Public Safety Essays (Examples)

Public Safety and Privacy Analysis

Privacy Law: Requiring Convicted Sex Offenders to Register and Allow Their Personal Data to Be Published by the State

One of the most heinous crimes any individual can be accused of is the crime molesting a child. In the hearts and minds of most of the public, perhaps even in the hearts and minds of most legislators and judges, convicted sex abusers exist within a particular category of their own. They are seen as living beyond the pale of common morality and decency. No parent would want to knowingly live near a convicted sex offender. However, how should the law, which is supposed to be cool and dispassionate, deal with the issue of the need for public safety and protection with the rights of the individual, regardless of the crime that individual has committed? The question arose in the case Connecticut Dept. Of Public Safety v. Doe which was heard before the U.S. Supreme Court on March 5, 2003.

The state of Connecticut passed what is commonly called a "Megan's Law." Megan's Laws require convicted sex offenses to register with a Department of Public Safety (DPS) upon their release into the community. This is so the DPS can post a…… [Read More]

Current and Future Trends in Public Safety Leadership

Public Safety Leadership Assessment

People are attracted to public safety as a career for a number of reasons, with an overarching desire to help others cited by many former and current public servants as being among the most important. In some cases, public safety leaders not only succeed in this goal, they do so in especially noteworthy ways that make them stand out as exemplars of public safety service. To determine the facts, this paper reviews the relevant literature to provide an analysis of leadership performance in the current public safety environment in order to compare and contrast effective and ineffective leadership. To this end, an evaluation of the performance of recognized public safety leaders in relation to leadership traits, roles, styles, and situations is followed by an appraisal of current and future leadership trends in public safety. Finally, effective and ineffective leadership in the public sector are compared and contrasted, followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion.

Evaluation of the performance of recognized public safety leaders in relation to leadership traits, roles, styles, and situations

While it is reasonable to suggest that the overwhelming majority of the nation's public safety leaders perform their…… [Read More]

Represents a Public Safety or Public Health

represents a public safety or public health issue?

I believe that this scenario presents both a public safety and a public health issue. Public safety issues involve any issue of public safety. Generally, public safety is going to be the realm of departments like the police, EMS, and public transportation individuals (Web Finance, 2012). However, public health is part of public safety, since any health risks necessarily impair the safety of the people at risk. Moreover, this particular issue necessarily involves safety issues and would require activities by those outside of the traditional public health realms. "Public Health is the science and art of protecting and improving the health of communities through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and research for disease and injury prevention" (What is Public Health?, 2012). Health is necessarily part of safety. Moreover, in this particular scenario, when the threat to health was the result of a traffic issue, one sees overlap between the two fields. Improving public health in this scenario would necessarily mean improving public safety and would require cooperation from those in charge of public safety.

2. How does this scenario exemplify how the legislative process influences public health?

This scenario demonstrates that the…… [Read More]

Security Plan for the Maryland Public Safety Education and Training Center

DPSCS

Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services (DPSCS)

This report will provide a comprehensive safety and security plan for the Maryland Public Safety Education and Training Center (PSETC). This security plan will be broken into different sections that contain information about different security factors that are security risks for the organization and its physical assets. The organization must use its budget in the most effective manner possible to ensure the safety of the organization and its facilities. It is critical to protect lives of students, faculty members, volunteers, employees and inmates from a potential threats that could emerge during the operations that take place at the facilities.

Facilities

The Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services (DPSCS) is one of the largest agencies in Maryland state government, whose eleven thousand employees work as a team to protect the public and the offenders and arrestees under their supervision (Department of Public Safety & Correctional Services, N.d.). The Maryland Public Safety Education and Training Center (PSETC) is located in Sykesville, Maryland. The physical space is divided into two locations that are comprised of areas that are roughly 700 acres in size. The firearms Training Facility (FTF) and the Drivers Training…… [Read More]

Military vs Domestic Public Safety Agency Preparedness

Military vs. Domestic Public Safety Agency Preparedness

Military vs. Domestic: Public Safety Agency Preparedness

In the military, critical incidents must be managed. Public safety agencies at the domestic level also have to handle incident management, but the question is whether these domestic agencies handle these incidents with the same level of preparedness as the military. In the opinion of this researcher, the military has a higher level of preparedness. The reason behind this is simply one of use. The military is required to be ready for anything, at all times. They practice incessantly for critical incidents and other problems that may take place in the future. Whatever issues may arise, they make a strong attempt to be prepared for, and that translates into the ability to handle incidents and problems quickly and efficiently when they occur. Naturally, that makes a big difference in how prepared the military as a whole will be when it comes to any problems that may appear.

Domestic safety agencies, however, are different. Yes, they have drills and they practice for the kinds of problems they could face, but they do not practice for these issues at the level of the military, nor do they spend…… [Read More]

Controversial Issue Debate Public Safety vs Civil

controversial issue debate Public Safety vs. Civil Rights. Prepare a word paper cultural diversity race relate public safety efforts law enforcement security services

The debate over the confrontation between public safety and civil rights is nowadays considered a subject that may take the headlines in most newspapers and news television channels. This is largely due to the fact that more and more cases of abuse or racial discontent are placed in the framework of this wide debate over the need to feel secure in public but at the same time to ensure the civil rights of citizens, regardless or race, ethnicity, or color of their skin.

One of the main elements of the debate focuses on the ability of law enforcement mechanisms such as the police to have the mandate to react depending on immigration status. More precisely, "the discussion of cross-deputization (mandating that police officers enforce immigration policies) is often framed as a referendum on civil rights and racial politics. Those who oppose cross-deputization often maintain that asking police to target individuals based on their immigration status endangers civil rights. Those who support cross-deputization, on the other hand, argue that enforcing immigration laws is necessary to maintain a culture…… [Read More]

Comprehensive Security Plan for the Maryland Public Safety Education and Training Center

Security Plan for the Maryland Public Safety Education and Training Center

This paper will focus on a security plan designated for the Maryland Public Safety Education and Training Center. Here emphasis will be given on many things including facility assets that require protection, various threats which are directed towards the assets and the probability of loss. It is important to note that there are many complexes and facilities associated with the main training center and any plan offered should be a standard blueprint that can be applied at any of the facilities and all of them should be able to get interconnected with each other. Therefore, it is the purpose of this paper to focus on that blueprint.

