oad Safety
Impact of impulsiveness, venturesomeness, and empathy on driving by older adults

To accomplish its objectives, the research employed questionnaires to gather data from 101 elderly drivers (75 years and above). The sampling frame was obtained from the population of the research to make the research more discrete. The subject of the research was divided into two groups to ease the determination of the qualitative values. The groups included an upper and a lower quantile, and each was associated with a certain qualitative value.

What are the common traits of adult drivers in the United States, and how do the personality traits expose them to risks of road carnage?

The purpose of the exploratory research is to investigate the relationship between personality characteristics and aspects of driver behavior and driver safety.

Independent variables-personality traits of the adult drivers, dependent variable- aspects of driver safety and behavior

Personality traits are distinguished qualities of a person.

Aspects of…...

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References

Owsley, c., Mcneal, S., & McGwin, G. (2003). Impact of Impulsiveness, Venturesomeness and Empathy on Driving by Older Adults. Journal Of Safety Research, 353-359.

Schwebel, D., Viamonte, S., karlene, B., Rizzo, M., & Barton, B. (2007). Individual Difference Factors in Risky Driving Among Older Adults. Journal of Safety Research, 1-8.

road safety and the number of accidents that are caused by the lack of it.
Stakeholder analysis

This is the first stage in the situational assessment. Here, the partners that are likely to have the most involvement in the area are discussed in order to implement data to improve the situation. In the road safety case, the police and transport bodies have the highest stake. Another stakeholder is the health authorities who are entitled to offering their services in case of trouble on the road. The traffic police have a large stake in road safety as it is their efforts that can change the situation on the roads. Through tighter legislation, the traffic police have the ability to instill discipline on the roads and also maintain order.

The engineers who have the mandate to construct roads determine the quality of the roads that the vehicles travel in regularly. Also, it is in…...

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References

Association for Safe International Road Travel. (2011). Annual Global Road Crash Statistics. Parklawn drive, Maryland.

Banbury, S., & Tremblay, S. (2004). A cognitive approach to situation awareness: Theory and application. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate Pub.

Elvik, R. (2009). The handbook of road safety measures. Bingley, UK: Emerald.

  / Defaul t.aspxhttp://www.asirt.org/KnowBeforeYouGo/RoadSafetyFacts/RoadCrashStatistics/tabid/213 

oad accidents are among the main causes of unnatural fatalities in the United States and other developed countries, and cost several billions of dollars every year. Increasing public awareness of how to protect from traffic injury is considered as an important area that necessitates a broad approach involving implementation of a mixture of communal, environmental, governmental and educational strategies together with law enforcement.
A considerable amount of road safety measures have been introduced by the U.S. government in recent times, yet, community interest and involvement will be advantageous as part of a comprehensive approach. For this paper, the word 'community' indicates people living in a particular geographic region in a city. This study will discuss my experience of participating voluntarily in a road safety program for community welfare in my area. For this study, community members included children, men, women of all age groups belonging to different families, ethnic backgrounds and…...

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References

Bell, C and Newby, H., (2000) Community Studies: An Introduction to the Sociology of the Local Community (Studies in Sociology, Routledge, 200- 210.

Day, G., (2006) Community and Everyday Life, The New Sociology, Routledge, 150- 160

As Dr. Johnson's testing and surveys have concluded, and provided statistical data in support of his conjectures; aggressive driving will lead to assault depending upon how the driver who triggers the road rager's emotional response responds to that aggressive behavior.
The DOT does acknowledge the need to address aggressive driving, and has strong recommendations concerning the penalties for the offense. The DOT makes recommendations in six areas with statutory strategies (Statutory Strategies, online):

1.

Strengthen existing statutes to include stricter penalties. epeat offenders should receive enhanced punishment, including increased points, loss of license, higher fines, and jail sentences or probation.

2. Establish comprehensive education programs that address aggressive driving and include them as part of legislative changes. At a minimum, include aggressive driving education in public and private driver education programs. States should also consider anger management education as a supplement to other sanctions when making legislative changes.

3. Develop statutes that match the…...

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Reference List

Larson, J. And Rodriguez, C., 1999, Road Rage to Road Wise, Tom Doherty Associates,

New York, NY.

