School Uniforms Essays Examples

School Uniforms in Public School Has Been

School uniforms in public school has been a subject of national debate. Private and Parochial schools have a long history of school uniforms. Its implementation in public schools has been met with sharp criticism, it came to gain momentum in the late 1980's and it has been increasing steadily throughout the years. In some past few years the subject has gotten various boosts. The biggest boost was when in January President Clinton endorsed the use of school uniforms while addressing the Union. From his statement he said that if it means that the teenagers were going to stop killing each other because of a de-signer jacket then there is need for the public schools to wear uniforms. He also emphasized this across the country when he was emphasizing about the need to get violence out of schools and the need to instill discipline and learning back in schools. Another support was also from the National Association of Secondary School Principals during their national conference in February, 1996.

Use of uniform portrays an atmosphere of uniformity, loyalty, equality and pride among the students, (Caruso Peter, 1996). Uniforms as well show an image of professionalism. It makes learning to be more of…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms There Are Many Reasons Why

School Uniforms

There are many reasons why school uniforms are common in countries outside of the United States, and are becoming more important in the United States. In other countries, it is believed that wearing a school uniform creates a "uniform" learning environment, meaning that the students are focused on the same things and there is order in the classroom. When the students do not think about what they look like or what they wear, they are thinking more about what is going on in the classroom. Another reason for using school uniforms in other countries is that it is believed that they reduce the differences between the poor and rich students. The importance of this aspect is that poor students could get bullied or their teachers might be prejudiced against them. The uniform makes everyone equal because the uniform disguises the person's socio-economic class background. Similarly, the wearing of school uniforms may be cheaper for low-income families in most places because the family only has to purchase one uniform instead of many outfits. Finally, reasons for school uniforms also include general conformity. Students are more likely to attend school and less likely to misbehave, according to some researchers. Therefore,…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms the Debate About

The researchers omitted the public sector data which had a positive correlation, and drew their conclusion from only the Catholic and private school sectors which had a negative correlation. Including the omitted data would have changed the overall conclusions. The authors warn against citing and using research that has methodological flaws.

School Uniform Relation to Attendance

A school uniform policy has been strongly suggested as a way to curb school violence and gang activity as way of dress is a common distinguishing characteristic of gang members. This sometimes has very tragic consequences. The uniformity in dress is thought to act as an equalizer and reduce the competition and its distracting effects especially for minority children (Lopez, 2003). The data on effect of school uniforms on student behavior is also not conclusive. The Long Beach Unified School District was one of the early initiatives in school uniforms in public schools. In the early 1990s because of increasing ethnic rivalry the District piloted a uniform policy in one school. By 1993-1994 there was enough support from the parents and community members to launch a uniform policy in ten additional elementary and middle schools. In their early evaluation they reported improvements in attendance,…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms Unproven and Unnecessary

Additional arguments against school uniforms are the violation of free expression and students' rights and the stifling of student individuality (Schachter 48-49; Wilkins 22). These arguments for and against school uniforms do not have enough sway to decide the point alone. If research implied a link to academic or behavioral changes one way or the other, it is likely that such minor matters would fall in line or become only an undercurrent caused by a few students or families (Schachter 49).

Reports and what limited research has been done do imply a partial link to positive results from uniforms. However, these positive results are not worth the amount of time and effort needed to institute and support a uniform program. This is especially true where many American schools are currently under supported and understaffed in libraries, computers, music, drama, and art (Rockney 16). It simply cannot be justified that schools and districts would go out of their way -- often creating more problems -- to institute a uniform policy with little or no research backing. At a time when there are not enough teachers in some schools and students are using books that should have been replaced years ago, this…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms Have Become an

If school uniforms are implemented, universally the culture of the school becomes visibly white washed and some would argue that such a change does not prepare students for "real" life nor stress the value of individuality in such a way that students feel or respond to real social situations they may face as adults that include diverse appearances. Many also argue that though some students may benefit from structures that include strict adherence to school uniform policies, such as problem students who lack discipline in other areas of their life or are prone to violent actions such solutions are a small part of the total package needed in these cases and real mutual earned respect between students, teacher and peers is the real challenge for any student or school culture as such is the basis for curtailed behavior and responsible behaviors, as apposed to everything from mild verbal inappropriateness to violent actions against others. (Reyes, 2001, p. 539) on the issue of gang affiliation the proponents of school uniforms attest to the idea that such uniforms would challenge the display and therefore recruitment and possibly behaviors of gangs in schools, yet they do not stress that where such issues are…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms the Debate on

Albeit there is not direct link between improvement in students' behavior and academic performance and the use of uniforms, there had been many anecdotes to support this claim. Having students wear uniforms conjures perceptions of order, safety and security as uniforms are viewed as "concrete and visible means of restoring order to the classroom" (Anderson 3).

Uniforms may also lessen incidences of violence and crime against students, as many acts of violence are caused by the association of a certain color or cap with a particular gang (qtd in Anderson 7). Other than gang-related violence, requirement of uniforms may also lower rates of violence against students who are considered "outsiders" or "freaks" who dress "strangely," and are clad in all black and wear black shadow or black lipstick, or even those students that are unfortunate enough just to be wearing "the wrong jacket" (Anderson 7-8). Moreover, because everyone is wearing the same uniform, there could be lesser cases of robbery among students as there are some who envy the expensive possessions of their peers and lack finances to purchase them (Anderson 8).

