oad accidents are among the main causes of unnatural fatalities in the United States and other developed countries, and cost several billions of dollars every year. Increasing public awareness of how to protect from traffic injury is considered as an important area that necessitates a broad approach involving implementation of a mixture of communal, environmental, governmental and educational strategies together with law enforcement.

A considerable amount of road safety measures have been introduced by the U.S. government in recent times, yet, community interest and involvement will be advantageous as part of a comprehensive approach. For this paper, the word 'community' indicates people living in a particular geographic region in a city. This study will discuss my experience of participating voluntarily in a road safety program for community welfare in my area. For this study, community members included children, men, women of all age groups belonging to different families, ethnic backgrounds…

References

Bell, C and Newby, H., (2000) Community Studies: An Introduction to the Sociology of the Local Community (Studies in Sociology, Routledge, 200- 210.

Day, G., (2006) Community and Everyday Life, The New Sociology, Routledge, 150- 160

As Dr. Johnson's testing and surveys have concluded, and provided statistical data in support of his conjectures; aggressive driving will lead to assault depending upon how the driver who triggers the road rager's emotional response responds to that aggressive behavior.

The DOT does acknowledge the need to address aggressive driving, and has strong recommendations concerning the penalties for the offense. The DOT makes recommendations in six areas with statutory strategies (Statutory Strategies, online):

1.

Strengthen existing statutes to include stricter penalties. epeat offenders should receive enhanced punishment, including increased points, loss of license, higher fines, and jail sentences or probation.

2. Establish comprehensive education programs that address aggressive driving and include them as part of legislative changes. At a minimum, include aggressive driving education in public and private driver education programs. States should also consider anger management education as a supplement to other sanctions when making legislative changes.

3. Develop…

Reference List

Larson, J. And Rodriguez, C., 1999, Road Rage to Road Wise, Tom Doherty Associates,

New York, NY.

ROARR, 2009, found online at http://roarrinc.bizopiaweb.com/Default.aspx?tabid=231442, retrieved 10 December 2009.

U.S. Department of Transportation (2009), National Aggressive Driving Action Guide: A

Ferguson and researchers believe the problem exists because there are more drivers on the road today than ever before, and they are more varied, both culturally and emotionally, and there are fewer drivers' education classes to train young drivers. He also notes that for most people, driving is a singular pursuit, and that people act differently inside their car, doing things they would never do in other situations. There is also a feeling of power and control in driving, especially driving large SUVs that are so popular today.

Ferguson talks to experts who believe that the bad road rage behavior can be corrected, and that education should start very early, before children pick up the bad habits of their parents and other adults. Finally, he believes road rage may simply be a part of American culture, and that one thing may help in the world or road rage: praying.

eferences…

References

Ferguson, Alan. "Road Rage." 553-556.

Easton (1997) argued that every injured worker in an organization involves financial (between four and ten times the obvious) and productivity costs that could have been prevented." (Murray, et al., 2003)

II. Driver Selection Steps

The basic attributes required to becoming a truck driver are (1) Physical; (2) Mental; and (3) Communication. First one must be physically fit to become a truck driver. Secondly one must have the mental capacity and have the right attitude in accepting the rights of others to use the road, displaying courteousness to other drivers, be able to remain clam in an emergency or working under pressure, have the ability and desire to learn and to apply that learning in the work environment, be able to sustain performance under strenuous working conditions and situations, and accept the disciplines of working within the framework of abiding by the law and meeting rules and policies of the…

References

Baas, Peter (2003) Fleet Driver Safety - TERNZ, Ltd. AA 2003 Driver Education Conference, Wellington NZ, April 2003 Online available at http://www.ternz.co.nz/docs/AA_driver_ed.pdf

Della-Guistina, Daniel (2005) Motor Fleet Safety and Security Management Online available at http://print.google.com/print?id=lEH4LetE5p8C&lpg=PA1&pg=PA1&sig=l-vnTHPTKUnuVaQd8lXqmuvCqXY

Murray, Will et al. (2003) Evaluating and Improving Fleet Safety In Australia Department of Transport and Regional Services: Australian Transport Safety Bureau - Road Safety Research Grant Report - April 2003 Online available at: https://www.atsb.gov.au/road/pdf/fleet_safety_012003.pdf

Your Fleet Reflects Your Image... How Do You Manage It?, 1998 Online available at ( http://www.nacsonline.com )

Today, computer technology makes it practical to collect, edit, distribute and store data in electronic format with little or no additional manual processing necessary (Kala pp). Integrating data from various agencies is now possible, "including police crash reports, truck inspections, traffic citations, motor vehicle records, emergency medical services (EMS) run reports, emergency and long-term health care records, highway inventories, and traffic volume records" (Kala pp).

According to the American National Standard's Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Accidents, there are eight definitions: Transport Vehicles and Transport ays; Land ay, Land Vehicles and Uses; Injuries and Damages; Accidents; Locations;

Road vehicle Accident Types; Location of Road Vehicle Accidents; School Bus (Manual pp). There are 13 classifications: Classification of Persons by Injury Severity; Classification of Road Vehicles by Damage Severity; Accident Classification by Transport Vehicle Type; Accident Classification by Injury Severity; Accident Classification by Damage Severity; Accident Classification by Number of Vehicles;…

Works Cited

Della-Giustina, Daniel. Motor Fleet Safety and Security Management. Retrieved September 26, 2005 at http://print.google.com/print?id=lEH4LetE5p8C&lpg=PA1&pg=PA2&sig=u7a-j_jQdGzTYW59S8iQKg9CQkc

Eckhardt, Bob. (1999 May 01). Measuring incidents under new ANSI standard.

Concrete Products. Retrieved September 26, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Fleet1 management & maintenance. (1996 April 15). Public Works. Retrieved September

Goal 2: Lead a national initiative to address the most significant traffic and motor vehicle safety issues.

Goal 3: Deliver the highest quality technical and program assistance to States and Communities, and promote international cooperation.

Goal 4: Improve data collection and analysis to better identify and understand problems and to support and evaluate programs: expedite the availability of Information to customers and partners.

Support esearch and Apply the esults to Education, Engineering, and Enforcement to educe oad Casualties and Costs

Goal 5: educe the number and severity of road collisions.

Goal 6: Mitigate the consequences of motor vehicle crashes.

Goal 7: Advance the non-safety mandates of the Agency.

Transform NHTSA through Continuous Improvement

Goal 8: Improve NHTSA's internal processes, management, and structure to create a more effective and efficient Agency that is better able to pursue its mission. (PS)

Goal 9: Listen to, involve, and serve customers and partners in…

References

NHTSA Case Study: Strategic Planning and Performance Measurement [Online available at  http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/studies/nhtsa.pdf ]Assessed September 08, 2005.

Work-Related Roadway Crashes -Challenges and Opportunities for Prevention (2003) 5 - Strategies for Preventing Work-Related Roadway Crashes - September 2003 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. [Online available at  http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-119/2003-119e.html#five ] Assessed September 08, 2005.

Fleet Safety Solutions (2005) [Online available at http://search.hp.netscape.com/hp/boomframe.jsp?query=Fleet+Safety&page=1&offset=0&result_url=redir%3Fsr%3Dwebsearch%26requestId%3D7a7cf385c5cdc01%26clickedItemRank%3D1%26userQuery%3DFleet%2BSafety%26clickedItemURN%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F www.fleetsafetysolutions.com%252F%26invocationType%3D-romPage%3DHPPAV1Top%26amp%3BampTest%3D1&removeurl=http%3A % 2F%2F www.fleetsafetysolutions.com%2F] Assessed September 08, 2005.

Work-Related Roadway Crashes - Challenges and Opportunities for Prevention (2003) 1 - Introduction - September 2003 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. [Online available at  http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-119/2003-119b.html#two ]Assessed September 08, 2005.

(Source: Your Fleet eflects Your Image... How Do You Manage It?, 1998 Online available at http://www.nacsonline.com

Phase Two: This is the organizational phase of fleet safety and is inclusive of the following four aspects of fleet safety:

1. Management System - Unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, or accidents can be symptoms of problems in management.

2. Multiple Cause Accidents - When many contributing factors rather than single incidents lead to accidents, several safety measures may be needed.

