-being can be expected. How that same community responds to public health issues is also worthy of consideration. If a community does not take public health seriously, that could be very disastrous for the overall population. Sickness can spread quickly when people are not taking care of themselves and one another.

It also spreads when the people in a community are not focused on the severity of the…

References

Barzilai, G. (2003). Communities and law: Politics and cultures of legal identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Chipuer, H.M., & Pretty, G.M.H. (1999). A review of the sense of community index: Current uses, factor structure, reliability, and further development. Journal of Community Psychology, 27(6): 643-658.

Cohen, A.P. (1985). The symbolic construction of community. Routledge: New York.

Garrett, L. (2000). Betrayal of trust: the collapse of global public health. New York: Hyperion.

Alternatives for Organizational Growth

Toll Brothers, Inc. is a market leader in the U.S. luxury building construction industry. For more than 40 years, Toll Brothers has performed well, even in economic downturns, expanding its geographic markets as the company grew and growth opportunities were presented. Furthermore, Toll Brothers' management has stated that the company intends to concentrate on continually expanding its niche market into additional areas. Meanwhile, six of the "Top 15" states for U.S. median income remain untouched by Toll Brothers and serious consideration of entry into those states should be considered.

Alternative Strategies

The alternative strategies that Toll Brothers should consider to realize growth are entry into the geographical markets of Maryland, Alaska, Hawaii, ashington, Colorado and Utah. Though Toll Brothers have captured 9 of the top 15 geographical markets in the U.S. per median household incomes, the company has made no forays into the remaining 6 states,…

Works Cited

Cooper, F.N. (2011, December 6). Toll brothers reports 4th qtr and FYE 2011 results. Retrieved from Finance.yahoo.com Web site:  http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Toll-Brothers-Reports-4th-Qtr-pz-3516449679.html 

Funding Universe. (n.d.). Funding Universe. Retrieved from Funding Universe Web site: http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Toll-Brothers-Inc.-company-History.html

Toll Brothers, Inc. (2011, November 9). Powerpoint presentation at UBS building and building products 9th annual CEO conference. Retrieved from Toll Brothers, Inc. Web site: http://www.tollbrothers.com/investor_relations/powerpoint_presentations

Toll Brothers, Inc. (n.d.). Frequently asked questions. Retrieved from Toll Brothers, Inc. Web site: http://www.tollbrothers.com/investor_relations/frequently_asked_questions

(de Zuniga, Mencia Manso., 2001, 1-2)

Socially, the rise of the Hispanic population is propelling their cultural mores into mainstream acceptance. There has been the advent of media TV channels specifically catered to the Hispanic market by only screening programs that solely speak Spanish. Many jobs now have the requirement for the candidate to speak more than one language (e.g. English and Spanish), and the census even allows respondents to put down more than one nationality in relation to their cultural identity. (Rural Migration News, 1998, 1) Concerning health care, Hispanics suffer some diseases more profoundly than other cultural groups in the population because they are not as medically aware. Also, compounded with the language barrier, older Hispanics who don't understand English tend to bring their children in to translate and the situation can get a little difficult explaining to a child what is medically wrong with the adult. There…

Bibliography

Cato Institute & the National Immigration Forum, 2001, "Effects of Immigration on Natives' Earnings." Immigration: The Demographic and Economic Facts. www.cato.org

Cato Institute & the National Immigration Forum, (2001) "Effects of Immigration on Native Unemployment." Immigration: The Demographic and Economic Facts. www.cato.org

De Zuniga, Mencia Manso. (2001) "Companies must Innovate to Reach Diverse Hispanics." The Spain - U.S. Chamber of Commerce, www.spainuscc.org

Lee, Jonathan & Siemborsk, Robert (2001) Laws Restricting Immigration. www.bergen.org

Diversity

Exercise 5: Population Survey

It was in October 1997 that the Office of Management and Budget or the OMB announced that the standards for the gathering of federal data on race and ethnicity in the United States of America would be changed from thenceforth, and that the minimum categories for race would be form then onwards, divided into the following categories: American Indian or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African-American; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; and White. This meant that any individual, when choosing to self-identify himself, would not have to place himself according to the multi-racial perspective that had been in use earlier, but rather; he could select one or more races when he would have to identify himself for any purpose. In addition, the OMB has today made an added provision, which is known as the 'Some Other ace'. (acial and Ethnic classifications used in Census…