ROARR, 2009, found online at retrieved 10 December 2009.http://roarrinc.bizopiaweb.com/Default.aspx?tabid=231442,

U.S. Department of Transportation (2009), National Aggressive Driving Action Guide: A

Ferguson and researchers believe the problem exists because there are more drivers on the road today than ever before, and they are more varied, both culturally and emotionally, and there are fewer drivers' education classes to train young drivers. He also notes that for most people, driving is a singular pursuit, and that people act differently inside their car, doing things they would never do in other situations. There is also a feeling of power and control in driving, especially driving large SUVs that are so popular today.

Ferguson talks to experts who believe that the bad road rage behavior can be corrected, and that education should start very early, before children pick up the bad habits of their parents and other adults. Finally, he believes road rage may simply be a part of American culture, and that one thing may help in the world or road rage: praying.

eferences…...

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References

Ferguson, Alan. "Road Rage." 553-556.

Easton (1997) argued that every injured worker in an organization involves financial (between four and ten times the obvious) and productivity costs that could have been prevented." (Murray, et al., 2003)
II. Driver Selection Steps

The basic attributes required to becoming a truck driver are (1) Physical; (2) Mental; and (3) Communication. First one must be physically fit to become a truck driver. Secondly one must have the mental capacity and have the right attitude in accepting the rights of others to use the road, displaying courteousness to other drivers, be able to remain clam in an emergency or working under pressure, have the ability and desire to learn and to apply that learning in the work environment, be able to sustain performance under strenuous working conditions and situations, and accept the disciplines of working within the framework of abiding by the law and meeting rules and policies of the company…...

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References

Baas, Peter (2003) Fleet Driver Safety - TERNZ, Ltd. AA 2003 Driver Education Conference, Wellington NZ, April 2003 Online available at http://www.ternz.co.nz/docs/AA_driver_ed.pdf

Della-Guistina, Daniel (2005) Motor Fleet Safety and Security Management Online available at http://print.google.com/print?id=lEH4LetE5p8C&lpg=PA1&pg=PA1&sig=l-vnTHPTKUnuVaQd8lXqmuvCqXY

Murray, Will et al. (2003) Evaluating and Improving Fleet Safety In Australia Department of Transport and Regional Services: Australian Transport Safety Bureau - Road Safety Research Grant Report - April 2003 Online available at: https://www.atsb.gov.au/road/pdf/fleet_safety_012003.pdf

Your Fleet Reflects Your Image... How Do You Manage It?, 1998 Online available at ( http://www.nacsonline.com )

Today, computer technology makes it practical to collect, edit, distribute and store data in electronic format with little or no additional manual processing necessary (Kala pp). Integrating data from various agencies is now possible, "including police crash reports, truck inspections, traffic citations, motor vehicle records, emergency medical services (EMS) run reports, emergency and long-term health care records, highway inventories, and traffic volume records" (Kala pp).
According to the American National Standard's Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Accidents, there are eight definitions: Transport Vehicles and Transport ays; Land ay, Land Vehicles and Uses; Injuries and Damages; Accidents; Locations;

Road vehicle Accident Types; Location of Road Vehicle Accidents; School Bus (Manual pp). There are 13 classifications: Classification of Persons by Injury Severity; Classification of Road Vehicles by Damage Severity; Accident Classification by Transport Vehicle Type; Accident Classification by Injury Severity; Accident Classification by Damage Severity; Accident Classification by Number of Vehicles; Accident…...

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Works Cited

Della-Giustina, Daniel. Motor Fleet Safety and Security Management. Retrieved September 26, 2005 at http://print.google.com/print?id=lEH4LetE5p8C&lpg=PA1&pg=PA2&sig=u7a-j_jQdGzTYW59S8iQKg9CQkc

Eckhardt, Bob. (1999 May 01). Measuring incidents under new ANSI standard.

Concrete Products. Retrieved September 26, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Fleet1 management & maintenance. (1996 April 15). Public Works. Retrieved September

Goal 2: Lead a national initiative to address the most significant traffic and motor vehicle safety issues.

Goal 3: Deliver the highest quality technical and program assistance to States and Communities, and promote international cooperation.

Goal 4: Improve data collection and analysis to better identify and understand problems and to support and evaluate programs: expedite the availability of Information to customers and partners.

Support esearch and Apply the esults to Education, Engineering, and Enforcement to educe oad Casualties and Costs

Goal 5: educe the number and severity of road collisions.

Goal 6: Mitigate the consequences of motor vehicle crashes.

Goal 7: Advance the non-safety mandates of the Agency.

