White, K. (2009). Scourge of racism: Genocide in Rwanda. Journal of Black Studies, 39 (3)

71-81. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/0282573

The violent genocide which occurred in Rwanda was an 'ethnic cleansing' which only affected Africans. However, according to White (2009), racism was a primary motivator of the violence, even though the reasons for this might not be immediately discernable to outsiders looking in on the conflict. Racism is defined as the notion that one group of persons is innately superior to another group of persons, whether that is blacks vs. whites in the American south or Hutus over Tutsis (White 2009: 71). Initially, in the pre-colonial era, the Hutus and the Tutsis coexisted. The Hutus were mainly agrarian; the Tutsis were cattle breeders. There was a fluid economic and cultural exchange between them.

However, in the wake of German colonialism, a hierarchy was established between the two groups. The more European-featured Tutsi were favored…...

mla

471-481. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40282573

The violent genocide which occurred in Rwanda was an 'ethnic cleansing' which only affected Africans. However, according to White (2009), racism was a primary motivator of the violence, even though the reasons for this might not be immediately discernable to outsiders looking in on the conflict. Racism is defined as the notion that one group of persons is innately superior to another group of persons, whether that is blacks vs. whites in the American south or Hutus over Tutsis (White 2009: 471). Initially, in the pre-colonial era, the Hutus and the Tutsis coexisted. The Hutus were mainly agrarian; the Tutsis were cattle breeders. There was a fluid economic and cultural exchange between them.

However, in the wake of German colonialism, a hierarchy was established between the two groups. The more European-featured Tutsi were favored over the shorter, darker-skinned Hutu. Under Belgian colonial rule, all of the best jobs were given to the Tutsis and a system of identity cards were used to keep the Hutu in check. With the overthrow of colonialism, the Hutu assumed power and kept all of the mechanisms of control in place, only replacing Tutsi governance with that of the Hutu. The apartheid system remained, only this time the Tutsi were deemed to be the enemy as a representation of the past, colonial legacy. The Hutu leaders became increasingly authoritarian and violence against the Tutsi increased as the civil conflict between the Hutu and the outside rebel Tutsi groups escalated. Government propaganda encouraged people to support the Hutu and violence and rape were encouraged as a justifiable response to the Tutsi -- all of whom, even civilians, were considered the enemy. In this article, White shows a definite link between colonialism and the ideology that was eventually used to justify genocide in the politically destabilized country.

wandan Genocide is the greatest massacre of human beings since Holocaust since most of the victims were murdered using machetes and would have known their murderers. While the war was mainly fueled by the ethnic tensions between Hutus and Tutsis, it escalated into genocide because the world turned their back on wanda. There are several arguments demonstrating this claim including the failure by the United Nations to offer protection and decision to withdraw its troops. Secondly, the decision by the United Nations to restrict its engagement with wanda to the Arusha Accord contributed to the genocide by promoting inaction. Thirdly, the UN and the international community failed to initiate peace enforcement efforts and interventions at a time when wanda needed help. The escalation of the ethnic war between Hutus and Tutsis into a genocide that lasted for 100 days was partly fueled by the fact that the world turned their…...

mla

References

Cahill, K.M. (2013). Preventive diplomacy: stopping wars before they start. New York, NY:

Routledge.

Gigliotti, S. (2007). Genocide Yet Again: Scenes of Rwanda and Ethical Witness in the Human

Rights Memoir. Australian Journal of Politics and History, 53(1), 84-95.

wandan Genocide: Causes and Consequences
A simple mention of the term 'wandan genocide' spurs chills in anyone who properly understands world history. The feeling is even more intense among members of the international community and the high-ups of the UN Security Council who, despite getting a heads-up on the possible mass execution of Tutsis by disgruntled Hutu extremists, chose to do nothing to prevent or mitigate the same, leading to the cold-blooded massacre of over 800, 000 civilians within a three-month span - in what is so far one of the most horrifying events of the post cold-war period. The U.S., for instance, chose to steer clear of any involvement, with the then president, Bill Clinton, advising the UN Security Council against deploying additional troops to wanda -- a decision he terms as "one of the greatest regrets of his presidency"[footnoteef:1]. There is no doubt that hundreds of lives would have…...