3. Managed Safety Efforts - Safety should be managed like all other company functions.

4. Safety Accountability - Safety performance is generally more effective when the line supervisor is made accountable for safety. (Source: Your Fleet eflects Your Image... How Do You Manage It?, 1998 Online available at http://www.nacsonline.com

Phase Three: During this phase the following are given consideration:

eviewing or clarifying policies or procedures

Improving employee selection programs

Evaluating employee fitness for the…

References

Della-Guistina, Daniel (2005) Motor Fleet Safety and Security Management Online available at http://print.google.com/print?id=lEH4LetE5p8C&lpg=PA1&pg=PA1&sig=l-vnTHPTKUnuVaQd8lXqmuvCqXY

Murray, Will et al. (2003) Evaluating and Improving Fleet Safety In Australia Department of Transport and Regional Services: Australian Transport Safety Bureau - Road Safety Research Grant Report - April 2003 Online available at: https://www.atsb.gov.au/road/pdf/fleet_safety_012003.pdf

Your Fleet Reflects Your Image... How Do You Manage It?, 1998 Online available at ( http://www.nacsonline.com )

Your Fleet Reflects Your Image....How Do You Manage It? (1998) NACS Online available at  http://www.nasconline.com/NR/exeres/0000615ekahlbk  kqgbosantrc / GenUseWithOneCallO

Not having upheld such responsibility has made them liable and hence the payouts in both cases.

Concomitantly with a lack of sleep, company responsibilities regarding the above-mentioned truck maintenance also appear to not always be up to standard, if the facts of the cases are investigated. According to Baker's report, drivers for the company have taken responsibility by reporting truck problems, which were simply ignored by their companies. Further investigation found the truck unroadworthy to an extent where this was at least partly responsible for the crash. In addition, factors beyond the truck drivers' control, such as bad weather and road conditions, can also contribute to accidents. When these are compounded with the problems associated with lack of sleep, crashes are generally more than likely.

Baker (2006) substantiates the above-mentioned 2003 regulation, according to which no driver is allowed more than 11 cumulative hours on the roads, which should be…

References

Baker, Max. (2006). Recent court cases raise questions about trucking safety. Truck Safety Coalition.  http://www.trucksafety.org/Recent_court_cases_raise_questions.php 

Munley, Munley & Cartwright (2009). Truck Driver Fatigue & Tractor Trailer Accidents.  http://www.truckinjuries.com/truck-driver-fatigue.html 

Roetting, M., Huang Y.H., McDevitt, J.R. & Melton, J.R. (2004). Truck drivers' attitudes and opinions towards feedback by in-vehicle technology. Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, USA.  http://www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/IAAPdiv13/ICTTP2004papers2/ITS/Roetting.pdf 

Sabbagh-Ehrlich, S., Friedman, L., Richter E.D. (2005). Working conditions and fatigue in professional truck drivers at Israeli ports. Injury Prevention, Vol. 11.  http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/11/2/110

That is because texting also involves the same brain regions and cognitive processes as communicating by telephone that are responsible for the dangers associated with cell phones and driving and combines that risk factor with another additional independent risk factor: visual distraction.

Unlike cell phones, which distract the driver visually for only a small percentage of the time when they are being used for verbal communication, texting while driving is a continuous visual distraction by its very nature that makes it much more dangerous by comparison. Whereas cell phone users only look at their devices to dial and identify in-coming calls drivers who text must continually shift their attention back and forth from watching the road to looking at their communications devices. Especially at typical highway speeds, the amount of time typically required to look at a mobile device for texting purposes is too much time to look away from…

References

AHAS. (2005). Fact Sheet: Speeding Accessed 26 Nov 2010 from:

 http://www.saferoads.org/issues/fs-speed.htm 

Chisholm, S.L., Caird, J.K., and Lockhart, J. "The effects of practice with MP3 players on driving performance." Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol. 40, No. 2;

(2007): 704-713.

Hazards of Using Mobile Phone While Driving

Traffic accidents have become major public health risks in the recent past because of their increase in the recent past. The United Arab Emirates has experienced a significant increase in the number of traffic accidents in the recent past to an extent that it has the eighth highest national rate of accidents across the globe. The increase in traffic accidents is attributed to various factors including the behaviors of drivers when driving. Drivers' behaviors have been affected by various factors including the use of mobile phones while driving. The use of mobile phones while driving is linked to several hazards including the likelihood of traffic accidents since a mobile phone is a distraction that can result in accidents. Drivers should be required to stop using mobile phones while driving, in order to eliminate accidents caused by the use of mobile phone which is…

References

Dubai Media Incorporated (2011, October 5). Dh1,200 Fine for Mobile Phone Use While Driving. Emirates 24/7 News. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from  http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/dh1-200-fine-for-mobile-phone-use-while-driving-2011-10-05-1.422006 

Nagraj, A. (2014, August 26). UAE Clamps Down on Drivers Using Mobile Phones. Gulf Business. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from  http://gulfbusiness.com/2014/08/uae-clamps-drivers-using-mobile-phones/ #.VUzrM5MgqSo

Ruiz, R. (2014, September 3). A Third of UAE Drivers Admit Using Phone at Wheel. The National UAE. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from  http://www.thenational.ae/uae/transport/a-third-of-uae-drivers-admit-using-phone-at-wheel 

Ruiz, R. (2014, December 6). Risk of Using Hands-free Devices Should Be Addressed by Law Study Shows. The National UAE. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from  http://www.thenational.ae/uae/transport/risk-of-using-hands-free-devices-should-be-addressed-by-law-study-shows

Transportation Safety

There are a number of different modes of transportation, and each mode has different safety considerations. This paper will look at road, rail, sea and air freight in particular. Obviously, there will be some safety issues that can affect any mode of transport -- human error or mechanical breakdown can happen to anything, anytime. But within each mode there will be unique risks, and it is important to understand what those risks are, in order that they be addressed effectively.

ail transport is generally considered to be one of the safer modes, but rail accidents are surprisingly common. The particular issues relating to rail tend to be issues with track maintenance, and trains taking corners too fast, both resulting in derailment. The Federal ailroad Administration provides oversight on railroad safety issues, in order to minimize the number of accidents that occur on the rails. However, derailments still occur,…

References

FRA (2015). Safety fact sheet. Federal Railroad Administration. Retrieved June 25, 2015 from https://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0680

Kristiansen, S. (2013) Maritime transportation: Safety management and risk analysis. Elsevier: Burlington, MA

On the plus side, though, the research also showed that innovations in technology, both high- and low-tech, hold enormous promise for improving miner safety by providing early warnings of impending disasters and by providing rescuers with better techniques for locating and rescuing trapped miners. In the final analysis, the technology already exists to accomplish these improvements and it remains a matter of establishing the relevant priorities at the state and federal levels to ensure that all mines are equipped with these devices before disaster strikes, and that these technologies are available for rescue efforts when the inevitable does occur. Future studies should investigate how these technologies can be deployed more cost effectively for developing nations and what steps should be taken ahead of time to ensure that these devices provide the maximum amount of protection for the investments involved.

eferences

Cooper, S., yan, J., & Sinback, M. (2003). Employment-related crimes.…

References

Cooper, S., Ryan, J., & Sinback, M. (2003). Employment-related crimes. American Criminal Law Review, 40(2), 367.

Kravitz, J.H., Kovac, J.G., & Duerr, W.H. (1994). Advances in mine emergency communications. Proceedings of the International Emergency Management and Engineering Conference, 23-26.

Mining disaster incidents and fatalities, 1900-2006. (2007). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2007). Retrieved October 2, 2007 at  http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/statistics/disasters.htm .

Peters, C. (2006, March). The other mine disaster. Washington Monthly, 38(3), 8.

It also seems rather short, and leaves the reader wondering if the researchers could have done more to create a more vital and important document. They did not find the Segway was unsafe, however, and many of the comments of the postal employees who used it were very positive.

Other studies go father than many of the findings in this report, including the safety of the transport itself. Another study notes, "The Segway PT and its rider were found to have the second shortest braking distance, highest sight lines, one of the smallest footprints, and quickest perception-reaction time" (Landis, Petritsch, and Huang, 2004, p. 97-98). These are concrete safety details that seem lacking in the other report, and it seems as if the report could be much more useful if they had included data such as this in the report. In addition, Segways have been recalled due to accidents while…

References

Arnold, C. (2003). Safety concerns prompt Segway recall. Retrieved 31 Jan. 2008 from the NPR.org Web site:  http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1447863 .

Habes, D.J. And Tubbs, R.L. (2004). Topic: Health hazard evaluation report, HETA 2002-0239-2922, United States Postal Service Norman, Oklahoma - Note: Deals with the use of Segway Human Transporter. Retrieved 31 Jan. 2008 from the CDC.gov Web site:  http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2002-0239-2922.pdf 

Landis, B.W., Petritsch, T.A., and Huang, H.F. (2004). Characteristics of emerging road and trail users and their safety. Retrieved 31 Jan. 2008 from the TFHRC.gov Web site: http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pubs/04103/04103.pdf.