REFERENCES

Berardinelli, James. "To Kill a Mockingbird, all time 100" Retrieved From

http://movie-reviews.colossus.net/movies/t/to_kill_mockingbird.html

Accessed 27 October, 2005

Dirks, Tim. "To Kill a Mockingbird (1962). Review by Tim Dirks" Retrieved From

International expansion is one of the growth strategies that are embraced by companies in order to improve their bottom-line/profitability. In this paper, we present an elaborate international marketing strategy for ed Bull energy drink. The marketing plan begins with an introduction into the concept of international expansion and marketing and a brief overview of the company. A review of the main conclusions and recommendations is then presented. This is then followed by a discussion of internalization strategy. In this section, the context as well as context and reasons for the firm's internationalization initiation or expansion decision, as well as a discussion of the stage of internationalization at which your chosen firm finds itself. The next section is a discussion of the foreign market segmentation and targeting strategies. Under this section, we justify our choice of a market concentration or diversification strategy, incremental vs. simultaneous entry, the number of countries you…

References

Doodle, I. And Lowe, R., 2004. International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development and Implementation, ThomsonLearning, London.

EastBridge Import & Export Co., LTD, The Import Procedure of Food and Drink, Viewed 14 March 2012, http://www.eastbridgechina.com/En/Show.asp?id=33.

Encyclopedia of the Nations, China Country overview, Viewed 30 April 2012,  http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/China.html .

Euromonitor International, Red Bull plans Asian expansion, Viewed 14 March 2012, http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1232&Itemid=77

"Both the U.S. side and the Mexican side replicate the political, economic, social, and cultural systems of their respective nation-states. At the same time, borderlanders have blended the structures, institutions, and life expressions of the two societies to create something novel and entirely theirs -- the ambiente fronterizo, or borderlands milieu. Today the area stands as a prime example of binational interdependence, providing striking evidence of the trend toward closer ties among the world's nations and societies" (Martinez, 1994)

eferences

Coleman, M., 2005, U.S. Statecraft and the U.S. - Mexico Border as Security/Economy Nexus, Political Geography, Volume 24, Issue 2, pp. 185-209

Hackenberg, ., 1997, the U.S.-Mexico Borderland in Century XXI, Culture and Agriculture, Volume 19, Number 3

Longley, ., December 2004, Illegal Immigration Costs California Over Ten Billion Annually, About U.S. Government Info

Martinez, O.J., 1994, Human Interaction in the Texas - Mexico Borderlands, University of Arizona, http://www.humanities-interactive.org/borderstudies/text/essay.html. Ast…

References

Coleman, M., 2005, U.S. Statecraft and the U.S. - Mexico Border as Security/Economy Nexus, Political Geography, Volume 24, Issue 2, pp. 185-209

Hackenberg, R., 1997, the U.S.-Mexico Borderland in Century XXI, Culture and Agriculture, Volume 19, Number 3

Longley, R., December 2004, Illegal Immigration Costs California Over Ten Billion Annually, About U.S. Government Info

Martinez, O.J., 1994, Human Interaction in the Texas - Mexico Borderlands, University of Arizona, http://www.humanities-interactive.org/borderstudies/text/essay.html. Ast accessed on March 28, 2008

Hispanic Demographics

Assuming demographic growth Hispanic population United States accurate, comment shift marketing segmentation grocery fast food industries. For, a grocery store 15% space dedicated Hispanics changed light demographic research? Be current key demographic lifestyle facts statistics markets consumers.

Assuming the demographic changes about the growth of the Hispanic population in the United States are accurate, comment on how this shift changes the marketing segmentation in the grocery and fast food industries. For example, if a grocery store currently has about 15% of its space dedicated to Hispanics should that be changed now in light of the demographic research?

The Hispanic market is currently one of the fastest-growth market segments of any demographic within the United States. According to a 2012 Nielsen report, "Hispanics are the fastest growing ethnic segment expected to grow 167% from 2010 to 2050, compared to 42% for the total population" (Llopis 2013:1). The report also…

References

Helm, B. (2010). Ethnic marketing: McDonald's is lovin' it. BusinessWeek. Retrieved:

 http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_29/b4187022876832.htm 

Llopis, G. (2013). 5 steps to capturing the Hispanic market. Forbes. Retrieved:

 http://www.forbes.com/sites/glennllopis/2013/09/03/5-steps-to-capturing-the-hispanic-market-the-last-true-growth-opportunity/

Metropolitan growth and federal policies over the past half-century have had a highly negative impact on the poor of the central cities in the United States. Specifically, the African-American community (as well as other minority populations) has largely felt the brunt of metropolitan growth and federal policies.

As cities have grown, and suburban development has pushed city limits outward, the middle class has been drawn out of the city center. Both the black and white middle class have been drawn to the suburbs, leaving the city centers that are literally crowded with poor minorities. In short, urban sprawl has resulted in great concentrations of poverty-stricken African-Americans in the city centre.

The District of Columbia and Baltimore City are excellent examples of once thriving central cities that are now primarily areas that house the nation's poor African-American communities. In 1950, the District of Columbia had 802,000 residents, who accounted for close…