Introduction with brief overview

The Maryland Public Safety Education and Training Center is situated in Sykesville, Maryland. The facility is generally divided in two main centers which totals to about seven hundred acres in area. The main facility is closely situated alongside Drivers Training Facility (DTF) and Firearms Training Facility (FTF). The main facility includes classrooms, driving simulator station and staff offices. The Academic and Administrative Complex (AAC) is associated with the Maryland state hospital and it includes computer labs, food preparation…… [Read More]

Environmental or Public Safety Issue

As a result of such political pressures, "Since 1977, an American's average daily intake of calories has jumped by more than 10%. Those 200 or so extra calories have to go somewhere...there is a surfeit of cheap calories that clever marketers sooner or later will figure out a way to induce us to consume" (Pollan 2003, p.1).

Legislation

Because the cause is multifactoral, addressing the issue has proved difficult, and has largely been done on the local level. Some schools have banned sugary snacks and soft drinks; others have tried to increase physical education and nutritional awareness. Some towns have tried to limit the number of fast food establishments within certain areas that have high obesity rates and little access to fresh produce. "For almost two decades, young people in the United States got fatter and fatter -- ate more, sat more -- and nobody seemed to notice. Not parents or schools, not medical groups or the government... since the alarm was finally sounded in the late 1990s, the problem has been the country's reaction: a fragmented, inchoate response that critics say has suffered particularly from inadequate direction and dollars at the federal level" (Levine & Aratani 2008).

Administration

This…… [Read More]

Race Culture and Public Safety

Race, Culture and Public Safety

How have this week's readings challenged your own beliefs about race and culture and its relevance to the construction of public safety in America? What had a particular impact on your ideas about emerging safety issues? These can be negative as well as positive comments. Also, consider ethnicity.

Police officers often find themselves torn between two competing needs. On one hand, they must serve the laws of the land and obey the U.S. Constitution. This means that they cannot conduct illegal searches and seizures based upon an individual's nation of origin or race. On the other hand, profiling is endemic to the profession of law enforcement. Anecdotally, there is a great deal of evidence that police officers are only human and are subject to the same racial prejudices as other Americans. Of course, part of the duty of an officer is to rise above these gut feelings. But there is an institutionalized acceptance of profiling within law enforcement, based upon suspect profiles.

At the most basic level, a complete description of a suspect requires a racial identification. The FBI and other law enforcement offices may engage in psychological profiling of suspects that involves racial categorization,…… [Read More]

Threat of Terrorism Weighing Public Safety in Seattle

Terrorism in Seattle

Even before the World Trade Center attack in September, 2011, most major cities in the United States were not only aware, but anticipatory regarding the potential for a terrorist attack. Seattle has been fortunate in that it has never experienced an actual international attack, but has had three major domestic incidents since 1999 that continue to be in the minds of Emergency Management professionals. In 1999, Ahmed Ressam, an Al-Qaeda operative, was apprehended smuggling bomb-making materials into Port Angeles. Because this was so close to the New Year's Eve Millennium event, the New Year's celebration at the Seattle Center was cancelled. Subsequently, the actual target was identified as Los Angeles International Airport. Then, in 2001, The Earth Liberation Front attacked the Urban Horticulture Center at the University of Washington, causing in excess of $7 million in damages. Finally, in 2006, gunmen attacked the Jewish Federal of Greater Seattle, leaving five wounded and one dead (Seattle Office of Emergency Management, 2013). Besides the issues present in violent actions, one must also ask about the organizational identification of factors that go into decision-making policies regarding potential terrorist threats. For example, in the 1999 Millennium issue in Seattle, one may…… [Read More]

Discriminatory Treatment of Women in Public Safety

Discriminatory Treatment of Women in Public Safety

Women can face gender discrimination in public safety on a number of different fronts. They can face job discrimination in workplaces that are related to public safety, such as police departments, fire departments, and emergency medical work units. They can also face discrimination as crime victims. Finally, they can face discrimination as perpetrators; being treated unfairly due to their gender. This research will focus on how women face discrimination as crime victims, specifically as victims of gender-based crimes. Domestic violence and sexual assault are primary public safety risks for women, and that women are, therefore, more likely to receive assistance for gender-based violence than men are.

Cooper, R. (2012). Lack of state accountability in acts of domestic violence: Understanding the contrast between the U.S. And international approaches. Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, 29(3), 657-689.

This article focuses on legal responses (criminal and civil) to domestic violence in the United States and whether those responses are in the best interests of domestic violence victims. In addition, it contrasts the treatment of domestic violence in the United States with the international treatment of domestic violence.

Franklin, E. (2010-2011). When domestic violence and sex-based…… [Read More]

Decision-Making and Effective Communication for Public Safety

open communication while resolving public safety concerns. Moreover, it demonstrates the efforts conducted by various agencies in training their personnel to form alliances with local community residents. The primary aim is to initiate quick response in times of emergency.

Public safety agencies should have clear communication with each other to best serve individual citizens. Police departments should formulate governance contracts allowing them to manage, work with, and own communication systems that permit interactions with different agencies in different states (Communication Technologies, 2008).

In 1933, police departments started using radios as government-provided equipment. In the same way, other public agencies such as fire departments and emergency medical services also had their own radios transmitting at their particular frequencies. At the time, sharing of information between the various agencies and across state-borders was generally unheard of. Therefore, states and agencies have begun to rethink and revise their policies concerning information sharing (Communication Technologies, 2008).