International Safety Management

ISM Code

ISM safety code

Acting as a mandatory regulation, ISM Code usually lays down standards of shipowner's responsibility for safe management of ships and pollution prevention accepted internationally. The obligation of the shipment owner is to establish, maintain as well as implement a Safety Management System that is to meet the ISM Code's requirements.

The aspects of civil liability's impact is to be focused on the impact on liability of shipowner for cargo loss or damage, in addition to shipowner's legal right to limit his liability for claims. Some of the concepts such as seaworthiness, actual fault and privity, crew's negligence, the role of the designated person and recklessness with knowledge are to be considered. There has already been a change in the conditions in terms of policies that meet the requirement of the ISM Code through Hull and Machinery (H & M) underwrites and protection…

References

Gold, E (1996). 'Lessons in Corporate Responsibility: Learn From Disaster?' The

ISM Code Implementation in Practice- Corporate Risk: BIMCO Shipping Courses

Copenhagen, Denmark). BIMCO. Copenhagen: BIMCO, pg 15-18.

Levy, H (1996). 'The P & I Club -- How do the clubs evaluate the ISM Code'. The ISM Code Implementation in Practice -Corporate Risk: BIMCO Shipping Courses: Copenhagen, Denmark). BIMCO. Copenhagen: BIMCO, 15-18).

Marketing

Product Safety, And Intellectual Property

Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual

Ethics and legal issues refer to the morals and principles that govern the behavior and conduct of individuals or organizations. These legal principles and ethics serve to guide and offer directions on how to act or respond when faced with moral dilemmas. Marketing, advertising and product safety are areas of importance to everyone in the community. Production, distribution and use of products or services are areas guided by the laws of the land. The laws function to protect the community from exploitation or mishandling by the participants in the above sectors. In the marketing and advertising framework, the concept of ethics deals with personal moral principles and values. Under this framework, the society understands that laws are values and standards that are enforceable in the court. In the production of goods and services, the…

References

Ventola, C.L. (2011). Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising. Journal List, 36 (10), 669-674,681-684. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov > Journal List > PT > v. 36 (10); Oct 2011

Hurd, H.M. (1996). Deontology of Negligence, The. BUL Rev., 76, 249.

Carden, S. (2006). Virtue ethics: Dewey and Maclntyre. New York: Continuum International

publishing group

If feminism is about civil rights, human rights, children's rights and the search for peace, then it is clear that a substantial amount of the descriptive narrative in the Road is clearly anti-feminine. This has nothing to do with gender rights, and everything to do with the rights of all humans to live in dignity and be allowed "...life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." The nights, McCarthy writes on page 129, were "...blinding cold and casket black and the long reach of the morning had a terrible silence to it. Like a dawn before battle." The feminist world is not a cold world at all and children are sheltered from suffering; death is not supposed to come to young and middle aged people and mornings are not silent. Mornings are supposed to be filled with the joyful sound of songbirds and the happy shrieks of children, and there is…

Works Cited

Flack, Jessica. "Conflict and Creativity." Santa Fe Institute. Retrieved June 7, 2007, from Oprah's Book Club, http://www.oprah.com/obc_classic/featbook/road/future/road_future_main.jhtml.

McCarthy, Cormac. The Road. New York: Vintage International, 2006.

Richards, Amy. "What is Feminism?" The University of Oklahoma. Retrieved June 7, 2007, at http://www.ou.edu/womensoc/feminismwomanism.htm.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "Topics in Feminism." Retrieved June 6, 2007, at  http://plato.stanford.edu /entries/feminism-topics/.

Their data indicate that truck drivers do indeed tend to ignore regulations to their own detriment and that of others.

espite the facts, it is often difficult to investigate an issue where wrongdoing is often at the root of the problem. Truck companies may for example be unwilling to admit the significance of financial gain as a driver of truck drive fatigue. Truck drivers themselves could in turn not be entirely truthful about their own motivations for longer hours on the road. These limitations should be taken into account when conducting a study on the issue.

This does not however mean that the study of this problem should be abandoned. It is vitally important to investigate truck driver fatigue and its related problems in order to ensure better safety for all road users, as well as for this important employment sector in the country.

Munley, Munley & Cartwright (2009). Truck…

Despite the facts, it is often difficult to investigate an issue where wrongdoing is often at the root of the problem. Truck companies may for example be unwilling to admit the significance of financial gain as a driver of truck drive fatigue. Truck drivers themselves could in turn not be entirely truthful about their own motivations for longer hours on the road. These limitations should be taken into account when conducting a study on the issue.

This does not however mean that the study of this problem should be abandoned. It is vitally important to investigate truck driver fatigue and its related problems in order to ensure better safety for all road users, as well as for this important employment sector in the country.

Munley, Munley & Cartwright (2009). Truck Driver Fatigue & Tractor Trailer Accidents.  http://www.truckinjuries.com/truck-driver-fatigue.html

The Home Office website was also a good source of informstion in this regard. A very good article that shed light on the more negative view of Holloway prison as well as units in other prisons was Getting it right? Services for pregnant women, new mothers, and babies in prison. An extremely useful report that deals specifically with Holloway prison was REPORT ON AN UNANNOUNCED FOLLOW-UP INSPECTION OF HM PRISON HOLLOWAY 11 -- 15 December 2000

Y HM INSPECTORATE OF PRISONS. This report provide some telling and insightful data that invaluable in terms of assessing the value and function of the mother and baby units in this prison.

4. Theoretical aspects

There are many theoretical aspects that pertain to the issue of mother and child units at a prison such as Holloway. In general terms, and from a criminological perspective, there is the view that units of this kind are…

Bibliography

Burrell I. Jail baby units reviewed 1998 [Online] Available at: By

 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/jail-baby-units-reviewed-1189057.html  [Accessed 2 April, 2010].

Female Prisoners [Online] Available at:  http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/adviceandsupport/prison_life/femaleprisoners  / [Accessed 3 April, 2010].

Holloway [Online] Available at:  http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/prisoninformation/locateaprison/prison.asp?id=454,15,2,15,454,0 [Accessed 3 April, 2010].

Safety is a term used to refer to prevention of an occurrence of risk that might cause damage, either severe or mild. It also refers to the precautions taken to reduce the risk of death, injury, property damage or hazards that might accrue during the performance of activities. Safety measures include fire safety, health safety, building safety, road safety, food safety, workplace safety, which individuals insure.

esources

Basing on various risks that humans are exposed to, often occur under working fields. One of the sources that will aid in conducting research is an interview in various working environments and different homes of people. Notes are taken during interviews especially under working environments such as roads, hospitals, agricultural centers and companies. Questions are also asked during interviews by the interviewer and have to be well framed based on the subject of safety. Electronic devices such as sound recorders are used where…

References

Brown, M. (1992). Health Care Management Straregy:Strategy Structure, and Process. Bolton: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

Kulakowski, E. a. (2008). Research Administration and Management. Chicago: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

Aviation Safety: Is flying safer than driving?

There has been an ongoing debate regarding the relative safety of flying as opposed to driving over long distances. Many argue that flying is the safer option, since statistics have proven this mode of transport to be one of the safest in the world. On the other hand, flying has been perceived as unsafe because passengers have relatively little chance of survival should mishaps occur in midair. One interesting dimension in terms of aviation safety is the events during September 11, 2001. These have caused many travelers to choose driving over flying as a result of terrorism fears. When comparing statistics, however, it appears that flying is indeed safer than driving because of factors such as the fatigue that drivers may suffer and human error on American roads. When flying, passengers do not need to maintain any level of concentration in order to…

References

Blalock, G., Kadiyali, V., and Simon, DH (2005, Dec. 5). Driving Fatalities After 9/11: A Hidden Cost of Terrorism. Retrieved from:  http://dyson.cornell.edu/faculty_sites/gb78/wp/fatalities_120505.pdf 

Jones, P. (2003). Letter to the Editors: Flying vs. Driving. American Scientist. Retrieved from:  http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.391,y.2003,no.3,content.true , page.1,css.print/issue.aspx

Kersten, M. (2011). How Did Aviation Change the Travel Experience? Grin Verlag.

Sivak, M. And Flannagan, M. (n.d.) Flying and Driving after the September 11 Attacks. American Scientist. Retrieved from: https://www.americanscientist.org/issues/issue.aspx?id=3312&y=0&no=&content=true&page=2&css=print

One should always think of safety first when deciding to ride a bicycle, especially in a heavily congested area such as New York City.