mla

References

BBC News. "Analysis: Defining Genocide," BBC New. Last Modified August 27,2010. Accessed April 13, 2015.  http://www.bbc.com/news/world-11108059 

Beauchamp, Zack. "Rwanda Genocide -- What Happened, Why it Happened and Why it Still Matters." Vox. Last Modified April 10, 2014. Accessed 13 April, 2015.  http://www.vox.com/2014/4/10/5590646/rwandan-genocide-anniversary 

Grenke, Arthur. God, Greed, and Genocide: The Holocaust through the Centuries. Washington, DC: New Academia Press, 2005

Hintjens, Helen. "Explaining the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda," The Journal of Modern African Studies 37, no. 2 (1999): 241-286

1994 Rwandan Genocide
Critique of e ish to Inform You That Tomorrow e ill Be Killed ith Our Families: Stories from Rwanda (1998) by Phillip Gourevitch

The chilling title of Phillip Gourevitch's book, e ish to Inform You That Tomorrow e ill Be Killed ith Our Families (1998), is a reference to a group letter from members of the Tutsi clergy to an Adventist church leader, Elizaphan Ntakirutimana, pleading for his protection from the Hutu majority in Rwanda. Gourevitch's book concerns the genocide that took place in Rwanda in 1994 wherein Hutu majority systematically massacred the minority Tutsi population. As a result of this effort at ethnic cleansing, an estimated 800,000 Tutsi were killed over the course of a 100-day period from April to July 1994. In fact, during the height of the massacre, Gourevitch reports that members of the Tutsi tribe were being massacred three times as fast as the Jews…...

mla

Works Cited

Gourevitch, Philip. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998.

Genocide in the 20th and 21st Centuries
Prompt: Sadly, genocide did not end with the Holocaust. In fact, a lot more people have died from genocide since orld ar II than were victims of it in the war itself. How and why has this happened? hat have been the steps taken to prevent, stop, and punish in regards to genocide since 1945? Have these efforts been successful or not? Explain why. In these more recent genocides, compare and contrast them. hat big similarities and big differences have there been? Do we see anything similar in most of them? If so, what and why? Based on what we learned about genocide in your lifetime (since the 1990s), are we on track to finally eradicate these horrors or are we a long way off from that? Explain.

Response:

The Second orld ar claimed the lives of tens of millions of civilians including six million Jews…...

mla

Works Cited

"Past genocides and mass atrocities." (2016). United to End Genocide. Web.

Romaniuk, Scott Nicholas. (2015, March). "Genocide: A Normative Account." Romanian Journal of European Affairs 15(1): 86-90. Print.

Rubinstein, William D. (2004, April). "Genocide and Historical Debate: William D. Rubinstein Ascribes the Bitterness of Historians' Arguments to the Lack of an Agreed Definition and to Political Agendas." History Today 54(4): 36-40. Print.

atrocities happening in recent modern history of civilization. The two orld ars in the first part of the 20th century have demonstrated the human capacity to inflict harm and destruction on its peers. Perhaps one of the most significant event in the history of the Second orld ar is that of the genocide that took place on the Jewish community. During the war and immediately afterwards more than six million Jews are reported to have been massacred by the Nazi forces
However, despite the fact that the holocaust that took place during this time is mostly attributed to the Nazi forces and Adolf Hitler's plan to exterminate the Jewish population, there are numerous accounts of historians that point out the fact that the SS German troops would have been unable to achieve this great atrocity without the assistance of the local populations such as the Polish or the French. One…...

mla

Works Cited

Dallaire, Romeo. Shake Hands With The Devil: The Failure Of Humanity In Rwanda. Carroll & Graf/Avalon, 2005

Gross, Jan T. Neighbours: The Destruction of the Jewish Community at Jewabne, Poland.Princeton University Press, 2002 .

Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. London: Simon & Schuster, 1995

Steiner, George. "Poland's willing executioners." The Guardian. April 08, 2001.   (accessed April 23, 2013).http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/apr/08/historybooks.features 

Politics
International Relations

Analysis of Theories

The field of international relations is based on many competing and complementary theories. These include realism, liberalism, constructivism, dependency theory, Marxism, etc. The theories are many; the field is expansive. What international relations seek to do is both formulate and analyze international politics, and work concomitantly with world governments, non-governmental organizations, and multi-national corporations. Due to the nature of work in these global affairs, several of the theories mentioned above are utilized to explain various phenomena. This paper will thus focus on a few questions as they relate to international relations and, specifically, to the theories which it employs.

To begin, one must understand that the field of international politics can be segmented into various categories, or levels of analysis. The most famous of these categories are Kenneth Waltz' groups, which include explanations of politics as being driven by individuals, by psychology, by states, by what Waltz calls…...

HUTU lame?
The Search for the Truth in Rwanda, an argumentative essay

There are those who claim that elgium is the perpetrator in the extermination methods used in Rwanda however, there are those who claim that the Rwandan government itself may be to blame with ties to a loan from the IMF World ank. Among all the arguments leveled the most likely perpetrator of these crimes can be traced back to the Roman Catholic Church, who was the entity to first set a seal upon the Hutus and Tutsi people. This paper will explore the many arguments set forth in the Rwandan genocide event as to who is to blame for the atrocities that occurred.

A rief History of the HUTU & TUTSI of Rwanda:

The genocide, which occurred in Rwanda, has been and still is a hotly debated issue. Over 100 years ago Catholic missionaries created a bogus "pedigree" that created a…...

mla

Bibliography:

DeSouza, Leo J. (1997) Washington Monthly: Assigning blame in Rwanda: how to break the cycle of revenge in ethnic conflict Washington Monthly [Online] located at:  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n9_v29/ai_19757663/pg_2 

Toussaint, Eric (2004) "Rwanda: The Financiers of the Genocide" [Online] available at:  http://www.cadtm.org/article.php3?id_article=611 

TOUSSAINT, Eric. 1996. -- Nouvelles revelations sur les ventes d'armes --, 2

p., CADTM 19, Bruxelles, 1996

In addition to these external factors, Thomson (202) notes two colonial and post-colonial economic policies and developmental strategies that proved to be erroneous in the long-term, having an ultimately damaging effect upon the ability of African countries to make sound, profitable investments. The first of these is that African governments focused excessively upon import substitution, while the second is that too much revenue was invested in the expansion of state institutions. This paradigm emerges from the success of European and other Western economic developments. However, such strategies were far from suitable for the African continent, as it resulted in a lack of investment in Africa's richest resources: agricultural and mineral development.

Maponga and Maxwell (97) mention the concentration of national economies as a further factor that may lead a lack of concomitant growth for countries (and in particular African countries) that are rich in natural resources. In addition to the above…...

mla

Bibliography

Maponga, Oliver & Maxwell, Philip. Are Abundant Mineral and Energy Resources a Catalyst for African Development? (Issue 6). Minerals and Energy, 2001.

Thomson, Alex. An Introduction to African Politics. London & New York: Routledge, 2004.

Primordialism
Ethnicity is one of the more fluid concepts in sociology because one's ethnicity is largely defined by membership in a social group. The social group shares a common background, whether through experience or ancestry and they share characteristics that set them apart from other groups. Many times these characteristics are stereotyped, but the stereotypes are derived from a reality where the majority of members of the group do, indeed, share those characteristics. Moreover, one's ethnicity is not limited to a single background. A person can have multiple ethnicities by having a family that derives from multiple different ethnic traditions. However, a person can also have multiple ethnicities because larger ethnic groups can be further subdivided into smaller ethnic groups, sometimes referred to as tribes.