Communication systems incur maintenance costs just as every other type of machinery does. Present public safety projects encompass representatives from all segments of industry. Elected officials should be keenly aware of growing need of these projects and their viability. Elected officials, agencies, and community members should work hand-in-hand…… [Read More]

Methods of Legal and Ethical Decision-Making for Public Safety

law enforcement agencies to train employees in ethical decision making. This includes training their employees to include public safety in terms of any legal decisions at a time of crisis. The paper also includes the field investigation of a police agency regarding the training of their employees for their ethical decision making.

Failures in public management are directly dependent on security shortfalls. The financial and social costs that include costs of facing crimes, deploying guards, and social stress, can only be minimized by use of effective government decisions that increase security. Although security problems are now getting their due attention from both the perspectives of public management and policy, there are few empirical examinations (Ghaffarzadegan & Andersen, n.d.).

Some security warnings have been issued to improve the security in public places. These are aimed at improving awareness; individuals are expected to become more defensive as a result of these warnings. If both citizens and government employees acquire a defensive behavior, adversaries and criminals get less opportunity to attack and involve them in crimes. Warnings also have short- and long-term costs associated with their issuance. In the short run, warnings can spread social stress, and people do not enjoy hearing continuous…… [Read More]

Texas Department of Public Safety

Local, State, Federal Partnerships

Local, State, and Federal Partnerships

Q1.Explain the chain-of-command structure when receiving information about a possible act of terrorism in your city. The incident is confirmed to be the work of terrorists. Now what?

The mayor (or city or county manager) is charged with providing strategic guidance and coordinating resources during an emergency. As part of the mayor's responsibility for the public's safety, he or she is charged with coordinating "preparation and training for effective response" and working with members of Congress and federal agencies to do so (NRF, 2014: 15). In the case of a confirmed act of terrorism this might include working with the Department of Homeland Security, the FBI, or the CIA to not simply provide assistance and relief to affected individuals (as would be the case with a natural disaster) but also to gather information on the possible perpetrators. The city's local emergency manager is charged, in contrast, with the "day-to-day authority and responsibility for overseeing emergency management programs and activities" such as damage assessment (NRF, 2014: 16). Various department and agency heads also assist the emergency manager in specific emergency functions, such as providing food and supplies to displaced persons, dealing with…… [Read More]

Threat of Terrorism Weighing Public Safety in

Threat of Terrorism: Weighing Public Safety in Seattle is an eye opening account of the ever present threat of radical terrorism. The case study presented a result that seems that much luck was involved in preventing any wide scale violence. Most importantly however, this research presented many unanswered questions that lie within finding an appropriate balance between public safety and common sense.

Risk is inherent in life. Life itself hinges upon its ultimate death. We are all on death row one way or another. Safety is preventing a premature death due to negligence and wanton ignorance. But is too much safety a bad thing ? Perhaps the media attention given towards the city of Seattle prior to the millennium celebrations attracted a negative type of energy in the form of Islamic bombing terrorists? What role does responsible journalism and information have in preventing or provoking terrorist acts ?

The importance of research in any particular subject is important because it reveals the finer details of that subject and in turn, makes the information applicable and practical. This is the value of education, learning and experience. Specifically, within the criminal justice system, research has paid big dividends and in turn growth…… [Read More]

How Cpted Can Improve Public Safety

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design CPTED) is a system that is designed to increase public safety and reduce the perception of crime through the "design and management of the physical environment of buildings, residential neighborhoods, and business areas." (Fleissner and Heinzelmann, 1996, p.1) In other words CPTED manages the physical aspects of a neighborhood in a way that reduces crime and the fear of it. A

Fundamental aspect of CPTED is the idea that there must be cooperation between both the police and the members of the community toward the goal of increasing public safety.

As part of their obligation the police can observe the overall security situation in the neighborhood and make recommendation for improvements along with providing building owners and managers information packets that can inform them of how to deal with problem tenants and improve the overall security of the building. The police can also conduct patrols of parks and other areas where criminal activity takes place as well as inform residents of particularly high-risk areas within the neighborhood. Working with urban planners and architects, the police can influence their ideas with a view toward enhancing the security of the neighborhood. But the most effective manner in…… [Read More]

Balance Between Public Safety and Incarceration Rate

Prison Population Explosion

The incarceration rate in the United States is alarmingly high given the advanced nature of the country overall. Indeed, prisons have become the de facto asylums of the current day. While many people in prisons should absolutely be there, there are many others that are mentally ill, drug-addicted or both. If one or both of those diagnoses were cleared up, this could serve as a vehicle to significantly drive down the amount of people in prison, the amount of recidivism and the net financial and other burdens (such as loss of life) that are thrust upon the American public. While some of the pernicious patterns have ebbed a bit, the solutions used thus far are simply not getting the job done. There needs to be a weeding out of who truly wants to get their life straightened out and who is just playing on the mercy of those that think that society or the system are to blame for crime. While it is easy to blame society, the system and other facets of American life for the rampant crime that exists, people that want help with drug or mental illness problems should get it and those that…… [Read More]

Public Safety Interoperability First Responders

Because natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other types of emergencies often do not respect jurisdictional or physical boundaries, first responders from different agencies, local, state and federal, need to quickly work together (Simay, 2009). During large, catastrophic incidents, first responders may need additional assistance from the U.S. military and the National Guard (Davitt, 2008). The federal government is also concerned that these large events could overwhelm the communications infrastructure, and, therefore, impede effective communication and response time if there isn't a way to control authorization (United States Government Accountability Office, 2007).… [Read More]

Public Safety Department of Drexel

An environment where abuse is condoned can make students feel as if something is 'wrong' with them if they do not overindulge. Fraternities and other organizations which host parties need to confront their role in setting the tone for the campus and provide more alcohol-free activities. The school needs to support groups such as Alcoholics and Narcotics Anonymous (and/or other programs with proven effectiveness 'track records' working with young adult drug and alcohol dependency) on campus to help people who already have problems (Kaskutas 2009). Students need to realize they have a problem -- before it is too late. Taking steps to treat alcoholism and drug abuse amongst young people can prevent the types of escalating healthcare costs caused by abuse later on. And even young people can still suffer from the physical effects of abuse, including the loss of brain cells and damaged liver function that are often only associated with 'older' addicted adults. "Every year, more than 150,000 students develop an alcohol-related health problem" as a result of alcohol addiction (a snapshot of annual high-risk college drinking consequences, 2010, collegedrinkingprevention.gov).Having community service groups that volunteer to help addicts off-campus can encourage student volunteers to see the devastating effects…… [Read More]