Transform NHTSA through Continuous Improvement

Goal 8: Improve NHTSA's internal processes, management, and structure to create a more effective and efficient Agency that is better able to pursue its mission. (PS)

Goal 9: Listen to, involve, and serve customers and partners in the planning, programs, and activities of the Agency.

Goal 10:…...

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References

NHTSA Case Study: Strategic Planning and Performance Measurement [Online available at   September 08, 2005.http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/studies/nhtsa.pdf ]Assessed

Work-Related Roadway Crashes -Challenges and Opportunities for Prevention (2003) 5 - Strategies for Preventing Work-Related Roadway Crashes - September 2003 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. [Online available at   Assessed September 08, 2005.http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-119/2003-119e.html#five ]

Fleet Safety Solutions (2005) [Online available at www.fleetsafetysolutions.com%252F%26invocationType%3D-romPage%3DHPPAV1Top%26amp%3BampTest%3D1&removeurl=http%3A % 2F%2F www.fleetsafetysolutions.com%2F] Assessed September 08, 2005.http://search.hp.netscape.com/hp/boomframe.jsp?query=Fleet+Safety&page=1&offset=0&result_url=redir%3Fsr%3Dwebsearch%26requestId%3D7a7cf385c5cdc01%26clickedItemRank%3D1%26userQuery%3DFleet%2BSafety%26clickedItemURN%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F

Work-Related Roadway Crashes - Challenges and Opportunities for Prevention (2003) 1 - Introduction - September 2003 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. [Online available at   September 08, 2005.http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-119/2003-119b.html#two ]Assessed

(Source: Your Fleet eflects Your Image... How Do You Manage It?, 1998 Online available at http://www.nacsonline.com
Phase Two: This is the organizational phase of fleet safety and is inclusive of the following four aspects of fleet safety:

1. Management System - Unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, or accidents can be symptoms of problems in management.

2. Multiple Cause Accidents - When many contributing factors rather than single incidents lead to accidents, several safety measures may be needed.

3. Managed Safety Efforts - Safety should be managed like all other company functions.

4. Safety Accountability - Safety performance is generally more effective when the line supervisor is made accountable for safety. (Source: Your Fleet eflects Your Image... How Do You Manage It?, 1998 Online available at http://www.nacsonline.com

Phase Three: During this phase the following are given consideration:

eviewing or clarifying policies or procedures

Improving employee selection programs

Evaluating employee fitness for the job

Training employees for specific job functions

Providing and posting…...

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References

Della-Guistina, Daniel (2005) Motor Fleet Safety and Security Management Online available at http://print.google.com/print?id=lEH4LetE5p8C&lpg=PA1&pg=PA1&sig=l-vnTHPTKUnuVaQd8lXqmuvCqXY

Murray, Will et al. (2003) Evaluating and Improving Fleet Safety In Australia Department of Transport and Regional Services: Australian Transport Safety Bureau - Road Safety Research Grant Report - April 2003 Online available at: https://www.atsb.gov.au/road/pdf/fleet_safety_012003.pdf

Your Fleet Reflects Your Image... How Do You Manage It?, 1998 Online available at ( http://www.nacsonline.com )

Your Fleet Reflects Your Image....How Do You Manage It? (1998) NACS Online available at   kqgbosantrc / GenUseWithOneCallOhttp://www.nasconline.com/NR/exeres/0000615ekahlbk 

Not having upheld such responsibility has made them liable and hence the payouts in both cases.
Concomitantly with a lack of sleep, company responsibilities regarding the above-mentioned truck maintenance also appear to not always be up to standard, if the facts of the cases are investigated. According to Baker's report, drivers for the company have taken responsibility by reporting truck problems, which were simply ignored by their companies. Further investigation found the truck unroadworthy to an extent where this was at least partly responsible for the crash. In addition, factors beyond the truck drivers' control, such as bad weather and road conditions, can also contribute to accidents. When these are compounded with the problems associated with lack of sleep, crashes are generally more than likely.

Baker (2006) substantiates the above-mentioned 2003 regulation, according to which no driver is allowed more than 11 cumulative hours on the roads, which should be preceded…...