Many cyclists will explain that the main reason they do not wear protective bicycle gear is because it is uncomfortable. No one likes to be covered up a lot while they are riding down the street. They claim that it interferes with their ability to properly maneuver the bicycle and could cause them to wreck the bicycle. Other cyclists will explain that the reason they do not use the protective equipment when they ride a bike is because they cannot afford them. Some cyclists even claim that they do not have time to be bothered by putting on and taking off protective equipment. Life is a very fast and busy in New York City and most people do not have time to be bothered by protective…

REFERENCES

Commuter Cycling Indicator

http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/nycbicyclescrct.shtml.

 http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/commuter_cycling_indicator_and_data_2008.pdf .

http://www.transalt.org/files/resources/blueprint/contents.html.

Cities use video cameras more and more these days to control traffic in and around major roads and highways. While some may see this as an invasion of privacy, those working in law enforcement know the advantages of having proof of traffic violations. Furthermore, video cameras may be used to potentially spot other kinds of crimes that can lead to breakthroughs in major criminal cases. Therefore, countries like England have added video cameras to airports, public areas, and intersections to promote safety in these areas through constant surveillance (The Telegraph, 2016). Still, video cameras can be costly to implement, maintain, and monitor. Citizens may also feel their privacy invaded without their consent. Is having video cameras as part of a way to monitor the public for a crime a good idea or a bad one?

The advantages are clear and lean towards public safety. Of the many crimes perpetrated in…

Transportation

DISASTER RECOVERY AND ORGANIZATIONAL CONTINUITY

The governments of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States all have some form of transportation safety board for disaster response. Their duties are sometimes gathered under one agency and sometimes divided among more than one agency. However, their missions are all focused on transportation security and not on assigning blame to people or groups for accident.

Transportation Safety Boards

Australia

Australia has the Australian Transportation Safety Bureau (ATSB), which is an independent statutory agency run by a Commission and kept apart from regulators, policy makers and service providers for transportation. It is designed to increase safety and public confidence transportation by: autonomous examination -- both in Australia and abroad - of accidents and safety incidents; recording, examining and researching safety information; and encouraging safety consciousness, information and behavior (Australian Government, 2016). The ATSB investigates aviation accidents, events and insufficiencies.…

Works Cited

Australian Government. (2016). About ATSB. Retrieved from www.atsb.gov.au:  https://www.atsb.gov.au/about_atsb/overview/ 

Australian Government. (2016). Aviation. Retrieved from www.atsb.gov.au:  https://www.atsb.gov.au/aviation/aviation-safety/ 

Australian Government. (2016). Marine. Retrieved from www.gov.au:  https://www.atsb.gov.au/marine/marine-safety/ 

Australian Government. (2016). Rail. Retrieved from www.atsb.gov.au:  https://www.atsb.gov.au/rail/rail-safety/

1).

Conclusion

The nation's public transportation system is at the forefront of keeping communities moving. The research showed that ensuring that these transit systems have a comprehensive safety program in place has assumed increasing importance in recent years. Not only are there a wide range of federal, state and local regulations to be considered in this analysis, though, there are a number of approaches used in the planning process that make across-the-board generalizations difficult. The research was consistent, though, in showing that transit companies are faced with some profound challenges as they seek to identify the most appropriate routes while balancing the needs of their fleet drivers, political interest groups and energy conservation issues. In the final analysis, the nation depends on its transit fleets for the movement of people and goods on a day-to-day basis; therefore, ensuring that the people who operate these conveyances are responsible and qualified just…

References

America under threat: Transit responds to terrorism. (2001). Supplement to Passenger Transport. American Public Transportation Association.

Barfield, W., & Dingus, T.A. (1998). Human factors in intelligent transportation systems. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Cervero, R. (1997). Paratransit in America: Redefining mass transportation. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

Citizen Guidance on the Homeland Security Advisory System. (2005). Department of Homeland Security. [Online]. Available: http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/display?theme=29.

Motorcycle riders believe they should be responsible for their own safety and well-being, and should not be forced to wear a helmet if they do not want to. This argument seems self-centered and unrealistic. Helmets save lives, it is proven, and anyone who does not want to save their own life seems to be living in a dream world where accidents do not occur. However, they do, and people die as a result of making poor choices. On bicycles, children have even more chances of injury, because children tend to take more chances, not understanding the risks, and they are still growing, so they can be even more severely injured in accidents, especially with head injuries. Helmets should be required for all children riding bicycles, because children have not developed the facilities to understand all the dangers that face them.

Helmets do restrict side and rear vision, and many people…

In addition, a growing number of countries in the region have also started strict traffic sign and signal enforcement campaigns (Martin, 2005). In addition, launched in 2009, a governmental campaign to reduce traffic accidents in the Sultanate of Oman has sought to raise awareness among Omanis concerning the need to use safety belts in general and the need to use safety seats for young children every time people take to the road. In addition, the oyal Oman Police, the Ministry of Social Development and the Ministry of Education have collaborated with the Omani Society Safety on the traffic safety initiatives as discussed further below.

Civil Society. According to ajhi (2011), there are a number of civic organizations that play an important role in promoting traffic safety and raising public awareness about the need to reduce traffic accidents. These organizations include the Omani Society for oad Safety which is dedicated to…

References

Martin, J. (2005, March). Arab traffic jam: Road traffic accidents are costing Arab states billions of dollars annually, not to mention the catastrophic loss of life. The Middle East, 354, 37-

39.

Miedema, H.M. & Oudshoorn, C.G. (2001, April). Annoyance from transportation noise:

Relationships with exposure metrics DNL and DENL and their confidence intervals.

Various smart vehicle and smart highway technologies and systems offer tremendous potential for improving road and vehicular safety. Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) have already been developed in the United States and Japan, also called Road Transport Informatics (RTI) in Europe (Collier and Weiland, 1994, p. 27). Smart highways are also referred to as Automated Vehicle Highway Systems (AVHS) or Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The lack of global consensus on what to call smart driving and smart highways reflects the burgeoning nature and broad gamut of technologies that need to be further developed and integrated into standardized systems. The most important of the IVHS systems involve both vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) technologies. Both V2V and V2I technologies capitalize on software and hardware systems that have already been integrated into many newer automobiles, such as GPS and WiFi. Some systems also require Dedicated Short Range Communication…

Drive 55" isn't just a song; it's the truth. Drivers in Oregon need a higher speed limit on major freeways to encourage a more natural flow of traffic. Raising the speed limit to 75 miles per hour is not going to create more hazardous roads. In fact, raising the speed limit to 75 mph would encourage a more natural and therefore safer flow of traffic in the left-hand lanes of major state freeways. Real road hazards include distractions like texting while driving, or impairment like sleepiness or intoxication. These are the issues law enforcement should concern itself with, leaving alone those who drive 75 mph. For a long time, speed limits have been associated with highway safety with the assumption that slower is safer. While it is certain that reckless driving is a public safety hazard, speed itself is not. Raising the Oregon freeway speed limit to 75 mph will…

Hour of Service egulations on Truck Safety

Hours of Service regulations are overseen, developed and published by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. These regulations regard the number of hours in which a commercial vehicle operator (CMV) may (such as a truck driver or bus driver) may drive a vehicle in the U.S. The purpose of this regulation is to ensure that large vehicle operators have sufficient rest between shifts so that they are not recklessly operating a powerful machine that could potentially put others and themselves at risk of injury (for example, if the operator were to fall asleep at the wheel and lose control of the vehicle). The regulation is also designed to meet the needs of transporters of goods, who aim to have products shipped by deadlines in order to stay profitable. Thus, there are many considerations that go into the process of determining and setting this…

References

Boyce, W. (2016). Does truck driver health and wellness deserve more attention?

Journal of Transport & Health. Retrieved from  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140516000116 

Bukowski, T. (2013). A matter of time: new limits in effect on truck driver hours of service. Safety and Health: The Official Magazine of the NSC Congress and Expo. Retrieved from  http://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/9403-a-matter-of-time-truck-hours-of-service-new-limits 

Cathey, B. (2014). Impact of Hours of Service Rules. Teletrac. Retrieved from  http://www.teletrac.com/fleet-management/topics/hours-of-service-impact-trucking

Problems to be addressed:

There are several problems associated with the issue of cell phone use while driving and the ineffective regulations to restrict the use of mobile phones on the road. First, the increased use of these devices while driving has significant impacts on driving performance. This is because mobile phone use during driving distracts the driver physically, cognitively, and visually. The distractions contribute to the inability of drivers to maintain required speed, lateral position, and throttle control on the road. Since the driving performance reduces, the risk of crashes and accidents on the roads increases. Studies have shown that drivers miss 13% targets when talking and 24% when dialing or texting (Brace, Young & egan, 2007).