Challenges to Public Safety Administration

Public Safety Administration Challenges; Annotated Bibliography

Cook, C. (September 1, 2012). The Challenges and Opportunities for Public Safety Communications: The Adams County Case Study. Silicon Flatirons Center

On the 23rd of September in the year 2011, scholars, law professionals and members of public safety communications industry were brought together by the Silicon Flatirons Center to discuss issues that faced the industry in the 21st century, both in terms of benefits and challenges that would emerge upon the creation of a countrywide broadband public safety communications network as stipulated and envisaged in the National Broadband Plan. The experts gathered at University of Colorado's School of Law where the discussions were being held. The discussions were chaired by a Mr. Phil Weiser, who is not only the dean of the said School of Law, but also the head of the Silicon Flatirons Centre and also an adjunct professor at the same university. The dialogue surrounded the creation of a modern countrywide public safety broadband network via study and discussions surrounding the creation of such a network at Colorado's Adams County. The discussions began with the participants going through the developments that had occurred in Adams county and also the then overall state…… [Read More]

Safety Systems New Development in the Organization

Safety Systems

New development in the organization of work may affect worker health through a variety of ways by raising the risk of stress-related illnesses, like cardiovascular disease, and psychological disorders, by raising exposure to hazardous substances and fighting on the job, or by affecting occupational health services and training programs. There are a lot of things to be learned about the nature of changes in work organization, and how they affect the health and safety of worker. While the availability of evidence is limited, such proof recommends that new development and trends in work organization may be growing the risk of occupational illnesses. In a revolutionary publication, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has provided a brief summary of available knowledge and an explained agenda for research and progress.

Introduction

As an employer or manager, getting involved in place of work health and safety will:

• Decrease the costs of office injuries and sicknesses. Workplace injuries and illness are most likely more costly than we think. We may have to pick up costs relating to lowered output, loss of valued staff, staff recruitment and retraining, effects on manufactured goods and service quality and damage to plant and…… [Read More]

Public Administration Implementation on the Most Basic

Public Administration

Implementation

On the most basic level, implementation is the action of putting a theory or concept into motion. Implementation involves many elements, including decision-making, communications, politics, budgeting, intergovernmental relations, public administrator's professional expertise, ethics and the general environment. This essay will explore two of these elements, ethics and communications. After some brief comments on the precise definition of "implementation," we will look at the Challenger case in relation to ethics, and we will look at the Bakersfield case in relation to communications.

Defining Implementation

The term implementation is often used to describe activities involved in making theories and concepts into realities. Several steps must be taken before a concept becomes an actuality. First of all, the concept or theory must be approved at the governmental level. Once approval is complete, the concept moves into an authoritative public policy directive. These directives, or mandates, can include statutes, executive orders, and judicial orders. Many people are involved once the policy directive is in place, ranging from private sector and non-profit organizations to clientele and interested citizen groups. These people engage in a variety of activities to make the policy a reality. This stage of the process involves procuring resources, interpreting…… [Read More]

Public Communication Ethics Response A

This is a contractual obligation, as money has been received for a certain service.

This is closely related to the third obligation in the model, which is "duty to the organization." The press has an obligation to provide the public with a wide variety of viewpoints in order to ensure public debate and accurate information. If a certain piece of information is withheld from the public as a result of its controversial content, this constitutes unfair censorship. The general principle of the press is to promote knowledge rather than censorship. Hence, information that could cause disagreement should not be withheld on those grounds alone.

On the other hand, the press in general also has a duty to society in terms of providing accurate information. The advertisement is in direct opposition to generally accepted facts regarding slavery. Hence publishing it on the strength merely of publishing whatever opinion is paid for could be considered unethical in terms of balanced and fair information provision. Particularly, the audience of the publication in question should also be considered. If the audience is for example generally black, one cannot endorse the publication of a piece that could be considered as racist or in some other…… [Read More]

Public Service the Modernisation of

3. Changes in structure.

In order to facilitate the above needs and requirements that are envisaged for the police services, the government has introduced a policy with regards to the structure of the police services. This is related to the view that there should be less of a "top-down" structure to the police services than was the case in the past. In other words, there is more of an emphasis on outcomes and value-added services.

To facilitate this ideal a number of important agencies have been established. These include the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA); Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA); the Chief Police Officers (ACPO)' Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA). Communication is facilitated by regular meeting with the Home Secretary. (From the neighbourhood to the national: policing our communities together)

2.3.1. Legislation

New structure also necessitates the creation of new legislation to ensure that the police service works in a formal and correct way. In this regard we can refer to some changes that have been initiated. New powers have been granted to the police to deal with crimes and terrorism. This is obviously related to the governmental agenda to broaden the fight against domestic crime as well as internal…… [Read More]

Public Sector Comparator Psc in Public Private Partnership PPP Process

Public Private Comparator

Public Sector Comparator (PSC) in the Public-private partnership (PPP) Process

Increased global financial pressures have caused many government entities to cut costs in any way possible. One way is to outsource services or projects to private companies. However, when comparing costs, the public sector frequently bases its cost calculations for a project by omitting certain types of factors. These can include employee benefits, utilities, or total administrative costs. As result, public sector services may erroneously appear to be less expensive than private services. The public cost comparator (PSC) provides a better comparison of the costs of public and private services. If the private sector can provide services cheaper than the public sector, then the public sector may choose to engage in a public -- private partnership (PPP). This allows them to share the costs, benefits, and risks of the project.