"Uniforms have been the greatest equalizer for our students and have been wonderful both in terms of unity…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms the Argument for

In the most serious examples, street gangs and high school fraternities use colors and specific styles of clothing to proclaim allegiances. On occasion, individuals are even assaulted and violently attacked on or in the vicinity of school grounds merely for wearing the wrong colored clothes (Harvard Crimson, 2008). Mandatory school uniforms would solve all three problems. The principal objection to the idea arises in connection with First Amendment concerns and the constitutional right to free expression. However, as in the case with other aspects of constitutional arguments in the educational environment, privacy and free expression principles on the part of students are, to a large degree, suspended on school property (Friedman, 2005). Free expression issues in school necessarily take a backseat to educational concerns, particularly to the extent they relate to the security of the campus environment and the safety of students. Conclusion: Mandatory school uniforms serve three valuable purposes in school: they decrease distractions from academic focus; they eliminate social aspects of the educational environment that undermine student self-esteem, and they decrease the risk of campus violence. The main objection is flawed in principle, because it relies on inaccurate understanding of constitutional rights as they pertain to school grounds.…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms the Legal Debate

Schools are legally allowed to mandate uniforms for sports as well as protective gear. The ACLU notes that school administrators can make students "wear special stuff like the gym uniforms or goggles if they are needed to protect" them. Although schools cannot restrict hairstyles, certain they can ban certain types of clothing ranging from low-rise jeans that show panties to trench coats that might conceal weapons. The courts can and do balance public safety needs with First Amendment rights. School uniforms are not necessary to improve school safety, even if dress codes might be.

Legal precedent proves that school uniforms pose a genuine threat to student freedoms and constitutional rights: those protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution. School uniforms are unconstitutional because they prevent students from expressing their allegiance with social organizations or with their religious and cultural heritage. Clothing can become means of self-expression and identity formation for young people. Thus, courts have ruled on the side of civil liberties enough to remind public school districts and their administrators to cease wasting valuable taxpayer money on fighting unnecessary legal battles. Dress codes are sufficient means of securing safety, and do so without compromising the core values upon…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms Much of the

Methodology

To complete a comprehensive analysis of the thesis that the proposed study will seek to answer, certain methodologies will be employed. A quantitative study of the data will be initiated in order to ascertain any statistical improvement in educational objectives.

Methods employed by the study will be to use focus groups and questionnaires to gather necessary data. The study will observe two groups in order to provide the data necessary to come to a conclusion. The population of the two groups will be a set number of students from two separate schools. One school will have in place a uniform policy that requires the students to wear appropriate and standardized clothing during school hours. The other school will not have such a policy and will allow the students free rein in their choice of school attire. Each population will hail from a high school with similar demographics, and will be asked to answer the same research questions as the other group. It is especially important that each group be as similar in character as the other, so a set number of individuals from each gender will be chosen.

Additionally an age factor will be considered so that the average…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms Were Once the

There are also voices who oppose the uniform policy. Their strongest argument is that standardized clothing leads to conformity which hinders individuality and creativity. They argue that by wearing uniforms, students would all be forced into one mold when in fact schools should support diversity, and encourage each child to express his/her creativity including through clothing.

As far as the economic argument, reality tends to disagree with the supporters of uniforms since children would still need clothing for outside school. Also, the problem of peer pressure remains as children have friends and are subjected to the same pressure to conform to certain standards as far as fashion trends and outfits.

Most importantly, violence cannot be reduced by introducing mandatory uniforms. The contrary effect might be achieved in the sense that gangs would still exist, and would probably benefit from standardized clothing since they would be harder to identify by parents and teachers. Furthermore, counselors and educators would not be able to address problems that might be troubling students and whose best visual clue could be an extreme change in clothing. As a matter of fact, self-chosen clothing can illustrate feelings and can be a signal as to potential problems especially…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms

Uniforms in School: A Benefit for Students and Educators Alike

In recent years educators, administrators, government officials and even parents and community members have been divided over the issues of school uniforms. While many still violently oppose the notion of mandated uniforms in educational institutions, there is a growing population of people that support uniforms for a variety of reasons.

There have been several studies of late that have examined the potential pros and cons of mandated uniforms at the elementary, middle and high school level. While some of the studies surrounding the issue have revealed little correlation between uniform wear and performance, others have suggested that there are many benefits students and educators have to reap from wearing uniforms. Perhaps the single most advantageous benefit of mandated uniforms is an increased level of safety within the nation's school district. These ideas are examined in greater detail below.

Benefits Debate

The debate surrounding the benefits and advantages of uniforms has continued for several years. The predominate argument has been that school uniforms "reduce the effects of social disparity" (Bodine, 67). That is, distinctions including those of wealth and poverty are eliminated when everyone within a school environment is required to…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms Beneficial The Topic of Whether

School Uniforms Beneficial?

The topic of whether or not school uniforms are beneficial is timely, since nowadays more and more public schools are opting for such uniforms, in lieu of allowing students to select school wardrobes. Administrators, teachers, parents, and even other students often believe that students in schools that do not require uniforms spend excessive time and energy focusing on their own, and each others', wardrobes, and not focusing enough on becoming educated. The topic is interesting because it calls into question students' freedom of choice, and the freedom of expression wardrobe selection arguably gives them, versus students' responsibility to take school seriously and to learn as much as possible while there. The topic is significant to the field of instruction because it bears on the possibility that students' not wearing school uniforms interferes with teaching and learning; and with classroom attitudes and atmospheres. It also bears on such matters as peer pressure, materialism, and social class, all of which may arguably influence students' learning readiness, attitudes about themselves, vis-a-vis their peers, and attitudes about school and learning in general. The topic does not bear on either instructional design or instructional technology, however, in any ways I can think…… [Read More]

Benefits of School Uniforms

School Uniforms

The Benefits of School Uniforms

Statement of Cause

In a time when the academic status quo is coming into question throughout America, educators, civic leaders, parents, students, and legislatures are left cycling through a myriad of standardized options to ameliorate the system. From gender-segregated classrooms to the implementation of national standard tests grading both students and teachers, suggestions abound on ways the American public might make its school system a better functioning environment for the socialization and academic study of its children. Among many other suggested and sometimes implemented deviations is the option of school uniforms as a mandatory part of American schools. Already a part of many school environments, usually private, parochial, or urban, uniforms come with a heady line of debate to the forefront of systematic discussion. Those in support of uniforms in both primary and secondary school environments stand in staunch opposition to those who suggest it might not only detract from the creative development of a child but may ultimately be a waste of time, money, and effort.