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References

Baker, Max. (2006). Recent court cases raise questions about trucking safety. Truck Safety Coalition.  http://www.trucksafety.org/Recent_court_cases_raise_questions.php 

Munley, Munley & Cartwright (2009). Truck Driver Fatigue & Tractor Trailer Accidents.  http://www.truckinjuries.com/truck-driver-fatigue.html 

Roetting, M., Huang Y.H., McDevitt, J.R. & Melton, J.R. (2004). Truck drivers' attitudes and opinions towards feedback by in-vehicle technology. Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, USA.  http://www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/IAAPdiv13/ICTTP2004papers2/ITS/Roetting.pdf 

Sabbagh-Ehrlich, S., Friedman, L., Richter E.D. (2005). Working conditions and fatigue in professional truck drivers at Israeli ports. Injury Prevention, Vol. 11.  http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/11/2/110

That is because texting also involves the same brain regions and cognitive processes as communicating by telephone that are responsible for the dangers associated with cell phones and driving and combines that risk factor with another additional independent risk factor: visual distraction.
Unlike cell phones, which distract the driver visually for only a small percentage of the time when they are being used for verbal communication, texting while driving is a continuous visual distraction by its very nature that makes it much more dangerous by comparison. Whereas cell phone users only look at their devices to dial and identify in-coming calls drivers who text must continually shift their attention back and forth from watching the road to looking at their communications devices. Especially at typical highway speeds, the amount of time typically required to look at a mobile device for texting purposes is too much time to look away from…...

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References

AHAS. (2005). Fact Sheet: Speeding Accessed 26 Nov 2010 from:

 http://www.saferoads.org/issues/fs-speed.htm 

Chisholm, S.L., Caird, J.K., and Lockhart, J. "The effects of practice with MP3 players on driving performance." Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol. 40, No. 2;

(2007): 704-713.

Hazards of Using Mobile Phone While Driving
Traffic accidents have become major public health risks in the recent past because of their increase in the recent past. The United Arab Emirates has experienced a significant increase in the number of traffic accidents in the recent past to an extent that it has the eighth highest national rate of accidents across the globe. The increase in traffic accidents is attributed to various factors including the behaviors of drivers when driving. Drivers' behaviors have been affected by various factors including the use of mobile phones while driving. The use of mobile phones while driving is linked to several hazards including the likelihood of traffic accidents since a mobile phone is a distraction that can result in accidents. Drivers should be required to stop using mobile phones while driving, in order to eliminate accidents caused by the use of mobile phone which is…...

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References

Dubai Media Incorporated (2011, October 5). Dh1,200 Fine for Mobile Phone Use While Driving. Emirates 24/7 News. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from  http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/dh1-200-fine-for-mobile-phone-use-while-driving-2011-10-05-1.422006 

Nagraj, A. (2014, August 26). UAE Clamps Down on Drivers Using Mobile Phones. Gulf Business. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from  

Transportation Safety
There are a number of different modes of transportation, and each mode has different safety considerations. This paper will look at road, rail, sea and air freight in particular. Obviously, there will be some safety issues that can affect any mode of transport -- human error or mechanical breakdown can happen to anything, anytime. But within each mode there will be unique risks, and it is important to understand what those risks are, in order that they be addressed effectively.

ail transport is generally considered to be one of the safer modes, but rail accidents are surprisingly common. The particular issues relating to rail tend to be issues with track maintenance, and trains taking corners too fast, both resulting in derailment. The Federal ailroad Administration provides oversight on railroad safety issues, in order to minimize the number of accidents that occur on the rails. However, derailments still occur, and they…...

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References

FRA (2015). Safety fact sheet. Federal Railroad Administration. Retrieved June 25, 2015 from https://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0680

Kristiansen, S. (2013) Maritime transportation: Safety management and risk analysis. Elsevier: Burlington, MA

On the plus side, though, the research also showed that innovations in technology, both high- and low-tech, hold enormous promise for improving miner safety by providing early warnings of impending disasters and by providing rescuers with better techniques for locating and rescuing trapped miners. In the final analysis, the technology already exists to accomplish these improvements and it remains a matter of establishing the relevant priorities at the state and federal levels to ensure that all mines are equipped with these devices before disaster strikes, and that these technologies are available for rescue efforts when the inevitable does occur. Future studies should investigate how these technologies can be deployed more cost effectively for developing nations and what steps should be taken ahead of time to ensure that these devices provide the maximum amount of protection for the investments involved.
eferences

Cooper, S., yan, J., & Sinback, M. (2003). Employment-related crimes. American…...