More than one method exists for comparing public and private job costs. Several factors that must be considered in the comparison are the discount rate, risk factors, and total costs of the project. In many cases, the discount rate will be lower for the public sector because they already have the infrastructure in place. This research will…… [Read More]

Public and Private Policing Functions

The private security field also underwent significant reforms in connection with the qualifications, training, and (especially) vetting of employment candidates as well Ortmeier, 2009). Ironically, instead of recognizing the comprehensive improvement throughout the private security industry after 2001, many police personnel intensified their pre-existing disdain for all non-sworn security professionals instead (Dalton, 2003).

The Conceptual Significance of Public and Private Spaces

One of the worst consequences of the antagonism on the part of police toward private security forces is that the private security industry could actually provide valuable assistance to the overall interest of national, regional, and local security. Whereas the actions of all government policing and law enforcement authorities is very strictly limited by fundamental constitutional principles (especially in connection with 4th Amendment search and seizure concepts), non-governmental security agents can operate with considerably wider latitude (Larsen, 2007). In general, private security personnel may conduct various types of searches and investigations pursuant to the assertion of private property rights that would constitute egregious constitutional violations if conducted by any governmental policing authorities (Larsen, 2007). But for the degree to which the uncooperative attitude of police toward private security personnel is unfounded, greater cooperation with and coordination between police and…… [Read More]

Public Budgeting in America Advisory

In terms of similarities, each of these budgets contains roughly the same basic format. While the specific charts may differ, each budget separates revenue sources and attempts to break those down. The budgets also explain the expenditures, and typically break these down to each individual program within the department.

A similarity between three of the budgets (Federal, Florida and Newark) is that they rely heavily on tables and written explanations. While these tables are necessary in any budget, it is interesting to note that the Newark budget is significantly more visually-oriented than any of the other budgets. The graphic representation of some of the figures makes for a more user-friendly presentation. The other budgets are less likely to be understood by those without some financial training.

Each of the budgets is produced to unique specifications. There appears to be no standard with respect to the production of public budgets, so each government and each agency is free to produce a budget according to whichever criteria they feel best. This gives each entity control over the information that they wish to publicize as well, which could have transparency risks. This also makes it difficult to compare budgets across government entities. That…… [Read More]

Public Administration Eighth Amendment the

CIV S-90-0520 LKK JFM P, 2009 WL 2430820 (E.D.

Cal. Aug. 4, 2009). (2010). Harvard Law Review, 123(3), p.752-759.

This article discusses the civil rights case Coleman v. Schwarzenegger wherein the plaintiff sued California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger for unconstitutional prison conditions. The lawsuit was examined in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California under the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PLRA). The court ruled that authorities should conduct an assessment on the impact of prisoner's release on public safety as long as inmate reduction measures are concerned.

Eight Amendment -- Death Penalty- Missouri Supreme Court Holds that the Juvenile Death

Penalty Violates the Eight Amendment. - State ex rel. Simmons v. Roper, 112 S.W.3d

(Mo. 2003) (en banc), cert. granted, 124 S. Ct. 1171 (2004). Harvard Law Review,

117(7), p.2456-2461.

This article looks at the decision of the Missouri Supreme Court on the case State ex rel. Simmons vs. Roper which held that the juvenile death penalty comprises cruel and unusual punishment and thus violates the 8th Amendment. There is also an examination in this article in regards to the doctrine of the U.S. Supreme Court as it relates to the 8th Amendment prohibition against cruel…… [Read More]

Public Programs Over the Last Several Years

Public Programs

Over the last several years, the total amounts of spending for the federal government has been continually brought to the forefront. This is because of the high trade deficits and national debt is having an impact on how various services are delivered. In the case of Justice Department, they have been facing drastic cuts. The reason why is from officials using the funds they are receiving to provide generous benefits for employees. ("Budget Cuts Should Start with DOJ," 2011)

A good example of this can be seen by looking no further than a DOJ Inspector General's report. They found that there is rampant waste inside the agency (with them spending $16 per muffin for a breakfast gathering and $600 thousand for event planning services). ("Budget Cuts Should Start with DOJ," 2011) These elements are illustrating how these kinds of reports are leading to a reduction in spending and greater oversight. To fully understand what is happening requires focus on: the political / economic / social influences, the interaction with the agency / different levels of government, specific limitations, the strategies that will be utilized to justify these actions, present / future costs and the use of cost control…… [Read More]

Presenting for the Future Public Administration

Public Administration: Presenting for the Future

Immigration Policy Reform

The term "immigration reform" is used to collectively refer to all efforts that have been undertaken by a country to amend abuses and reduce faults in its immigration policy. These efforts could be geared at either promoting and encouraging immigration or reducing and even eliminating the same. A perfect example of the former is the UK's promotion of the absorption of foreign-educated health specialists in its National Health Service (Dodds, 2012). The U.S. has, however, almost consistently run an anti-immigration policy. As this text will demonstrate, numerous reform efforts have been undertaken since way back in the 18th century to reduce the number of aliens illegally or legally crossing into the U.S. through the country's border points. Most of these efforts were particularly speeded up after the 9/11 tragedy; however, the successful implementation of these has been hampered by a number of things, among them a volatile public mood, political wars, and an overall lack of public understanding on the constitutional, social, and economic elements surrounding the immigration issue. Studies have shown that in as much as Americans harbor strong views and beliefs about this issue, most of them do not…… [Read More]

Safety Is a Universal Need There Is

Safety is a universal need.

There is need to have well structured safety systems that ensure safety is guaranteed at work places.

There is need to have in place the Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems especially at workplaces.

Safety systems

In each environment, there is need to have the utmost safety as long as there are people involved in the given environment. The need to have well structured safety systems that ensure safety is guaranteed at all times especially at work environments which would otherwise experience disproportionate insecurity and injury cases for the workers if such systems were not in place.

There is need to have in place the Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems that will enable the apt implementation of the safety measures, not only to intervene in times of an emergency occasioned by work environment hazards, but also to eliminate the possibility of such hazards ever happening or being present.