Many critics of the school uniform movement proclaim that uniforms cannot "fix" anything about the failings of the American school system, and that it is, in…… [Read More]

Advantages of School Uniforms

Uniforms in Public Schools

School uniforms in public schools is becoming more and more of a popular topic, particularly as students head back to class in the coming month or so. The popularity of this topic is in part because more public schools appear to be adopting this policy. "Nearly one in five public schools required uniforms in 2010, up from just one in eight a decade earlier, according to the most recent findings from the U.S. Department of Education. The 60% growth in uniform requirements at school comes despite the fact that research on their effectiveness for safety and school climate is inconclusive" (Loehrke & Murphy, 2013). School uniforms were first envisioned in the 1980s by Marion Barry who felt that a more standardized code of dress in public schools would help these students succeed as adequately as private school students along with minimizing clothing costs and pressures on children (Loehrke & Murphy, 2013).David Brunsa, a sociologist who wrote the book The School Uniform Movement and What It Tells Us About American Education documents all the hopes and objectives that school uniforms were meant to achieve in America, such as better grades, scores, better behavior and higher levels of…… [Read More]

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Pro-School Uniforms

Pro) School Uniforms

During the last decade, the issue of school uniforms in public schools has become a topic of debate in communities across the country. While some feel it is an invasion of rights, most parents and school officials believe it is a practical solution to dress code policies as well as a deterrent to school gangs and peer pressure and helps to establish a learning environment.

1991 study found that the main interests in uniform dress code included financial savings for the family, the need to teach children that a person should not be defined by his clothing, and parent concerns that children may commit a crime in order to get the money for designer clothing (Thomas pg). According to 1996 statistics provided by the U.S. Department of Justice, roughly fifty percent of high school students reported weapons in their schools, forty percent reported gangs, seventy-five percent were aware of incidents of physical attack, robbery, or bullying, and more than half had witnessed such actions (LaFalce pg). In 1996, "a 15-year-old Detroit student was shot for his $86 basketball sneakers, and in Fort Lauderdale, another 15-year-old student was robbed of his jewelry" (LaFalce, pg). Incidents such as these…… [Read More]

Impact of School Uniforms Annotated

" (Bodine et al., 67) the balanced method of investigation strengthens the likely veracity of this finding.

Murray, R. (1997). The Impact of School Uniforms on School Climate. Bulletin, 81(593), 106-112.

With respect to attendance, the study approaches school uniforms as a function of the school's overall environment. The so-called 'climate' of the school will impact student experience, learning desire and the degree to which comfort and productivity are fostered. Murray leads with a point that echoes that expressed in the study by Bodine, indicating that many educators and schools have made policy decisions based on scarce and unreliable research. To this end, the article finds that "despite this lack of research, school districts have implemented school uniforms hoping to improve student attendance, maintain student discipline, ensure student achievement, promote student self-esteem and enhance school climate." (Murray, 106) All indications are that though schools anecdotally report these outcomes, there is both limited empirical research to confirm this and it is simultaneously given a counterpoint by the loss of individuality and…… [Read More]

Mandatory School Uniforms The Writer

"

To insure purity of study results controls were placed on elements including student track placement and other divisional programs.

The dependant variables included absenteeism, behavior problems, substance abuse and achievement,

This particular study did not support the idea that school uniforms will reduce behavior problems and attendance problems.

A significant negative effects of uniforms on achievement, an outcome of much concerns to educators and policy makers.

REFUTATIION

While the study did not indicate improvements in behavior and attendance it is important to note that the study was performed in a Catholic education setting, which could have had other contributing factors to the rate of behavior issues or lack of them. In the public school setting the majority of administrators report that there is in fact a significant and statistically measurable change for the better with regards to behavior issues and attendance. In addition the research has shown that there have also been improvements in test results and academic achievement.

Catholic schools are regimented in many ways so that the students are indoctrinated to comply, remain organized and achieve. It is not entirely fair to measure the results of studies regarding uniforms in public schools against the results of studies…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms

School Uniforms

Those against school uniforms mainly argue that they violate a student's freedom of expression and may interfere with religious clothing preferences (Kelly). However, evidence suggests that the benefits far outweigh these disadvantages. Educators, students and parents alike should view school uniforms as a good thing for a variety of reasons.

Isaacson (1998) compared two middle schools in Charleston County, S.C., one with a uniform policy, the other without. The researcher found that mandatory uniforms made schools safer by reducing gang influences by preventing gang members from wearing particular types of clothing to signify their association in a gang. Discipline referrals from the uniformed school were down 51% from the previous year without uniforms. Yet other schools have discovered that uniforms decreased violence and theft because of clothing and shoes and helped staff quickly recognize those who do not belong on school grounds. In Long Beach, officials found that the year after their mandatory program with parental opt-out was implemented, overall school crime decreased by 36% (Kelly). In Seattle, Washington, a mandatory uniform policy resulted in a decrease in truancy and tardiness (Kelly).

On the student side of the equation, uniforms help raise student self-esteem and reduce peer pressure…… [Read More]

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School Uniforms

School uniforms for students are becoming more and more popular across the country. Research suggest that schools with a mandatory school-wide uniform policy have better attendance, better behavior, fewer discipline referrals, and more school spirit. Children seem to become more focused on academics. They are also easily identified on campus, in the community, and on field trips, making general safety another benefit of wearing uniforms.

It is hypothesized that behavior in schools which require their students to wear uniforms will be better than those schools which do not with respect to discipline and behavior.

This study will use existing empirical research. The independent variable is wearing school uniforms. There are two levels of independent variables, with school uniforms and without school uniforms. The dependent variable is student behavior. Existing empirical research will provide proof that wearing school uniforms has a positive effect on student behavior.