Secondly, cell phone while driving contributes to a major social problem of increased crash risk since it endangers the lives of passengers, drivers, and passersby. In addition to the distractions it causes…

References:

Bruce, C.L., Young, K.L. & Regan, M.A. (2007, April 17). Analysis of the Literature: The Use

of Mobile Phones while Driving. Retrieved May 12, 2013, from  http://www.nsc.org/news_resources/Resources/Documents/Analysis%20of%20the%20Literature,%20The%20Use%20of%20Mobile%20Phones%20While%20Driving.pdf 

Noder, S.L. (2009). Talking and Texting While Driving: A Look at Regulating Cell Phone Use

Behind the Wheel. Valparaiso University Law Review, 44(1), 237-282.

Transport

Indicative Literature eview

Accident Theories

Theories of Transport Safety

WMATA Accidents & the Debate

Analysis and Evaluation of the Key Issues

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has recorded a number of rail accidents and other incidents within the jurisdiction of the Washington DC Metro Transit Authority (WMATA) in the past six years. A centralized approach taken by the Federal Transport Agency (FTA) and the safety management department has not helped in the reduction of the incidents that are potentially hazardous and detrimental for travelers.

There have been talks about adopting new approaches and methods to deal with the issues that lead to the accidents and incidents. These measures are expected to yield results over a period of 5-10 s. The exposure to the risk of accidents and the safety performance would be reduced by the implementation of the measures (oversight.house.gov, 2015).

Since the process of management of road…

References

Dhillon, B. (2011). Transportation systems reliability and safety. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Friend, M. and Kohn, J. (2007). Fundamentals of occupational safety and health. Lanham, Md.: Government Institutes.

Goetsch, D. (2010). The basics of occupational safety. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Jha, N. (2008). Research methodology. Chandigarh: Abhishek Publications.

By analyzing the amount in dollars various accidents caused in the two different groups, researchers could discern if these cameras were actually cost beneficial in comparison to the cost of accidents in intersections without Red Light Cameras.

Researchers in this study used the Bayes before and after method of data analysis to discern conclusions about the raw data which they received. Result showed that more costly right angle crashes did decrease in areas which used Red Light Camera Systems. However, there were a significant number of rear-end crashes in areas which used cameras in intersections. This increase of rear-end crashes raised the overall cost of implementing these systems in controlling traffic. However, the fact that they are less costly per incident that dangerous t-bone, or right angle crashes, makes the intersections with these symptoms more cost beneficial than similar intersections without red Light Cameras.

Analysis of the recorded data did…

Works Cited

Council, Forrest M., BMI-SG; Persaud, Bhagwant, Ryerson University; Eccles,

Kimberly, BMI-SG; Lyon, Craig, Ryerson University. (April 2005). "Safety

Evaluation of Red Light Cameras." U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Report No. FHWA-HRT-05-048. http://ttap.colostate.edu/Library/FHWA/FHWA-HRT-05-048.pdf

Though it is important that only fully trained and equipped first responders actively treat serious injury, in some areas there are simply not enough first responders to ensure that all accident victims receive adequate care in a timely fashion.

The discrepancy in number of fully trained personnel vs. volunteer personnel may be a contributing factor in the at times tense relationship between prehospital first response staff. It is essential in the successful transition between prehospital care and emergency room triage that emergency room staff not only accept the diagnostic and assessment information provided by first responders but also that they be willing to incorporate those first responders into the initial intake of the victim into the hospital setting (Tziotos, et al., 2006). Incorporating first responders into the first stages of emergency room care is essential in that first responders were actually at the site of the accident and as such…

References:

1. Atkin, C., Freedman, I., Rosenfeld, J., Fitzgerald, M., & Kossman, T. (2005). The evolution of an integrated state trauma system in Victoria, Australia. International Journal of the Care of the Injured, 2643, 1- 11.

2. Cameron, P., Gabbe, B., Cooper, J., Walker, T., Judson, R., & McNeil, J. (2008). A statewide system of trauma care in Victoria: Effect on patient survival. The Medical Journal of Australia, 189, 546- 550.

3. Veitch, C., Sheehan, M., Turner, R., Siskind, V., & Pashen. D. (2005). The economic, medical and social costs of road traffic crashes in rural north Queensland: a 5-year multi-phase study. Electronic Proceedings of the

8th National Rural Health Conference, Alice Springs, March, 2005.

Perceptual Mapping

Analysis of the CruiseThorr Perceptual Map and Market Positioning

The intent of this analysis is to evaluate the simulations involving perpetual mapping for the CruiseThorr and oth motorcycles, the latter model launched as part of this simulation. Each of the situations are described, followed by a recommended solution and results achieved. Additional questions are also answered at the end of this analysis pertaining to product differentiation, product repositioning and product lifecycles,

Analysis of Scenario-based Simulations

The initial situations, recommended solution and results of each iteration of the simulation are presented and analyzed in this section.

Situation Analysis

The first simulation begins with the CruiseThorr losing market share as younger buyers don't have the high disposable income to afford it The 21- to 35-year-old age group is interested in motorcycles yet cannot afford the CruiseThorr, and also find the model to be behind the times in terms of their…

References

Bachand, D. (1988). The marketing of ideas: Advertising and road safety. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 4(4), 291-291.

Bijmolt, T.H.A., & Wedel, M. (1999). A comparison of multidimensional scaling methods for perceptual mapping. JMR, Journal of Marketing Research, 36(2), 277-285.

Gelb, T. (1989). Overhauling corporate engine drives winning strategy. The Journal of Business Strategy, 10(6), 8-8.

Hooley, G.J. (1979). Perceptual mapping for product positioning: A comparison of two approaches. European Research, 7(1), 17-17.

" (United States Department of Agriculture - Forest Services, 2000)

The draft environmental impact statement elicited over 1.1 million responses which the Forest Service identified and summarized into six major issue categories including:

1) Public access;

2) Identification of other unroaded areas;

3) Exemptions and exceptions

4) Environmental effects;

5) Local involvement; and 6) the effect on communities with strong natural resource affiliations. (United States Department of Agriculture - Forest Services, 2000)

These issues served to guide the process through:

1) Determining the scope of the proposal;

2) Development of a range of alternatives;

3) Direction of the analysis of potential environmental, social and economic effects;

3) Identification of possible mitigation and 4) Ensuring that the agency is operating within legal authorities. (United States Department of Agriculture - Forest Services, 2000)

Two sets of alternatives were developed:

Four alternatives, including a No Action Alterative that cover the range of possible…

Bibliography

Forest Service Roadless Area Conservation (2000) United States Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Washington Office November 2000. Final Environmental Impact Statement Summary. Online available at  http://roadless.fs.fed.us/documents/feis/documents/summarynb.pdf 

NEPA Documentation Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)(2000) Project Development. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. Online available at http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/projdev/docueis.asp

Secondly, that a positive correlation exists between the instruments CNSVS and the PMC-Q and therefore improve road craft awareness. The alternative null research hypotheses are that: Firstly the intervention program did not produce any significant difference in the concentration levels of Police motorbike riders, and secondly that no positive correlation exists between the instruments CNSVS and the PMC-Q. Therefore there is credence to suggest that a program of cognitive training should be implemented to improve the Police motorbike riders' concentration levels.

As this study is a pioneering study there is a great importance placed upon conducting a pilot study prior to the main study. Thomas & Nelson (2001) report that 75% of research papers are not publishable and make no contribution to theory or practice because of crucial methodological blemishes that could have easily been eradicated if a pilot study had been conducted first. A pilot study helps to develop…

References

Saving private and professional motorcyclists, (2004). Department for Transport. Retrieved February 2, 2005 from www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_about/documents/pdf/dft_about_pdf_030423.pdf

Class One Advanced Training, 2002. Retrieved February 2, 2005 at http://www.class1motorcycletraining.com/policetraining.htm

THINK! - motorcycle safety campaign: leisure riders. Retrieved February 2, 2005 at http://www.thinkroadsafety.gov.uk/campaigns/motorcycles/motorcycles03.htm

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001028585

Furthermore, 34 other states offer insurance discounts of up to 10% following completion of such a course. Insurance points assigned by the individual insurance carrier are used to determine the cost of auto insurance and, therefore, are not reduced upon course completion (Young). In recent years, a number of states have adopted various forms of graduated licensing in an effort to manage the high crash rates among teenage drivers and, concomitantly, improve traffic safety for the public; such graduated licensing programs allow complete licensure only following the completion of a series of steps that involve removing the various restrictions from licensure have been satisfied (Williams, Weinberg, Fields, & Ferguson, 1996).