Occupational Safety Health (OSH) cannot be treated as an independent discipline.

Central goals of the OSH programs are to encourage a healthy and safe work environment, protecting co-workers, employers, family members, customers.

Occupational Health & Safety management System (OHSHS) is a central part of the risk…… [Read More]

Public and Privacy Issues State

If Hiibel had been arrested for driving under the influence and striking a minor child, his identity would not matter. In some of the other instances cited by the majority, such as the case of a violation of a restraining order, requesting identification under the reasonable suspicion a crime was being committed might be defensible, but under the circumstances of the case, it would seem that the conviction should have stood, but not for the reasons alleged by any of the reasons cited by the majority. Furthermore, in apprehending criminals suspected of sex offenses, terrorism, and other unspeakable acts, the minority found, that these arrests should be based upon conduct, not upon a failure to provide identification.

Volunteering one's identity is a right one has, the minority stated: "purchasing an airline ticket is a business transaction, and the airlines may condition the sale on knowing who is the purchaser. In contrast, being forced to identify oneself to a police officer or else face arrest is government coercion precisely the type of governmental intrusion that the Fourth Amendment was designed to prevent. Furthermore, it is not necessary to have one's name on a credit card or checkbook in order to effect…… [Read More]

Safety Management in the United

Any organization that deals directly with petroleum-based products, including storage facilities, will be affected by the act. The act also provides for Area Contingency Plans in case of emergency. The Pollution Prevention Act aims to reduce pollution "through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw materials use," ("Pollution Prevention Act"). Recycling programs fall under the Pollution Prevention Act; therefore, organizations might be required under this law to participate in large-scale recycling programs. Moreover, the Pollution Prevention Act is designed to curb source pollution, so the act applies especially to organizations that are potential polluters. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act applies especially to storage of toxic waste. The act will pertain to employees of waste management facilities or of any organization that must dispose of its waste material in an environmentally sound and legally authorized way.… [Read More]

Public Health in the Development

This results in healthy, hygienic practices such as washing hands, cooking meat properly, and ensuring a sufficient daily intake of the correct nutrients without encouraging obesity.

Government legislation is another important component in public health infrastructure. This component is essential in protecting the public from unsafe foods such as unpasteurized milk, dangerous insecticides used on fruit and vegetables, and disease-carrying components in imported foods (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report., 1999).

In terms of food security, all the above components of the public health infrastructure can be utilized to help those who feel insecure of their food supply. A thorough scientific investigation can be backed by the other components in order to remedy the situation.… [Read More]

Public Relation Corporate Social Responsibility

Public Relations (Corporate social responsibility)

The term 'Corporate Social Responsibility' refers to the social responsibility that a Company must honor towards the public, especially those people who have direct contact with and are therefore directly affected by the policies and actions of the company. The feeling that the social responsibility of multi-national companies are not of such standards that would satisfy the general public has lead to widespread protests and demonstrations against these companies at almost every free-trade meeting at the regional and national as well as the multi-national levels. The protests are also generally against worldwide globalization. Almost all major multinational companies are found lacking in their responsibilities towards the public. It is not at all sufficient for a company to satisfy its shareholders and investors and employees and the community in which they function from; in fact, these companies are expected to be aware of and take an active part in human rights issues, community development, environmental protection, and so on. The performance and success of the company is judged by these parameters, in addition to its financial performance. (Corporate Social Responsibility)

Some of the major accusations that have been leveled against multinational corporations are these: some corporations…… [Read More]

Public Transit Has a Serious

(iii) Among the ones who are dependent on transit, merely 37% stated that they would drive to work by availing the services of an automobile if available. Almost 50%of those driving to work could be taken as potential transit riders depending on flexibility and convenience of availability of transit services. (iv) the other factors which would fuel more use of transit were services of non-transfer nature, express avenues and higher fees for parking. (v) Congestion in traffic was regarded as a very grave situation in 36% among the respondents and fairly serious by 28%. (Byrd, 621) d) Steps to improve transit image and attract choice riders:

Among the modes of transit, introduction of a Bus Rapid Transit -- BRT is a novel innovation which can be promoted as a measure for improvement of the failing image of transit among the population. A good implementation normally entails several of the features stated as under (i) bus stations having amenities (ii) properly designed vehicles (iii) a system for speedier collection of fares (iv) Using Intelligent Transportation Systems -- ITSs (v) allocation of more targeted spaces in roadways. (vi) Increasing the frequency of services for a service that lasts throughout the day. These…… [Read More]

Public Policy Analysis There Is a Sense

Public Policy Analysis

There is a sense that politics operates on a continuum scale whose extremes are rationality and irrationality. Politicians make laws that can be seen from both perspectives depending on the particular position of the person judging whether the particular statute is good or bad. Public policy can be judged by either rational choice theory or the converse of that. The difference in the two can be seen in how crimes are litigated. A rational person can make the choice whether an act is right or wrong and has specific knowledge of how society will view that act. An irrational person is one who, for some reason, is not deemed competent to understand that what they have done is criminal in nature. Irrationality is the reason that individuals below a certain age cutoff are generally not treated with the same deterrent stance as adults, why people with metal deficiencies are held to a different standard, and why a person can be deemed temporarily incompetent due to an incredible stress (Dye, 2012, 60). The criminal justice system, and the laws which control it try to gage the understanding that the person committing the act had, and base their actions…… [Read More]

Public Sector Management the Term

It relies on the vision of the state you choose to subscribe and it depends upon the costs and benefits of a few highly imperfect social institutions: market trends and the public sector. (Bovaird, Loffler, 2003, p. 25) The public sector is a ubiquitous social institution having grown in size and complexity within the last fifty years. Nevertheless, this is a linear development. Whereas the development belonging to the welfare state in the late 1960s and 1970s took an unprecedented growth of men and women in most OECD states, the 1980s and 1990s was marked by concerns and attempts to reduce the strength of the public sector, or, at a minimum, to make it more helpful and all these have fiscal implications.