Mandated Uniforms in School: A Benefit for Students and Educators Alike

The scenarios are endless. A young boy was left dead in the street after his Air Jordans and Raiders jacket are stolen from his body (Jones, 2000). In another city, children playing on a school playground run for cover as a stranger shoots bullets…… [Read More]

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Implementing of School Uniform Policies

School Uniforms

Perhaps the biggest debate of public education over the past decade besides school vouchers has been the debate over whether or not it is legal to require students to wear a uniform to school. Increased crime, gang violence, poor academic performance in public schools has sparked the movement towards mandatory school uniforms. While school uniforms may seem the perfect solution to the problem, to some its as good as putting a band-aid on a three-inch deep wound. There are many arguments for and against school uniforms in public schools; the main concern has to do with the legality of making uniforms compulsory for public school students. The focus of this paper will be to discuss the issues presented by those both for and against school uniforms. Additionally, the legality of such a policy if implemented will also be presented. Finally, facts and figures on those schools that have implemented school uniform policies will be revealed.

The Issue

In certain areas of California certain colors convey that the person wearing it is a member of a gang. Sadly, even those who wear these colors who are not members of the gang often become victims of the gangs mindless violence…… [Read More]

Mandatory School Uniform Policies

students what they think about school uniforms, they're likely to dismiss them with a summary: They're ugly.

If you ask school administrators and teachers what they think, you're likely to get only slightly more nuanced responses. Some school officials believe that uniforms are a godsend in terms of reducing discipline problems - including violence - and in instilling a sense of pride and mission in the student. Others - in the minority - believe that they stifle individuality.

And if you ask parents what they think, they usually approve of uniforms because they are cheaper and prevent fights in the morning with children who want to wear plunging necklines or dragging cuffs.

Is there a single truth about school uniforms that lies somewhere in the middle of all of these differing opinions? Or is it simply a Rashoman-like tale, with differing reports from all of those concerned?

This research project examines the serious issues involved in the mandatory use of uniforms in public schools from the perspective of all of the groups named above while also examining some additional perspectives, including legal and civil liberties points-of-view to determine if school uniforms make a significant difference for the students who wear…… [Read More]

Are Uniforms a Good Way to Improve Student Discipline and Motivation

School Uniforms

The topic of school uniforms has been a debated issue for many years. Proponents of school uniforms argue that they are necessary because they encourage children to focus more on their education and less on what they are wearing (Brunsma, 2004). On the other hand opponents of school uniforms argue that school uniforms stifle creativity and discourage individuality (Brunsma, 2004). The purpose of this discussion is to confirm that school uniforms are an effective way to improve student discipline, increase student focus, and increase student motivation.

School Uniforms Lead to Improved Student Discipline

Student discipline is a crucial component in the development of a school environment that is conducive to learning. Uniforms create a sense of conformity and establish for students that school is a place that is designed to encourage learning.

Less fighting over controversial clothing

Non-uniform clothing often leads to students wearing offensive articles of clothing that may cause conflict among students. This issue is of special significance at schools that are located in cities that have problems with gang related violence (Randel, 2006). According to Gentile & Imberman, (2010) school uniforms may be responsible for providing significant improvements in school safety because they ensure that…… [Read More]

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Uniform Computer Information Transaction Act UCITA

Uniform Computer Information Transaction Act

The prevailing decade has been significantly marked as a decade of high technology and advancements. The most technological nations across the world have drifted from conventional and traditional brick and mortars business to the online rather the dot com era of advancements.

Either of the two generations of the dot com business advancement, accessibility and understandability remained the core issues. The very ideology that forms the mainstream of the e-commerce business is the exchange of goods and services for an equivalent amount of cash payment. The e-commerce business completes its phase of existence by means of the common modes that include

Business to business transaction

Business to consumer transactions

Consumer to consumer transaction

Business to government transaction

Government to business transaction

Consumer to government transaction

Government to consumer transaction

Because the basic condition to satisfy the online transaction involves the exchange of goods and services against the financial deposit or money.

When the point and involvement of money is elevated in an online transaction the importance and need of security automatically amplifies. It has been for this reason that the second generation of ecommerce rather the dot com boom is marked with a significant intervention…… [Read More]

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Education Uniforms in School

school uniforms within a school system. Ideas such as school discipline, student behavior, and academic achievement are discussed along with examples of why different schools have implemented student use of uniforms. Various viewpoints are presented, along with proponents and opponents concerns for the actual implementation of uniforms.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SCHOOL UNIFORMS WITHIN A SCHOOL SYSTEM: AFFECTS ON DISCIPLINE AND STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

Many schools across the United States have adopted school uniforms to meet the needs for a mandatory dress code. There are many opposing arguments on the issue of whether public school students in the United States should be required to wear uniforms or obey dress codes. Improvement of discipline and academic performance, reduction of fashion competition among students are a few of the reasons given in support of implementing school uniforms. However, the opposing viewpoints maintain that requiring school uniforms are a violation of students' First Amendment right to freedom of speech, students' self-expression through the way they dress. [This paper will examine the pros and cons when considering the implementation of school uniforms within a school system and when utilized, how they affect student discipline and academic achievement scores.]

Some educators say that fashion has become too distracting…… [Read More]

Public School Students Be Required

This debate does not include the fact that peer pressure in many public schools causes families to spend much more on "street clothes" so that their kids are not embarrassed or bullied because they do not have the latest fashions. (a single pair of the least expensive GAP girl's jeans can run $30 -- two to three times the cost of uniform pants or skirt). It seems clear that the argument that public school uniforms are more expensive may be difficult to prove.

The second, and most often used, argument against school uniforms is that they stifle self-expression and inhibit individuality. These are normally arguments from parents of children who have not yet participated in a school uniform policy. Most parents, in my research, who have a child who goes to a public school with a uniform policy say that their child expresses their individuality and self-expression in many other ways -- through who they are as an individual, what kind of grades they get, with sports and other activities, how they act as an individual and what sort of principles, morals and beliefs they hold -- with or without school uniforms. Many of the children say the same things.…… [Read More]

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Violence in the Public Schools Teen Violence

violence in the public schools. Teen violence in general has become a major concern in America today. One of the reasons for the issue being so prevalent is the number of school shootings in the last few years, especially the shooting at Columbine High in Littleton, Colorado. While the welfare of young people is always of concern, much of the fear being generated at the present time is excessive. For one thing, teen violence is not the new phenomenon many people seem to think it is, and an analysis of our history shows that violence in the schools has always been a problem and that in fact it is diminished at the present time. In truth, though, any school violence is too much, and ways of eliminating it and protecting students in school must be found. Several "solutions" to the problem have been offered.