Ethnicity is also intertwined with race, which is an interesting concept. Genetic analysis has revealed that there is greater similarity than difference among humans from different races.…...

mla

References

Bayer, M. 2009. "Reconsidering primordialism: An alternative approach to the study of ethnicity." Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1639-1657.

Caliendo, S. & Mcilwain, C. 2011. The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity, London:

Routledge.

Cornell, S. & Hartmann, D. 2007. Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World,

" (Gellately; Kieman, 2003, p. 325) This was the real thing: more than a half-million Tutsi murdered- three-quarters of the population -- and the attempt by the wandan state and the Hutu majority to exterminate every last Tutsi." (Gellately; Kieman, 2003, p. 325)
The question is if this can be compared to the general holocaust and the Armenian genocide, which the world watched helplessly, could the massacre have been prevented? The question is more academic. Having seen that the clashes between ethnic groups, and those who are opposed to share the natural bounties with a community they regard as unnecessary probably the total prevention of the genocide design is not possible. Can an action by the authority like the UN then have mitigated it? The answer to that question lies in the way the nations view the sovereignty and the need for intervention form the UN. It is impossible to decide…...

mla

References

Confessore, Nicholas. 2000. A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. - Review. Washington Monthly, pp: 7-8.

Dorn, a. Walter; Matloff, Jonathan; Matthews, Jennifer. 2000. 'Preventing the Bloodbath: Could the UN have predicted and prevented the Rwanda Genocide?' Journal of Conflict Studies, vol. XX, no. 1, pp: 9-52.

Gellately, Robert; Kieman, Ben. 2003. The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. New York.

Riemer, Neal. 2000. Protection against Genocide: Mission Impossible?. Praeger. Westport, CT.

United Nations: Failures
The United Nations is the result of an international policy experiment that aimed at bringing together the countries of the world in an attempt to avoid conflagrations such as the First and Second World wars from taking place again in the modern history of human kind. The loss of lives in the wars that marked the 20th century determined world leaders and in particular the five great powers that emerged victorious after the Second World War to consider a new political structure that would determine a path of communication, of public diplomacy and ensure a system of constant contact based on international law. lmost seven decades later, no world conflagrations have taken place; yet, the UN is considered to have failed in its attempt to manage regional and local conflicts and avoiding the loss of human life. The late 20th century saw a series of significant failures from…...

mla

As innocent lives were torn apart, there were individual efforts to take action for the protection. Monique Mujawamariya, a Rwandan human rights activist, personally visited Washington to contact Anthony Lake, a UN National Security Advisor, in order to request extra arms and military assistance to prevent the Hutu extremists from killing her people. However, Anthony Lake responded, "the U.S. has no friends, only interests, and the U.S. has no interest in Rwanda. We have no motivation." He also reminded her about the previous incident in Somalia, where UN troops were killed brutally. He said that he did not want the UN to "return with coffins again." However, the situation in Rwanda was incomparable to the situation in Somalia because there was a public genocide. Despite this urgency, the UN did not even recognize the situation as "genocide."

According to the analysis framework of the UN, the UN defined genocide in 1948 as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part1; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group." Nonetheless, there was an increased indifference to the situation in Rwanda, and ambassadors of the UN refused to accept the situation as genocide. However, the massacre of Tutsis in particular by the Hutus is a sign of "deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction." The mere fact that the UN eschewed the gravity of this genocide was a failure of the UN to exercise its intended practices as an international peacekeeping force.