A good number of policies have spending implications. In cases where money becomes scarce, financial constraints can create problems in public enterprises. Though the opposite-financial crises also have a powerful upside: they put pressure on public organizations in becoming more efficient is true. (Bovaird, Loffler, 2003, p. 25) In particular, the fiscal crisis in OECD countries in the 1980s and 1990s was a key element trigger for public sector reforms and one such reform is about to be…… [Read More]

Public Education Campaign Designing a Public Education

Public Education Campaign

Designing a Public Education Campaign

Public education anti-terrorist campaign concerning new hazards

Unlike a hurricane or a tornado, the aftereffects of a terrorist event can be very difficult to predict. The methods of terrorists are always changing, as they constantly strive to outwit law enforcement officials, inspire fear, and generate destruction. Almost every recent terrorist action has been unique in its impact and approach. While it is advisable that all members of the public have a contingency plan for disasters, such designating a place for family or friends to meet; having working flashlights on hand in the event of a power outage, and having stores of canned food and water, there is no guarantee that such methods can protect against all possible repercussions.

During incidents such as the World Trade Towers bombing, a number of unplanned circumstances were generated by the fallout. The health consequences for workers at Ground Zero, who lacked adequate equipment to protect themselves against the inhaled dust and particles on site, are one example. Emergency personnel have tried to learn from the incident by generating more effective ways to coordinate responses and communication between national, state, and local authorities. But on a personal…… [Read More]

Public Affairs Management MLB and

The critics of the drug testing policies argue, however, that the policies work to unfairly single out specific athletes for close scrutiny, tempts many of these same athletes to find ways to cheat the test, and that testing also violates the Constitutional right of privacy (McCabe & Ricciardelli, 2001).

Analysis

Both arguments are significant, but the main point is that these testing policies and the steroid use that they are involved with have to be dealt with by those that handle public relations, both involving the players and the media/public. Without these public relations individuals, the players could have serious problems with the way that they were viewed by the public, and those that want or do not want the testing could also be viewed rather harshly, so it is important that they have good public relations. This is not always easy, as there are many issues that must be taken into account, but those that work with public relations where baseball is concerned do their best to ensure that accusations of steroid use are handled appropriately

Conclusion

Public affairs management is a very difficult field, basically because there are so many different issues that must be dealt with. When…… [Read More]

Public Funding of Abortion Clinic

This means that the government should fund abortions despite of where they are performed whether in hospitals or clinics. This can be achieved through passing legislation to support pro-choice care for all pregnant women. Allowing abortions only in particular situations is a form of discrimination and in order to ensure that Americans have the necessary system that supports the choice of women to get an abortion, the government needs to pass legislation that funds abortion clinics. This will ensure that all women despite their social class have the right to make decisions about their childbearing and their reproductive health and not leaving this to only those who are able to afford to pay for abortion.

Shortage of abortion providers

There has been a shortage of abortion providers over the years as a result of the lack of experience in conducting abortions for doctors since despite their medical education, they are not trained on family planning an abortion which makes them unable to give patients the full range of care that they need. Data from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education reports that techniques for conducting first trimester abortions are taught to about 46% of medical doctors while only 34%…… [Read More]

Public Government Finance

Public/Government Finance

Public (Government) Finance

This essay examines the debate over extending unemployment benefits. The essay reviews the arguments in favor of and against further extensions, and the implications for economic and social policies. After exploring the alternatives, I make a recommendation and discuss means of measuring the success or failure of my recommendation.

The Apparent Problem/The Facts

Unemployment insurance is compensation that is provided to workers who become unemployed through no fault of their own. Unemployment provides compensation for a specific amount of time, or until a worker finds a new job. Regular unemployment provides benefits for up to 26 weeks, based on the number of weeks that the unemployed person worked in his or her claim year (Doyle, 2011).

Extended unemployment benefits provide compensation for a longer period of time, and are available for workers when they have exhausted regular state unemployment benefits during periods of high unemployment. In addition, the unemployed may be eligible for additional benefits funded by the federal government, including emergency unemployment compensation EUC). The state a person lives in and the date he or she became unemployed determine which benefits one is eligible for. EUC benefits are based upon the number of weeks…… [Read More]

Public Policy

Public Policy in the State of Maryland: An Examination of Revenues and Potential Funding Options

The objective of this work is to examine the funding policies in the State of Maryland of the Department of Natural Resources funding allotments and to critically analyze funding decision-making in this area of economic finance for the State of Maryland. The State of Maryland invests deeply in its natural resources, which is shown by the Department of Natural Resources for the State of Maryland receiving more funding than any other department according to the states' budget for fiscal year 2011.

Public Policy in the State of Maryland: An Examination of Revenues and Potential Funding Options

Objective

The objective of this work is to examine the funding policies in the State of Maryland of the Department of Natural Resources funding allotments and to critically analyze the funding decision-making in this area of economic finance for the State of Maryland.

Introduction

The State of Maryland invests deeply in its natural resources, which is evidenced by the Department of Natural Resources for the State of Maryland receiving more funding than any other department according to the states' budget for fiscal year 2011.

III. Statement of Thesis

The…… [Read More]

Public Sector Bargaining Labor Relations

Paul E. Pynes and Joan M. Lafferty assess the issue of labor relations and unions from a different stand -- that of the safety concerns. The two authors found out that most of the labor unions request some sort of membership fee and that the explanation forwarded by the unions to explain these fees is represented by the fact that they require financial resources to efficiently address the needs of the individuals they represent.

Pynes and Lafferty took a rather distant approach of the topic and focused on the objective presentation of the various types and contracts of union security provisions. These included the closed shops -- which are the most rigid type of union security in the private sector --, the union shop, the agency shop, the fair share arrangement and the maintenance of membership (highly rare). Aside from the actual forms of union security provisions, the two authors also discuss the collection of the fees and the prohibition of labor union in some states of the U.S.