One such recommendation is school uniforms, seen as a way of defusing tensions created by envy over the ability of some students to wear designer clothing, such as expensive sneakers. There are cases where clothing has led to violence. Another reason given is that administrators and teachers see the primary purpose of school a learning and…… [Read More]

Reduction of the High School

Moseley, chair of the Coalition advisory board and president and CEO of the Academy for Educational Development. "It is not a luxury that can be addressed at some point in the future, but rather it provides people with the tools to survive and improve their lives" (Basic Education Coalition 2004). There is no one magical, quick fix solution to Bermuda's dropout problem. The problem is complex and requires a complex array of solutions. It is the intent of this paper to study the scope of this hidden crisis, the poor dropout and graduation rates of Bermuda's Public High School System, by reviewing the most recent and accurate data on graduation and dropout rates, exploring the reasons that young people drop out of school, and presenting the most promising models for helping high school students graduate with their peers.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction.

This chapter provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed, scholarly and governmental literature to develop the requisite background and overview of the current public and private educational services provided in Bermuda, a discussion of dropout prevention and graduation rates,

Background and Overview.

Today, Bermuda has the third highest per capita income in the world; in fact, the…… [Read More]

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School Budget Is Designed the

"Failure of any district to budget funds to meet statutory requirements is a very serious matter and will result in the executive county superintendent rejection of the budget. The district will be advised of any lack of budget approval with specific recommendations on necessary corrective revisions." (New Jersey Department of Education 2013, P 14).

3. Key Budget Terminology

There are numerous terminologies with regard to the school district budget. The most important budget terminologies are

Revenue

The revenue is the money received by the school district within an accounting year. A fund is part of the revenue and there are four sources of revenue for the school district and this include:

Local source,

Intermediate source, state, and Federal sources.

Expenditures

Expenditures are the expenses that the school district must fulfill within an accounting year. Part of the school district expenditures are the payment of teachers' salary, and travel expenses for the school staff

Balance Sheet

Balance sheet reveals the total assets and the total liabilities in the budget. The assets consist of current assets and fixed assets. The current assets are the assets that the school district could turn into cash within one year while the fixed assets are the…… [Read More]

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Schools and Education Relate to Broader Social Structures

Schools and Education Relate to Broader Social Structures

This paper provides a critical evaluation of three texts, Education and Social Change by John Rury, Tearing Down the Gates by Peter Sacks and Learning the Hard Way by Edward W. Morris to identify the authors' purpose for writing these texts, the major arguments presented by the authors, the degree to which the views are supported or refuted by the arguments, and the degree to which the text supports their own objectives to understand how schools and education relate to broader social structures, including economic forces, social capital, and changes in the American family and workplace over the past several decades. Finally, a summary of the research concerning these social structures and their respective influence on education and the nation's schools together with important findings concerning these issues are presented in the conclusion.

Review and Discussion

In the United States, the existing arrangement of elite private secondary and postsecondary education has been cited as being responsible for some of these inequities and critics argue that current institutional arrangements ensure that the children of elite parents receive the lion's share of educational opportunities (Sacks, 2007). These disparities in educational access are all the…… [Read More]

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Schools We Have Today Would

Student isolation and teacher autonomy have been perpetuated, where there is a basic lack of collaboration in the learning process.

Although student collaboration in the teaching process is not necessarily a novel idea, integrating teachers in this process is. In all learning and teaching models, the role of the teacher has always been one of superiority in terms of knowledge. Students are regarded as subordinate, deferring to the teacher for their learning process. In Carroll's model, teachers truly become collaborators with students, working together to gain new knowledge, making an enriching experience for everyone involved. Central to this model is the sense of community.

On major challenge here is that Carroll's proposed model is so radically different from all education models developed thus far, that it is likely to meet significant resistance in educational circles. At the heart of this resistance is not necessarily only the pride of leaders and policy makers, but also the status quo and comfort zones of teachers themselves. Years and decades of habit cannot be expected to yield to one good idea by one author, regardless of how viable it appears on published, peer-reviewed paper.

The reality is also, however, that change is necessary. An…… [Read More]

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Charter Schools vs Public Schools a Critical

Charter Schools vs. Public Schools

A Critical Analysis

Options for Families

Diversity

Opportunities for Innovation

Competition

Fiscal Inefficiency

High Turnover of the Teachers

Control & Accountability

The given research paper is an attempt to evaluate the merits and demerits of charter schools and public schools in the pursuit of identifying the better schooling system. The document comprises of literature review which helps in identifying the degree of effectiveness of charter schools and also answers of criticisms that have been made on these schools so far. For a beginning teacher, it is important to establish an understanding of differences between charter schools and public schools. Furthermore, in order to be an effective educator, this understanding is of fundamental importance. The research sheds lights on factors diversity, competition, innovation, fiscal viability, control and authority.

Introduction

"Charter schools vs. public schools" is an old debate in the American education system. There are two separate schools of thoughts on the subject matter each advocating one of these school systems. However, charter schools are in their infancy as compared to the traditional public schools and there is relatively less evidence present which would be helpful in indicating if any one of them is better than…… [Read More]

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Violence in American Schools Violence a &

Violence in American Schools

Violence

(a & b) Columbine High School is in Jefferson County in Littleton, Colorado. In the spring of 1999, two male senior students executed a plan to commit a brutal series of violent acts against their fellow students, teachers, and staff. In essence, they took the school by siege and they took every person within the school hostage. There were several aspects to the plan. These domestic terrorists definitely premeditated this attack, which included specific activities to block or hinder the fire department that was bound to arrive on scene. They ignited explosions in the school (such as the cafeteria and parking lot), but what people mostly remember are the shootings. They killed 12 students and 1 teacher. Dozens of other students were injured because they tried to flee the scene to save their lives. Eventually, the two attackers turned their guns upon themselves and committed suicide.