New Jersey's Motor Vehicle Services office has developed an online overview of the state's point system and includes the penalties for violating drunk driving laws, as a state with some of the most severe penalties for drunk driving and related…

References

Airport ground vehicle operations guide. (1998). U.S. Department of Transportation: SVC- 121.23/Stock Number ASY-300 98/001.

Dennis, C., & Harris, L. (2002). Marketing the e-business. London: Routledge.

Doganis, R. (1999). The airport business. New York: Routledge.

Drivers make a penalty point; poll finds the majority of us have lost faith in the system. (2006, January 27). Daily Record (London, England), 3.

economic value of human life. The writer takes the reader on an exploratory journey through several methods used to calculate that value as well as other theories about calculating that value. There were four sources used to complete this paper.

Worldwide it has been said that people are becoming more materialistic than ever before. It seems that everything now has a tangible value that can be computed in dollars and cents. Insurance companies want a dollar value placed on the most sentimental items one owns, while things once belonging to celebrities command a high fee at auctions and promotions. In addition to individual items being assessed individual values, abstract ideas are also assigned values through dollars. Consultants, writers, and others are paid for their ideas and their intellectual property in the same way that someone purchases a new couch for the living room. Throughout history people have placed value on…

Medical science has worked to extend human life and today people are living longer than ever before and with that ability comes many quality of life issues. Whether or not to invest millions of dollars to maintain someone's life, regardless of the quality of life that person will have is constantly under argument (Determining the Economic Value of Human Life Worth of Life (http://www.behan.ws/lifevalue.htm?Num=3).Those who want organ transplants have to currently convince committees that their lives will be worth the money it takes to do it. Those who are on death row asking to be able to donate their organs are being bombarded with media coverage debating whether or not their organs are worth the saving of a human life. The medical community is constantly charged with providing some tangible dollar value to human life for purposes of medical procedures, research and other areas.

Another area of importance given the economic value of human life is litigation. The nation is filled with more wrongful death suits than in the past. Part of this may be because of medical science being willing to attempt more and sometimes failing, because the population has expanded and there are more accidents etc., or the nation has become more sue happy. It is most likely a combination of many factors. The courts are currently being charged with placing a dollar value on the lives of those who are gone and their loved ones have sued for damages. The courts are currently not in a position to have a tangible dollar value so they are left trying to guess at the worth of the person in question. The judgments are ranging from thousands, to hundreds of millions of dollars and the size of the judgment often times is dependent on jury sitting in the box, more than any concrete calculation. For these and other public policy reasons it is important to evaluate the economic value of human life from a business standpoint.

The economic value of human life involves the length of life, and the net economic contribution that a person could be expected to make during his or her lifetime. Both of these areas involve issues that can be established through expert testimony. Total net economic value involves the life expectancy, the value of the person's earnings and other economic

Mobile Phones

One of the most important concepts in public safety is the idea of "accidents." That is the wrong word for a collision that was avoidable either through attention or preventative measures. There are very few accidents on the roads. There are collisions, and they are caused by either mechanical error or human error. The word 'accident' lets people off the hook for their mistakes, mistakes that nobody should make if they are doing their job. The reality is that there are a lot of things that people do to cause collisions. One is that they take their attention away from the task at hand. When a person is operating a 2000-lb, traveling at a speed sufficient to induce deadly force, one may wish to pay attention, to prevent collisions. Mobile phones are just one of many sources of driver distraction, but there should be penalties associated with driving…

References

Ruiz, R. (2014) A third of UAE drivers admit using phone at wheel. The National. Retrieved May 28, 2015 from  http://www.thenational.ae/uae/transport/a-third-of-uae-drivers-admit-using-phone-at-wheel 

Ruiz, R. (2015). Stowing mobile phones away while driving could save lives, experts say. The National. Retrieved May 28, 2015 from  http://www.thenational.ae/uae/transport/stowing-mobile-phones-away-while-driving-could-save-lives-experts-say 

Nagraj, A. (2014). UAE clamps down on drivers using mobile phones. Gulf Business. Retrieved May 28, 2015 from  http://gulfbusiness.com/2014/08/uae-clamps-drivers-using-mobile-phones/ 

Madden, M. & Lenhart, A. (2009). Teens and distracted driving: Texting, talking and other uses of the cell phone behind the wheel. Pew Research Center. 2009-11-16, 1-16.

Effects of social advertising on the American society

Having seen that the society at large is highly dependent on the social media, and it is on these social networks that the social advertising has turned to, it is necessary to look at the extent to which the society today has been affected by the medium of transmission and the content of the social advertising.

The underlying fact about the social advertising is that they want to make a positive impact on the society in general, it is the drive to see a better society that makes the foundation and core business of the organizations involved in social advertisements.

It has been seen that the same techniques used in promoting profitable goods and services can as well be used for information purpose, educate and motivational aspect to the public about the non-profitable issues like HIV / AIDS, the energy conservation, politics…

References

AAF (2011), About AAF. Retrieved March 1, 2011 from  http://www.aaf.org/default.asp?id=24 

B&T, (2003). Advertising road safety. Retrieved March 1, 2011 from  http://www.bandt.com.au/news/advertising-road-safety 

Barrie G, et al. (2005). Advertising to children on TV: content, impact, and regulation. (pp 104).

New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Publishers.

Defensive Driving is among the safety measures drivers must observe to prevent road accidents. Measures such as wearing seat belts, avoiding alcohols when driving, performing simple safety vehicle check before driving, and following traffic regulations, are some of the common safety rules that may ensure an accident-free driving. Aside from these, the following are some helpful defensive driving pointers.

Observe speed limit

Keep a safe driving distance

e aware of other drivers

Observe special driving conditions (i.e. bad weather)

Observe Speed Limit

Observing speed limit is a good driving habit that prevents road accidents. In many cities, speeding is one of the main causes of road accidents. Its danger can toll the lives of both the driver and the passengers. Some roads require certain maximum and minimum speed limits. This depends on the condition of the roadway. Unless a driver is cautious and alert while driving, speeding may cause vehicle…

Bibliography

Roush, Scott. Defensive Driving Tips.

Cartrackers. 28 August 2003.  http://www.jobtrak.com/onlinecarcenter/driving.html 

White, Jesse. Chapter Ten: Safe Driving Tips.

CyberDriveIllinois. 28 August 2003. http://www2.sos.state.il.us/publications/rr/rr_chap10.html

Driving hile Impaired in Canada

Tough new laws have been enacted in Canada in response to the problem of driving while impaired. In this case "impaired" means driving while intoxicated on alcohol -- being over the limit on blood alcohol (driving under the influence, DUI / driving while intoxicated, DI) -- or on drugs. This paper describes the issue, reviews the relevant legislation and laws, reviews the history of laws pertaining to impaired driving sanctions, and offers analysis of the contemporary legal situations regarding impaired driving laws in Canada.

hat is Impaired Driving?

The Ministry of Transportation in Ontario defines impaired driving as driving "while you ability is affected by alcohol or drugs… a deadly combination" (www.mto.gov.on.ca). The fact is that one drink can reduce a driver's ability to concentrate on the road and the traffic. Even one drink can affect a driver's reaction time, the MTO explains. The MTO…

Works Cited

Addario, Frank. (2008). Nasty Criminal Law Will Achieve Nothing for Public Safety.

Criminal Lawyer's Association. Retrieved Oct. 1, 2011, from  http://www.criminallawyers.ca .

Bill C-2. (2007). An Act to amend the Criminal Code and to Make Consequential Amendments

To Other Acts. Parliament of Canada. Virtual Library. Retrieved Oct. 1, 2011, from  http://www.parl.gc.ca .

As a result, the market itself is very fickle and although this target market has a very strong participation rate, it is a very volatile and price sensitive market. There are several problems with this target market that Autosafe will be challenged by in promoting their product. The most important is in the product specific nature of this consumer base. Consumers within the target market are extremely aware of the "luxury" nature of this safety product, and therefore are extremely sensitive to design as well as price. This implies that Autosafe must be both the winner within the design and price category in order to become a competitive force within this niche market. Target consumers are looking for a design that is ideally suited for their children, but that is also low maintenance in installation and use. There are several products already on the market that features such a design…

29 Jan. 2007  http://www.aap.org/family/carseatguide.htm .

Seat Belt Adjuster." Amazon. 29 Jan. 2007  http://www.amazon.com/ 

Seat-Belt-Adjuster/dp/B0000488W5>.

eber and Marx on Labor

In the 19th century, leading social theorists such as Karl Marx and Max eber believed that because its many inherent contradictions, the capitalist system would inevitably fall into a decline.