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References

Cooper, S., Ryan, J., & Sinback, M. (2003). Employment-related crimes. American Criminal Law Review, 40(2), 367.

Kravitz, J.H., Kovac, J.G., & Duerr, W.H. (1994). Advances in mine emergency communications. Proceedings of the International Emergency Management and Engineering Conference, 23-26.

Mining disaster incidents and fatalities, 1900-2006. (2007). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2007). Retrieved October 2, 2007 at  http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/statistics/disasters.htm .

Peters, C. (2006, March). The other mine disaster. Washington Monthly, 38(3), 8.

It also seems rather short, and leaves the reader wondering if the researchers could have done more to create a more vital and important document. They did not find the Segway was unsafe, however, and many of the comments of the postal employees who used it were very positive.
Other studies go father than many of the findings in this report, including the safety of the transport itself. Another study notes, "The Segway PT and its rider were found to have the second shortest braking distance, highest sight lines, one of the smallest footprints, and quickest perception-reaction time" (Landis, Petritsch, and Huang, 2004, p. 97-98). These are concrete safety details that seem lacking in the other report, and it seems as if the report could be much more useful if they had included data such as this in the report. In addition, Segways have been recalled due to accidents while…...

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References

Arnold, C. (2003). Safety concerns prompt Segway recall. Retrieved 31 Jan. 2008 from the NPR.org Web site:  http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1447863 .

Habes, D.J. And Tubbs, R.L. (2004). Topic: Health hazard evaluation report, HETA 2002-0239-2922, United States Postal Service Norman, Oklahoma - Note: Deals with the use of Segway Human Transporter. Retrieved 31 Jan. 2008 from the CDC.gov Web site:  http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2002-0239-2922.pdf 

Landis, B.W., Petritsch, T.A., and Huang, H.F. (2004). Characteristics of emerging road and trail users and their safety. Retrieved 31 Jan. 2008 from the TFHRC.gov Web site: http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pubs/04103/04103.pdf.

1. The importance of road safety education in preventing accidents
2. The role of government policies in reducing road accidents
3. The impact of distracted driving on road safety
4. The effectiveness of speed limits in preventing accidents
5. The dangers of drunk driving and its consequences
6. The relationship between road design and accident rates
7. The benefits of wearing seatbelts in preventing injuries
8. The psychological factors that contribute to road accidents
9. The role of technology in improving road safety
10. The importance of defensive driving techniques in avoiding accidents.
11. The impact of weather conditions on road safety and the necessary precautions to take during adverse....

## Road Accidents: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention Strategies

### Causes of Road Accidents

Human Factors: Driver distraction, speeding, fatigue, impairment, and aggressive driving.
Vehicle Factors: Mechanical failures, defective components, and inadequate maintenance.
Road Conditions: Poor visibility, slippery surfaces, inadequate signage, and dangerous road design.
Environmental Factors: Weather conditions, visibility, and wildlife hazards.
Technological Factors: Malfunctioning traffic control systems or lack of advanced safety features.

### Consequences of Road Accidents

Human Toll: Injuries, disabilities, and fatalities.
Economic Burden: Medical expenses, lost productivity, property damage, and infrastructure costs.
Social Impact: Grief, trauma, and community disruption.
Environmental Damage: Air pollution, oil spills, and habitat fragmentation.
....

1. Legal and liability issues: Determining who is responsible in the event of an accident involving a self-driving car may be complex and could potentially lead to lengthy legal battles.

2. Privacy concerns: Self-driving cars collect and store vast amounts of data about their surroundings and passengers. Ensuring the protection of this data and preventing unauthorized access to it is crucial for maintaining individual privacy.

3. Job displacement: With the rise of self-driving cars, there may be a significant decrease in the demand for human drivers, leading to job losses and potential economic repercussions for those who rely on driving as a....

Ethical Implications of Self-Driving Cars

The autonomous revolution-driven vehicles are poised to transform the transportation landscape, offering promising benefits such as reduced traffic congestion, improved road safety, and increased accessibility for people with disabilities. However, the advent of self-driving cars also raises a myriad of ethical concerns that demand careful consideration.

1. Safety and Liability

Self-driving cars rely on complex algorithms and sensors to navigate roads. While these technologies promise to enhance safety by eliminating human error, they also introduce new challenges. Unforeseen scenarios, such as unexpected road conditions or obstacles, could lead to accidents. Determining liability in such cases becomes complex. Who....