Local authorities were very concerned about the lives of everyone inside of the school. There was a full time uniformed deputy who worked at the school. He was with the students when the attacks started. Local authorities arrived on the scene within a few minutes of the initial gunshots.…… [Read More]

References:

Law in Schools

Trenton School

The environment at School1, were I am employed revolves around the many different standards of behavior and conduct. While much of this conduct is derived by local customs and habits, the imposing of law and order also significantly contributes to what is and what is not allowed. The purpose of this essay is to explore the relationship with both state and federal laws and School 1. This essay will explore the law and its applications to my school by examining key points and relevant issues related to these interactions.

Background Of Trenton School District

It is important to understand the starting point of this discussion in order to see the bigger influences that state and local governments have on the school district. According to the districts website, the mission of this school district is " All students will graduate with a vision for their futures, motivated to learn continually and prepared to succeed in their choice of college or career." It is interesting to note that this mission does not include any statement about improving the learning outcomes of the students, rather graduation, regardless of how or what is the standard.

Trenton School District has, within its human…… [Read More]

Learning Environment of Schools at

Gokhale, a. (1995). Collaborative Learning Enhancing Critical Thinking. Journal of Technology Education, 7, 22 -- 31.

In the article titled, Collaborative Learning Enhances Critical Thinking, the authors are seeking to understand the true effect that technology will have on what is known as collaborative learning. This is where students will work together to increase the overall amounts of comprehension of the subject matter. In this article, researchers wanted to know if learning was more effective in those environments, where there was more of an emphasis on individual learning. To determine which methods was most effective, researchers would survey 48 students using the individual method and then having the student learn collectively. The results of the study were that both methods were effective, in helping to increase the amounts of learning comprehension. However, when collaborative learning is used, students were more prepared for a variety of situations that they could face in the real world and were more flexible. This is because, these skills were often necessary in order for the student to be able to be a productive member of the group. As a result, the total amounts of learning comprehension increased when both collaborative efforts were utilized, as students…… [Read More]

Bibliography:

Charter Schools Learning Styles

Charter Schools and Minorities

An Examination of the Effectiveness of the Charter School Concept to Date

The nation's public schools are struggling to meet the challenges presented by the No Child Left Behind mandates, and charter schools have been suggested as one approach that holds the promise of providing public schools with the tools they need to succeed. According to one authority, "The Charter School concept has the potential to utterly transform public education" (n.p.). Unfortunately, this potential has not been realized to any appreciable degree in many such charter schools to date (Schmerler, 2002). To this end, this paper will provide a review of the relevant and peer-reviewed literature to determine how well charter schools are actually serving and meeting the needs of urban students of color. A comparison of the performance of the charter schools with the performance of public schools in educating students of color will be followed by an examination of the opportunities and barriers that exist to implementing best practices in a given charter school; a summary of the research will be provided in the conclusion.

Review and Discussion

Background and Overview. In sum, a charter school provides a framework in which a group of…… [Read More]

Resources:

Hazmat Regulations and Transportation School

These sheets contain information regarding a substances hazard class and steps an employee or organization should take if any person is exposed to the hazardous substance in question. Also provided is detailed information regarding the handling and care of hazardous materials.

HAZMAT Training Requirements

It is absolutely essential to the livelihood and well being of employees and organizations that anyone involved in transporting hazmat is adequately tested, trained and certified. Training can mean the difference between life and death for individuals working with hazardous materials. Fortunately there are federal and state regulations that currently govern the types of training employers must offer with respect to hazmat. This training is standardized to ensure that ell people handling hazardous materials are adequately informed and trained regarding transportation, handling and any problems they might encounter during daily operations with hazmat materials.

HAZMAT training is any training for employees that operate a motor vehicle that transports HAZMAT (hazardous materials) (OHMS, 2005). This training is also applicable to any persons involved in loading or unloading hazmat from a vehicle, anyone testing packages used to transport hazmat materials, anyone repairing or operating hazmat vehicles and anyone responsible for the safety of hazmat while in transit (OHMS,…… [Read More]

Works Cited:

St Cyril's

Uniforms in Catholic Schools

This topic has increased in relevance during this particular time frame since St. Cyril's was recently allowed in the athletic league known as the East Bay Athletic Association (EBAA), in which it regularly encounters other Catholic school teams in friendly sports competition. This fact, and others, has contributed to the stark contrast between St. Cyril's and other Catholic schools which largely takes the form of the fact that the former is one of the only Catholic schools in the East Bay (and certainly within the aforementioned league) to not mandate the wearing of uniforms for its students. Traditionally, the two partisan sides related to this argument are that most of the students want to preserve the status quo and not wear school uniforms, while certain administrators -- including faculty, staff, and a growing number of parents -- are voicing their concern that uniforms should be required. A dispassionate examination of both sides reveals the fact that it is more advantageous for St. Cyril's students to wear school uniforms.

The principle reason that students at St. Cyril's want to preserve what they term free dress is so they can showcase their individuality. People can express themselves in…… [Read More]

Privacy for High School Students

Internet: Privacy for High School Students

An Analysis of Privacy Issues and High School Students in the United States Today

In the Age of Information, the issue of invasion of privacy continues to dominate the headlines. More and more people, it seems, are becoming victims of identity theft, one of the major forms of privacy invasion, and personal information on just about everyone in the world is available at the click of a mouse. In this environment, can anyone, especially high school students, reasonably expect to have any degree of privacy? High school students, after all, are not protected by many of the same constitutional guarantees as adults, but their needs for privacy may be as great, or greater, than their adult counterparts. To determine what measure of privacy, if any, high schools students can expect at home and school today, this paper provides an overview of the issue of privacy, followed by an analysis of its various dimensions as they apply to this segment of the population. A discussion of current and future trends is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.