More than a century later, however, the capitalist system is far from dead. Rather, it appears to be further entrenched, encircling the world in the stranglehold of globalization.

Despite the continued growth of capitalism, however, this paper argues that both Marx and eber's writings remain relevant to explaining many aspects of advanced industrial capitalism. In this paper, the Marx and eber's writings on estranged labor are explored in detail, to examine if the labor theories both men used to analyze capitalism and the plight of workers in the 19th century can also be applied to 21st century capitalism.

The first part of this paper discusses Marx's theory of estranged labor, as written in The Economic…

Works Cited

Alarcon-Gonzales, Diana and Terry McKinley, "The adverse effects of structural adjustments on working women in Mexico" Latin American Perspectives, 26, 3, May 1999, 103-117. Available from Proquest Database.

A ore, Tom, ed. A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Second Edition. London: Basil Blackwell, 1991.

Coser, Louis. Masters of Sociological Thought. New York: Harcourt Brace Janovich, 1977.

Lee, Matthew T. And Ermann, David. "Pinto madness as a flawed landmark narrative: an organization of and network analysis." Social Problems, Feb 1999 v46 i1 p30(1). Proquest Database.

Gheorghiu, Delhomme & Felonneau (2015) conducted a study in which they examined how the speeding behaviors of young drivers are fueled by peer pressure and risk tasking. The study was conducted on the premise that teenagers and young adults are known for their increased engagement in risky behaviors unlike other age groups. While numerous efforts have been undertaken to understand the behavior and countermeasures for this age group, increased involvement in risky behaviors like speedy driving is common among them. Based on recent surveys, the crash rates of teenagers and young drivers are particularly high when they are driving in the presence of peer passengers as compared to when they are alone. Therefore, examining the influence of peer pressure and risk taking of teenagers and young adults' speeding behavior is an important issue of study. The study helps in determining the psychological factors brought by peer pressure and risk taking…

Environmental Industrial Management

Corporate social responsibility (CS) has been a hot topic in business circles for decades. The topic has gained even greater attention in the last few decades in the wake of increased attention to the impact of business activities on the environment, economy, and the society (Flammer, 2013; Schrempf-Stirling, Palazzo and Phillips, 2016). This paper discusses the principles of CS; the integration of social, economic, and environmental aspects in the organisational agenda; the importance of transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement in CS; and the notions of materiality in CS and sustainability reporting as outlined in the Global eporting Initiative (GI) G4 guidelines.

Whereas there is no commonly agreed definition, CS generally refers to the activities business organisations deliberately undertake with the aim of promoting social, economic, and environmental sustainability (Crowther and Aras, 2008). It denotes the pursuit of economic objectives while at the same time consciously pursuing social…

References

Barclays, 2013. Citizenship Report 2013. [online] Available at: [Accessed 9 December 2016]

Crowther, D. and Aras, G., 2008. Corporate social responsibility. New York: Ventus Publishing.

Flammer, C., 2013. Does corporate social responsibility lead to superior performance? A regression discontinuity approach. Management Science, 61(11), 1-27.

Foote, J., Gaffney, N. and Evans, J., 2010. Corporate social responsibility: implications for performance excellence. Total Quality Management, 21(8), 799-812.

CS in Saudi Arabian Banking

Social esponsibility: Attitudes, Actualities, and Possible Areas of Advancement in Saudi Arabian Banking

The global financial system has become increasingly smaller and more complex, with individual countries and their financial and banking infrastructures more intertwined and mutually dependent on each other. Because of this, understanding the role that banking systems and entities play in the social and political spheres is essential for policy makers and for individuals working in the banking sector. Of special importance are the social responsibilities that are borne by banks and the banking industry, which can vary greatly from country to country, based on a multitude of factors. The research described and proposed herein will yield a greater understanding of how these responsibilities are viewed by bankers in Saudi Arabia.

Scholarship on Saudi Arabia's banking industry has focused almost entirely on the financial implications for the country and the globe of…

References

Babbie, E. (2009). The practice of social research Mason, OH: Cengage.

Breakwell, G. (2006). Research methods in psychology Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Butters, A. (2009) "Saudi's small steps" Time 174(15), pp. 44-77

Campbell, J. (2007). "Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility" Academy of Management Review 32(3), pp 946 -- 967

SAFETY

Importance of Multilateral Continuity Planning

Safety- Importance of Multilateral Continuity Planning

Many business entities are joining the corporate world for immense investments. These pertains business operations that are effectively run through hierarchical systems in various managerial departments for the achievement of optimized business operations. This, therefore, calls for the best managerial methodologies in the business, human resource and disaster management. The later is the most essential in managing a business as it sometimes replicates unexpected situations that implicate diversely to the organization's stakeholders, the community as well as other business partners. In my organization, the notion of having unexpected outcomes, has been curbed by initiating proper disaster management methods use of multilateral continuity planning models.

It is important for business-oriented firms to strategize continuity planning methods, though, it is usually perceived as a counter-productive process (Hiles 2011). The practice not only oversees organizational, structural continuity, but also on the…

References

EM-DAT. (2009). Draft Study on Corporate Involvement in Disaster Management. The International Disaster Database. 1-19.

Hiles, A. (2011). The Definitive Handbook of Business Continuity Management. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Off-duty time does not extend the 14-hour period.

15-Hour on-Duty Limit

May not drive after having been on duty for 15 hours, following 8 consecutive hours off duty. Off-duty time is not included in the 15-hour period.

60/70-Hour on-Duty Limit

May not drive after 60/70 hours on duty in 7/8 consecutive days. A driver may restart a 7/8 consecutive day period after taking 34 or more consecutive hours off duty.

60/70-Hour on-Duty Limit

May not drive after 60/70 hours on duty in 7/8 consecutive days.

Sleeper Berth Provision

Drivers using the sleeper berth provision must take at least 8 consecutive hours in the sleeper berth, plus a separate 2 consecutive hours either in the sleeper berth, off duty, or any combination of the two.

Sleeper Berth Provision

Drivers using a sleeper berth must take at least 8 hours in the sleeper berth, and may split the sleeper-berth time into two…

References

About DOT. (2012). U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved from  http://www.dot.gov/ .

Ashmore, R.B. & Staff, W.C. (1994). Teaching ethics: An interdisciplinary approach.

Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.

Belz, S.M., Robinson, G.S. & Casali, J.G. (2004). Temporal separation and self-rating of alertness as indicators of driver fatigue in commercial motor vehicle operators. Human Factors, 46(1), 154-156.

1% greater than the Texas average.

The cost of living in Canyon is 2.6% less than the national average.

The cost of living index is based on a national average of 100.If the region shows a cost of living index that is lower than 100, it means it is living below national standard, and the reverse shows it is living above national standards. Canyon's living standard is 97, which shows that it is living below average national standards. At the same time, however, it is significantly greater than cost of living in Texas in general. Its groceries, its goods, and its transportation are one or more notches higher than Texas in general. Its housing index is considerably higher. Its utilities index is however significantly lower than Texas and certainly than the Nation as a whole. Its health care index is also slightly lower than Texas in general.

Misc. The price…

Sources

Area vibes. Canyon Education

 http://www.areavibes.com/canyon-tx/education/ 

Area Vibes. Canyon transportation information.

 http://www.areavibes.com/canyon-tx/transportation

Accordingly, the Garrison Commander would like to honor the SARC and VA of the Fort Belvoir community for their outstanding service and their compassion in helping those who are affected by sexual assault and sexual victimization. heir work is essential for victims and their loved ones to recover from their experiences and overcome them. Please join Commander ____ and the rest of the Fort Belvoir community in acknowledging and thanking our dedicated SARC and VA personnel for their crucial work in this area and for helping victims recover and overcome their experiences as victims of sexual assault, victimization, and violence.

ake Back the Night

Date: April 19

ime: 1700

Location: he Woodlawn Village

One of the most important layers of the prevention of sexual assault by strangers is increasing the safety of our community environment. Please join our ake Back the Night event where three guest speakers will address the…

The Sad but Encouraging History of Denim Day

In 1997, a teenage girl was forcibly raped by her driving instructor in Italy; it was her very first driving lesson. The rapist was sentenced to serve a prison sentence but that sentence was later reversed by an appeals court on the basis of the assumption that the girl's jeans were so tight that she would have had to help her rapist remove them, thereby making the interaction consensual rather than forced rape. In protest, female members of the Italian Parliament wore jeans to work and that practice has since spread internationally.

The idea behind "Denim Day" is that rape and sexual assault are never the fault of the victim, regardless of how victims choose to dress. To support and promote that concept, we are asking that all soldiers, civilians, community member, elected officials, businesses proprietors, and students take this opportunity on April 26th to make a social statement with their choice of attire. By wearing denim jeans, you will be participating in a visible protest and fighting against the myths that surround sexual assault and its victims.