The majority of the UN officials especially in the Security Council simply did not recognize this event as a significant factor or issue during their discussions. Even President Clinton of the United States himself stated in a speech regarding the country's intentions stated that issues ranging from "Rwanda to Georgia" will

The potentially socialist tone of these articles can explain a delay up through the Cold War, but it does not excuse delaying ratification into the twenty-first century. Upon further review, the socialist motive for delaying ratification does not stand.
Part 2, Topic 4: The wandan Genocide

On April 6, 1994, the plane of wandan President Juvenal Habyarimana was shot down over Kigali airport, the main airport for wanda, a small country in Central Africa.. Habyarimana was killed in the crash, as was the Burundian president, Cyprien Ntaryamira. The President was a Hutu, the majority in wanda. Many believe the Tutsis, the minority in wanda, perpetrated the shooting. Some say Hutu extremists, to give them an excuse for what happened next, committed the murder. Within hours of the president's death, angry Hutus took to the streets and sought out those who supported peace between the Hutus and the Tutsis. They did not…...

mla

References

Glendon, Mary Ann. (2001). A World made new: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights. New York: Random House.

Fromkin, David. (2001, April 22). Drawing a Line, However Thin. The New York

Times. Retrieved from  http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/22/books/drawing-a-line-however-thin.html?pagewanted=2

They're discussing them, talking to people from around the glove where the events unfolded, and then creating chat forums to engage in intellectual debate and sharing of ideas. They are talking about what the news media is reporting, whether or not it is slanted toward a political ideology, and assessing the information. Everyone, it seems, has faster access to broader sources of news and ideas, and they are using that information to form ideas and conclusions about political leaders and how those leaders respond to local, national, and world situations, people, and events.
How the Public Interprets Political Semantics and Use the Internet to Impact Policy and Government

One of the most significant examples of how the internet has facilitated the public's access to information, and how people world-wide have analyzed political semantics and used the information to shape policy and government is the second term of America's former President George…...

mla

Reference List

Fisher, F., Miller, G., and Sidney, M. (2007). Handbook of Public Policy Analysis:

Theory, Politics, and Method,

Feldman, O. And Landtsheer, C. (Eds) (1998). Politically Speaking: A Worldwide

Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere, Praeger Publishers,

While under the conditions of crushing poverty and without a strong movement based on the working class and peasantry and are able to explain and fight for a socialist alternative to the devastation that capitalism and imperialism brought along, conflicts that arise from religious and ethnic differences are bound to develop (Simpson, 2004). Simpson (2004) further writes that the reactionary elements within many ethnic groupings have intervened into the vacuum and as a result increased the already present divisions, thereby creating an ideological basis for increasing these divisions as a means of underpinning the hold they have established on the power amongst the masses.
In conclusion, the ethnic cleansing that is taking place in Sudan and especially Darfur has surpassed the wandan genocide of 1994. Simpson (2004) wrote that the ongoing cycle of wars, poverty and starvation, which is the lot of the population of sub-Saharan Africa, is the product…...

mla

References

Children's Hunger Relief. (n.d.). Horrifying Conditions continue in Sudan. Retrieved August

13, 2010, from  http://www.chrf.org/sudan.html 

Blum, R., Stanton, G.H., Sagi, S. And Richter, E. (2007). 'Ethnic Cleansing' bleaches the atrocities of genocide. The European Journal of Public Health Advance Access, 18(2),

1-6.

Essay Topic 1: The Efficacy of Global Governance in Maintaining International Peace

Viewpoint 1: Global Governance is Essential for Peace

Argument: A well-coordinated global governance system can effectively prevent conflicts by promoting cooperation, facilitating dialogue, and establishing international norms.
Evidence: The United Nations, World Bank, and other international organizations have played a vital role in resolving disputes, providing humanitarian aid, and promoting sustainable development.
Counterargument: Global governance bodies can be slow to respond to crises and may face challenges in enforcing their mandates.

Viewpoint 2: Global Governance Undermines National Sovereignty and Peace

Argument: International organizations can infringe on the sovereignty of individual....