Review and Discussion

Background and Overview. In his essay, "The Costs of Privacy," Kent…… [Read More]

References:

Use of Content Filters on Internet in High School

Internet has grown exponentially since its first introduction to the public. The precursor to the Internet was the ARPANET. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the Department of Defense (Carlitz and Zinga, 1997) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) were the primary creators of the ARPANET. Subsequently however, efforts from private entities and universities have helped develop the network infrastructure, as it exists today. "The goals of ARPA's 'Resource Sharing Computer Network' project were to develop the technology for and demonstrate the feasibility of a computer network while improving communication and collaboration between research centers with grants from ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO)." (Press, 1996) J.C.R. Licklider of MIT undertook groundbreaking work in developing computer interactivity. Later, he implemented his vision though time-sharing systems-affordable interactive computing. The effort of the NSF also helped to distribute the features of this new networking capability to all major universities and research centers in the U.S.A. (Carlitz and Zinga, 1997)

Purpose of this study

Changes in computer technology and the adaptation of computers to traditional educational needs have required that schools, universities and libraries make the necessary move to introduce the technology in their classrooms. As beneficial as the Internet has become…… [Read More]

Resources:

Leadership in International Schools

Leadership Skills Impact International Education

CHALLENGES OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION

Practical Circumstances of International schools

THE IMPORTANCE OF LEADERSHIP IN EDUCATION

What is Effective Leadership for Today's Schools?

Challenges of Intercultural Communication

Challenges of Differing Cultural Values

Importance of the Team

Leadership Style

LEADERSHIP THEORIES

Current Leadership Research

Transformational Leadership

Skills-Authority

Contingency Theories

APPLYING LEADERSHIP IN AN INTERNATIONAL SETTING

Wagner's "Buy-in" vs. Ownership

Understanding the Urgent Need for Change

Research confirms what teachers, students, parents and superintendents have long known: the individual school is the key unit for educational improvement, and within the school the principal has a strong influence upon the nature of the school, the conditions under which students learn, and upon what and how much they learn. Despite this agreement about the central role of the principal, there is little research concerning the characteristics of principals associated with effective leadership and with pupil accomplishment, and even less insight about how these characteristics might be developed and by what means, particularly for international school settings. This paper aims to contribute to that knowledge.

INTRODUCTION

By 2025, the United Nations (UN) estimates that 8.2 billion people will be living on earth (Overseas Family School, 2004). Of the world's 100 largest…… [Read More]

John Keatings and the Prep School in

John Keatings and the prep school in Dead Poet's Society: Where do they fit in the philosophies of education?

John Keatings is, if not anything else, an original thinker and teacher in Dead Poet's Society. The film does not at all bother to hide this fact even in the opening sequences: Keatings is shown as different from the other teachers even by virtue of his grimaces and squeamishness.

John Locke wrote of education, "Virtue is harder to be got than knowledge of the world; and, if lost in a young man, is seldom recovered." John Keatings believes in this Lockian principle, but only to a certain degree. In his classroom, Keatings stressed virtue: He taught his students how to live and feel and treat one another as much as he taught them to classics. In fact, he deliberately skips the theoretical works in the class -- even having his students dramatically rip out the pages of a methodical, unfeeling treatise on how to understand and appreciate poetry -- in favor of poetry that makes his students feel and interact with one another.

The goal in Keatings' lessons is virtue: He wants to teach his students the virtue of education and…… [Read More]

Works Cited:

Motivating Middle School Students to Read

Working with young people in an educational setting can be an enlightening experience, and one can quickly discover that most young students will do almost anything possible to please their teacher. This can be especially true in the elementary grades, but oftentimes the enthusiasm shown by these youngsters begins to wane by the time they reach the middle school groups.

Teachers of middle school students are therefore faced with instructing students who may or may not be motivated to be instructed, and this can be a very difficult situation, specifically when regarding a basic skill such as reading. Experts agree that "reading is a fundamental and necessary skill in order to successfully participate in society, yet employers lament that high school graduates lack the necessary literacy skills to be productive employees" (Kelley, Decker, 2009, p. 467). Many times the lack of reading skills can be traced directly to the lack of motivation by students in the middle school grades regarding the skill of reading.

Students at the middle school age are going through some interesting changes in their lives; they are more social, more apt to face peer pressure, are oftentimes feeling much more independence from families and responsibilities, and…… [Read More]

References:

Multicultural Education Exists in My School Due

multicultural education exists in my school due to the nature of the demographics that attend the school. The faculty and administration appear all to vary in different cultures as well making the environment very diverse and of a varied background. The school itself is located in one of the most diverse areas in the world in Brooklyn NY. New York city is a cultural melting pot that changes all the time. The proximity of this school to all of the constant cultural development ensures that my school is multicultural.

For some it may seem unique and very strange to have a middle school composed of mostly Chinese Russian and Hispanics students. The faculty is mostly white with other blacks and Hispanics as well. There is a good mixture of culture that resonates in the student's modes of communication, style of dress and physical features. There are also many subtleties in culture that are constantly overlooked but makes for good learning opportunities and funny jokes.

Part 2

The leadership at my school is dedicated to supporting the unique approach that each student may have in learning and developing and individualized learning style that may provide the student with that adequate tools…… [Read More]

Aviation Flight School Start Up

Business Proposal

Mission Statement

Vision Statement

Proposed Products and Services

Competitive Advantage

Organizational Structure

Expected revenues

Market Industry Position

Relevant Competitors

Role of Information Systems

Information Systems Structure

People resources

Hardware Resources

Software Resources

Data resources

Network Resource

Ecommerce

Eagle Flight School and Shop will be a flight school for future pilots and a store where pilots and students can purchase everything from clothing (apparel) to flight bags to headsets. The Flight School will provide classes that will allow students to acquire a pilot's license in accordance with government rules associated with the minimum number of flight hours and the government approved curriculum. The mission of Eagle flight school is to provide pilots with the proper instruction as it pertains to all aspects of air travel and to provide both students and professionals with the equipment needed to carry out their duties as pilots. The flight school will provide a variety of training scenarios including virtual flight simulation, lectures/classroom instruction and experience flying actual aircraft. In addition to the Flight School aspect of the company, the pilot store will also be an important part of the business. The store will allow students and pilots to purchase uniform and aviation accessories.…… [Read More]

References:

Girls' High School Experience on

In order to shed some preliminary light on the problem being investigated two female freshman students having come from an all girls' school high school environment were selected for observation and interviewing. On the basis of the data retrieved from this preliminary step the research investigator will form a focus group of 10 similar situational freshman students for an in-depth qualitative assessment and analysis. The interview questions and observation format used for the preliminary sample will be applied to the focus group as well. As such compliance to the principle of standardization of data being retrieved will be maintained as well as its integrity.