All in all, the approach taken by Pynes and Lafferty does not leave much room for discussion and interpretation. It is a cut and clear project, focused on the objective and…… [Read More]

Public Law Whistleblower Compliance in

They may not be reassigned to perform work that is substantially different from their normal occupational responsibilities (OSHA, 2003).

Employers may not submit information about the employee that is intended to have damaging consequences on the employee's financial credit history, and employers may not engage in conduct or communications designed to "blackball" the employee from other employment, either within government or in connection with any private sector employment opportunities. Finally, employers may not engage in conduct intended (or reasonably perceived) as "intimidation." Intimidation is one of the most difficult types of non-compliance with activities protected under the Act, because it is subject to interpretation and because it is capable of being perpetrated without any written record. Likewise, many forms of conduct that are generally benign under ordinary (i.e. non-adversarial) circumstances at work only rise to the level of intimidation" in specific context (USLC, 2007).

Refusal to Work:

Under certain (limited) circumstances, employees also have the right to refuse to work until employers correct dangerous working conditions. The specific criteria that must be met before an employee may walk off the job without surrendering employment/reemployment rights are fairly strict. Employees must satisfy all of the following criteria (OSHA, 2003):

1) the…… [Read More]

Safety the Etiology of the Majority of

Safety

The etiology of the majority of cases of Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown. What is known is that the disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the area of the brain known as the substantia nigra (Hatfield, 2013). In addition, it is speculated that the disease is related to some type of genetic susceptibility and environmental risk factors that largely remain unidentified. Epidemiological research has suggested that there may be an association between exposure to pesticides and the onset of PD; however, this research is very mixed with some studies indicating that there is such relationship and a number of others failing to demonstrate such an association (Dardiotis, Xiromerisiou, Hadjichristodoulou et al., 2013). Dardiotis et al. (2013) reviewed the research and made a case that perhaps the relationship between pesticide use and PD is moderated by a genetic susceptibility. However, one of the flaws in most of the studies that attempt to link pesticide exposure and PD is that a history of pesticide exposure is often determined by the self-report of the individuals with PD. Individuals who have developed PD may selectively recall being exposed to or using pesticides at sometime in…… [Read More]

Public Information on Kidney Donation

This study underscores the presumption that where public health information campaigns are concerned, information is often accessed but forgotten or ignored. By connecting this information to certain compensatory incentives, those who make up a likely donor population may be more likely to retain and return to the information provided. Though controversial, this does present a realistic view on the motives that might incline one toward an act with significant personal and health-related implications.

It is important for public health facilities to consider the courtship of donations in this way, primarily because a failure to do so is increasingly stimulating an extra-curricular market for the sale of kidneys. In other words, by neglecting to consider the option of connecting kidney donation courtship to such compensatory incentives, the medical community is not protecting against the ethical concerns correlated thereto. They are simply forcing would-be recipients to look outside of the field for options that might keep them alive. The research provided by MNT indicates as much, and simultaneously illuminates a non-traditional approach to organ-donation courtship that should be exploited. According to its research, "if one accepts that, as the waiting list grows, more and more patients will consider the public solicitation of…… [Read More]

Public Order Maintanence Policing Theory of Broken

Public Order Maintanence Policing

Theory Of Broken Windows

The "Broken Window" theory has enthused police departments in the United States while extending community policing, since its conception in 1982 by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. The "Broken Windows" theory suggests that neglecting smaller issues would attract bigger issues. The proponents of the theory consider that "at the community level, disorder and crime are usually inextricably linked, in a kind of developmental sequence" and that "one unrepaired broken window is a signal that no one cares and so breaking more windows costs nothing" [Wilson, Kelling, 1982]

However, 'Broken Window' is "only a theory." [Miller, 2001] Controlling crime in a society cannot be as simple as fixing broken windows. The reason for crime in a society is not just about the way the community is maintained; it is a very complex issue with many dimensions. In fact, a criminal mind is at times prone to destroying things when they look the best, reason being attributable to his general unrest in an orderly society. If the 'broken window' theory should hold good, the process of 'fixing' would need to extend beyond its literal sense to a more figurative sense - fixing…… [Read More]

Katrina Communications Failures in Public

It has also been noted that the communication plans and protocols that were in place had not been properly communicated to all necessary parties, such that even the preparations and infrastructure that existed for the express purpose of dealing with emergency events were not properly utilized (White House 2007). Not only were better public safety communications systems as well as interagency communications systems necessary, then, but these systems needed to be more clearly outlined and presented to the right individuals.

Response to Noted Problems

The issues that arose during the response to Hurricane Katrina did not go unnoticed by the media, the public, or the officials involved in responding to disasters and coordinating relief efforts. Through the reactions of these officials and the legislation that was proposed and/or enacted in the wake of the hurricane, other specific communications problems that occurred during Katrina as well as more general public safety communications concerns can be identified. Direct technological inadequacies and a lack of physical infrastructure within the state of Louisiana were among the earliest problems identified, and legislation was introduced almost immediately after the hurricane to improve communications infrastructure and to ensure greater interoperability between existing and expanding/newly constructed communications systems…… [Read More]

Settings for Public Health Practice

There is confusion about laws which are subject to different interpretations and this result in critical information not being made available. This is caused by such laws like the "Educational Rights and Privacy Act -- FERPA, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act -- HIPAA and a number of legislations that seek to protect the privacy of the family." ("Report to the President on Issues Raised by the Virginia Tech Tragedy," 2007) Many state laws are also interpreted in such a way that they retard the work of agencies involved in monitoring health and safety issues. ("Report to the President on Issues Raised by the Virginia Tech Tragedy," 2007) the complex nature of the law and the state laws, with a small percent of the laws applicable in a federal scale, it is not possible to enforce uniform standards.

Conclusion

It is to be concluded that the federal laws must be made universally applicable and state laws abrogated so far as health issues are concerned. It is evident that public health questions affect the very security of the country and must be treated on par with the defense of the country. Just as it is legal for the federal defense laws…… [Read More]