" (United Nations, 2000) The Household udget Survey 1996/1997 reported that in excess of 14.5 of households in Mauritius are presently living below the poverty line and economic development has been stalled due to the "…rising cost of labor erosion of the protected international markets due to gradual effects of globalization and liberalization and increasing competition with other countries…" (United Nations, 2000)

The distribution aspect of income and wealth has not been addressed in a sufficient manner by the liberal economic policies that rely on the market. Unemployment has increased in recent years and this has been "accompanied by inflation that has contributed to a loss of purchasing power, especially affecting women." (United Nations, 2000)

There is a failure to meet the needs of very low income housing and creating further tensions in Mauritius are challenges related to employment equality of access and disparity in education which is stated to…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) (2000) Mauritius. November 2000.

Constructing Knowledge Societies: New Challenges for Tertiary Education (2002) The World Bank. Online available at:  http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRREGTOPTEIA/Resources/Constructing_Knowledge_Societies.pdf 

Gokhool, Dharambeer (2008) 1148th Session of the International Conference on Education (Unesco) 25-28thNovember 2008,Geneva Comprehensive Approaches In Early Childhood Education: The Mauritian Experience.

Gokhool, D. Hon. (2008) Address given Certificate Award Ceremony for Training of Trainers' Course in Healthy Eating and Food Safety. 28 Apr 208, Paul O. Wiehe Auditorium, Reduit.

Because transportation infrastructure and services are important components of the urban system, they need to be sustainable and contribute to economic growth rather than harm the people that rely on them for their livelihoods. According to Asri and Hidayat (2005), "The expansion of social and economic activities has resulted in rising pollution and environmental degradation following the economic crisis in Jakarta Metropolitan area where environmental regulations were largely disregarded" (p. 1792). Taken together, these issues represent a growing public health threat that requires informed solutions, and these issues are discussed further below at they relate to the aims and objectives of the study.

Aims and Objectives

This research has an aim and several objectives. The aim of this research is to find out how the pollution levels occurred in several main roads in Jakarta and explore some strategies to reduce carbon pollution levels by using some schemes and scenarios. These…

References

Asri, D. U & Hidayat, B 2005. Current transportation issues in Jakarta and its impact on environment. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 5, 1792

-- 1798.

Barth Boriboonsomsin. 2009. Real-World CO2 Impacts of Traffic Congestion. (ONLINE)

Available at: http://www.uctc.net/papers/846.pdf (Accessed 18 May 2012)

Crosswalk Proposal

Policy Proposal:

To the Facilities Director of De Anza College

While the recently completed multimillion dollar facilities expansion project has undoubtedly increased De Anza College's regional influence and enhanced the institution's ability to attract quality students, in our breathless rush towards progress certain public safety measures have been neglected. The completion of the Off-Campus Dorm unit has undoubtedly enabled a greater number of upperclassmen to make the campus area of Cupertino their home, however, the location of this residence hall may result in unnecessary injuries or deaths due to traffic collisions. Because the Off-Campus Dorm is situated north of Stevens Creek Boulevard, one of the city's more heavily trafficked eight-lane thoroughfares, a significant number of students are now forced to cross this busy street during their daily commutes from dorm to campus.

Although the intersection currently contains a crosswalk to facilitate pedestrian movement, we contend that this crosswalk…

References

City of Cupertino, California. Cupertino Pedestrian Transportation Plan. San Francisco, CA: Wilbur Smith Associates, 2002. Print.

City of Cupertino. Growing Greener Outdoors. Cupertino, CA. 2010. Web. .

Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 2000. Print.

Foothill-De Anza Board of Trustees. Foothill-De Anza Community College District. 2007 Facilities Master Plan. Los Altos Hills, CA. 2007. Web. .

These people often lack familiarity with public safety operations. Campus chiefs of police and directors of security are often challenged by the opposing interests of their chief executive officers. Informing campus leaders about importance of public safety is vital to its success. Nonetheless, time constraints and other challenges and priorities imposed on these leaders make it difficult for them to devote any time to security and safety matters before the problems arise (National Summit of Campus Public Safety, 2005).

The look and feel of security on college and university campuses has changed dramatically since September 11th. Colleges and universities have implemented the following:

- updated their campus emergency management plans to include response protocols for an active shooter on campus, bomb threat, evacuation, lockdown and other high probability incidents that might occur.

- registered their campus emergency management plans with their local municipal police departments and county offices of emergency…

References

Canas, Richard. (2008). Retrieved May 7, 2009, from The New York Times Web site:

 http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/16/rethinking-the-role-of-campus-police/ 

National Summit of Campus Public Safety. (2005). Retrieved May 7, 2009, from U.S.

Department of Justice Web site:

The problems at the work place were detected over a long period of time and are a part of the history of development. The development of technology was very rapid which must also have brought in the needed changes in the workplace functions and norms. Unfortunately the basic structure of health protection came to be discussed only in the beginning of 1960s. The occupational medicine became a separate field of study since then and the occupational health service was born. The motto which the service wanted to achieve was an ergonomic system that could fit the job and the worker and simultaneously identify and eliminate health hazards. (Wilkinson, 50) There were many statues passed that created safety at the workplace. The greatest step in this regard was the OSHA regulations.

OSHA Implications

The OSHA act of 1970 was the single piece of legislation that gave an impetus to the work…

Reference:

N.A. Comparative table of pain distribution. ( http://www.aans.org/education/journal/neurosurgical/may98/4-5-p1/8204f3.GIF )

References

Charlton, Samuel G; O'brien, Thomas G. Handbook of Human Factors Testing and Evaluation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, NJ. 2002.

Harrington, Lisa. H. The Safety Zone.  http://www.inboundlogistics.com/articles/features/0506_feature01.shtml

The middle of the decade of the 1980's was witness to the creation of the Technology Assessment Program Information Center and the Technology Program Advisory Agency. Their functions were as follows:

Technology Assessment Program Information Center: Picked up laboratories for testing equipment, supervised the testing process, published reports concerning the results that the lab released after testing.

Technology Program Advisory Agency: This was a large advisory body of senior local and federal law enforcement officials which are the predecessors to that which exists today

Important in the advancement of police protection was the creation and application in use of pepper spray.

VI. The Role of the National Institute for Justice in the Development of Law Enforcement technology:

The National Institute of Justice issued a "mandate in its capacity as the criminal research and development arms of the U.S. Department of Justice was to improve and strengthen the nations' system of…

Bibliography

Are U.S. Police Agencies Being Outpaced in Technology-policeone.com 09-28-04 [Online] available at http://www.policeone.come/policeone/frtonend/parser.cfm?object+Product Categories&te

Visteon Provides the Latest in Law Enforcement Technology to Alkland County Sheriff Bouchard PR Newswire 10-29-05 [Online] available at  http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?ctrlInfo+Round9a%AProd%ADOC%AP11-10-04 

Satellite Technology Boosts Officer Safety 26 Jan 2004 [Online] available at http: www.staffordshire.police.uk/news306.htm

NIJ: Autoloading Pistols for Police Officers: NIJ STandard Series: Law Enforcement and Corrections Standard and Testing [Online] available at http://wwwlncjrs.org/txtfiles1/173943.txt

Disaster Preparedness and Emergency esponse for Natural Disasters or Terrorists Attacks in Florida

Emergency management has been described regarding the phases by using words such as prepare. Mitigate, respond and recover. For this paper, we are going to examine the underlying concepts, variation, limitations, and implications of emergency management phases. Moreover, we are going to look at the various preparedness and response strategies applied by the State of Florida when dealing with natural disasters and terrorist attacks among others. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to show the preparedness and response put in place for these crises for both researchers and practitioners. The paper will also try to give definitions and descriptions of two components, preparedness and response, of emergency management, the temporal versus functional distinctions. Moreover, it is important to understand the interrelationships and responsibilities for each of the phases (mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery) and the diversity…

References List:

Adamski, T., Kline, B. & Tyrell, T. (2006). FEMA Reorganization and the Response to Hurricane Disaster Relief: FEMA Reorganization. Perspectives on Public Affairs, 3, 1-36.

Durmaz, H. (2007). Understanding and Responding to Terrorism. Washington, USA: IOS Press.

Edwards, F. L. & Steinhausler, F. (2007). NATO and Terrorism: On scene: New challenges for the first responders and civil protection. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.

Elders Affairs. (June 2013). Disaster Preparedness: Guide for Elders. Elder Update -- Special Edition, 24(3), 1-24.