Guiding Interview Questions. The uniqueness of qualitative research endeavors lies in the accepted principle that interviews can be expanded upon so long as the bottom line intent remains the same, namely uniform data in support of the research question. In order to garner the necessary information from the two (2) sample and the focus group participants the following sample questions will be presented:

How large was your all girls' high school?

How large is your co-educational college?

What was the general size of your high school classes?

What is the general size of your freshman college…… [Read More]

How to Ensure Integration Between Federal and State School Departments

financially supplementing a federally funded program for special needs students? Why are these significant?

The most significant concerns when financially supplementing a federally funded program for special needs students are a) that funds are not depleting accounts designated for general students, as Baker and Ramsey (2010) have indicated; and b) that funds are evenly dispersed among schools and not concentrated only in certain areas of a state while other areas/school districts are ignored.

These two main issues are significant because they highlight potential risks that are concomitant with the issue of federal funding programs for special needs students. Because funds are allocated in a general manner and left up to the state and/or district to divvy out, the potential for abuse or for misallocation is prevalent and requires a strong risk management solution on both a state and local level in order for the concerns to be properly addressed. If they are not properly addressed, the risk of special needs students in some areas being underfunded is high and the risk of general students having funds taken out of their account for the special needs programs becomes an inherent and systemic risk. Accepting that these issues are to be going…… [Read More]

Strategic Game Plan for Change

School District

Anytown, New York 10200

District Senior Management

Director, Curriculum Development

SUBJ:

Strategic Game Plan for Change: School Uniforms

Description of the need, purpose, and focus of the change initiative

Following the mandates of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, there have been increased calls for accountability among educators who provide the educational services for the country's young learners. In response, across the country, a growing number of school districts have implemented school uniforms as part of their larger efforts to improve student discipline and morale as well as better academic outcomes (Walmsley, 2011). For example, one educator emphasizes that, "The presence of school uniforms brings a sense of duty to the students and respect for the school and teachers. School uniforms help students focus on school and not each other's clothes. Because students dress in uniforms, they're reminded that their 'job' is to be a student" (p. 63).

There are some benefits for parents involved in the proposed change initiative as well, including most especially drastically reduced costs for school clothes since young people do not compete with each other and the costs of school uniforms are typically far less expensive than the trendy fashions and…… [Read More]

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Career Objective and How Will

My notable contributions in this capacity include obtaining investment funding and sponsorships, securing a co-production partnership with Storm 360, a leading West African entertainment company, and forging media partnerships with HiTV, Silverbird TV, NN24, and BusinessDay among others. In addition, I established and implemented overall business objectives of becoming a world-class production and broadcast company offering international broadcast content to strengthen the spirit of enterprise and human development throughout Africa and across the globe. Furthermore, I played an integral role in representing company in key business negotiations.

Further, I also played a pivotal leadership role in winning various team-based tasks, including developing and marketing a new fast-food chicken entree for Chicken Republic, planning and executing a hotel redecoration project at Eko Hotel & Suites, presenting a route to market's strategy for West Africa's largest cell phone provider, Celtel, and formulating a marketing strategy for a new energy drink for Nigeria's largest beverage company, Nutricema. Between 2008 and 2009, the company managed to receive investment funding and sponsorships valued at $75,000 during this global recessionary period.

In sum, I have consistently sought to follow up on contacts, leverage relationships, and focus on the real needs of the prospect. These attributes were…… [Read More]

College Degree B the Characteristics Highly Effective

college degree. (B) The characteristics highly effective people (C)Why ( ) school uniforms (D) How manage time.

School uniforms are important because they teach young individuals with regard to the importance of equality. While some might be inclined to wear expensive clothes to schools, others are probable to be underprivileged and would be indirectly made to suffer as a result of observing how their colleagues have everything they want.

In some cases school uniforms can have negative effects on individuals because they prevent them from being able to express themselves freely. Some might feel that this is a form of restriction and that they are unable to find their personal identity while wearing a school uniform. This can actually have catastrophic effects on an individual, taking into account that he or she would identify with his or her colleagues and would gradually be influenced to abandon principles that he or she gathered through the years.

What is worrying about school uniforms is that even though they teach individuals important information concerning the significance of equality, they are actually ineffective in some situations.…… [Read More]

Teacher Rights and Responsibilities in

Responding to hate crimes

Finally, all employees of the Trenton Public School District who become aware in the course of their employment that a student or other staff person has committed a hate crime or is about to commit one are required to immediately inform the principal and chief school administrator. According to the District's Equal Educational Opportunity Policy (File Code 5145.4), "All incidents of hate/bias shall be reported whether they occur during school hours on school grounds, on the way to or from school or otherwise" (p. 2). Teachers can play an important role in mitigating hate crimes in the schools by addressing anti-Semitism and Islamophobia (Haynes, 2011).

References

Anderson, J.B. (2009, Fall). Academic freedom in post-September 11 America: A research guide.

Reference & User Services Quarterly, 49(1), 13-15.

Applied Engineering and Science Academy mission statement. (2007). Trenton Board of Education. Retrieved from http://www.trenton.k12.nj.us/tchs/Course%20

Catalog/Course%20Catalogue%202006.pdf.

Black's law dictionary. (1990). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.

Equal Education Opportunity File Code 5145.4. (2013). Trenton Board of Education. Retrieved from www.trenton.k12.nj.us/hr/bp7.28hr/Equal%20Educ.%20Opport.doc.

Galambos, C.M. (2010, Winter). Academic freedom: A right worth protecting. Journal of Social

Work Education, 46(1), 1-3.

Haynes, C.C. (2011, December). Getting religion right in public schools. Phi Delta Kappan,…… [Read More]

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