Scientific Method Essays (Examples)

Scientific Method

Scenario 1: You come home after a long day at work and you flip on the light switch and nothing happens; light does not come on. Now what?

Miriam ebster's dictionary defines the scientific method as all of the "principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses."

Ask a Question

Asking questions is an extremely important part of the scientific method and of scientific experimenting. It is actually perhaps the most important part of scientific research because everything else that is done is based on the question that is asked at the beginning of an investigation. All of the other components of the project will be to answer the question posed. Scientists have stated that "almost all scientific inquiry begins with an observation that…

cientific Method and Climate Change

One of the predominant changes occurring in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has been the manner in which economic, political and cultural movements have evolved to bring the world closer. This paradigm, globalism, tells us that a number of actions in modern life are connected, regardless of the political unit or geographic location of a country. Globalism shows us, however, that there have been a number of trends occurring over the last century, at least, that involve the manner in which industrial activities in one region have a negative effect on other regions -- sometimes globally (peth, ed., 2003).

How is it, though, that we can formulate both an argument or a way to validate claims made about global environmental issues? Of course, all research actions begin with a question since research is the process of answering unknowns. For research to be valid…

Scientific method is a procedure that was developed over centuries to organize the steps in the procedures of scientific investigations. These steps were designed so that the results gathered by scientists would be considered to be verifiable and repeatable, and therefore correct. By using the scientific method, scientists use observations and hypothesis, in order to predict the outcome of an experiment, then conduct that experiment and draw conclusions from the observations of the experiment. ("Understanding and Using the Scientific Method") In other words, the scientific method observes something and formulates a problem associated with it, hypothesizes about it, tests that hypothesis through study and experimentation, observes the results of the experiment, and analyzes and draws conclusions from those experimental results. ("Gould, 2002, p. 52") The scientific method is not only useful for scientists and laboratories but something that can be applied to everyday situations.

In a situation where I arrive…

Scientific method is a systematic method of testing hypotheses in research. The four steps are as follows: Step 1: "Observation and description of a phenomenon or group of phenomena" (Introduction to the scientific method, 2012, University of ochester). The scientific method begins with existing research, and builds upon the research of other individuals in the field and/or observation of a particular phenomenon. Step 2: " formulation of a hypothesis to explain the phenomena" (Introduction to the scientific method, 2012, University of ochester). The hypothesis is what is tested over the course of the experiment. It is specific, and not merely descriptive and is limited enough so that other variables that could cause the phenomenon can be eliminated. Step 3: "use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations" (Introduction to the scientific method, 2012, University of ochester). Step 4:…

Scientific Method

The objective of this study is to examine the 'scientific method' of research. Towards this end, this study will examine the literature in this area of inquiry.

The scientific method of research involves specific steps including those of: (1) defining the question of research; (2) location of resources and gathering of information; (3) formulation of a hypothesis or hypotheses; (4) planning of research collection methods; (5) collection of data; (6) organization of data and analysis of data; (7) interpretation of data and drawing of conclusions; and (8) communication of the results of the research. (National Science Foundation Project, nd, p.1)

Defining the Question

This step involves narrowing down the potential topics and making a choice about the questions that are the focus of the research. The question must be a specific question and more information will have to be gathered prior to settling on the final question of…

Lighting periods and cycles should also remain identical for all plants. Results would be measured in weekly or bi-weekly intervals (depending on the growth rate of the plant used) by a leaf count according to hemispheric position -- that is, the plant would be "divided" into two halves, the one facing the light source and the one facing away, and the leaves per half would be counted -- as well as a measurement of the angle of growth as it deviates from the center of the compartment (plants would need to be centered in the soil for this measurement to be accurate, of course).

According to the scientific method, the results of any experiment cannot prove a hypothesis correct. But if it does not prove it incorrect, and the experiment was conducted in a logical and thoughtful way, the hypothesis will be supported by the experimental evidence. I believe that…

Scientific Method and "The Stone Tape"

Scientific Method and the Stone Tape

The scientific method is a procedure that was developed over centuries to organize the steps in the procedures of scientific investigations. These steps were designed so that the results gathered by scientists would be considered to be verifiable and repeatable, and therefore correct. By using the scientific method, scientists use observations and hypothesis, in order to predict the outcome of an experiment, then conduct that experiment and draw conclusions from the observations of the experiment. ("Understanding and Using the Scientific Method") In other words, the scientific method sees something, hypothesizes about it, tests that hypothesis through experimentation, and draw conclusions from those experimental results. It is used because it demands strict adherence to the steps, and therefore the results can be accepted as real and conclusive. However, many scientists do not always follow the scientific method, and because…

Scientific Theory

Scientific Method

Operational Definitions

The author of this short report is asked to review a series of six claims that are supposedly scientific and fact-based in nature and review them for efficacy and whether they can be support. The author has chosen the claim that no one has ever been abducted by aliens but instead thoughts and visions are beamed into their head (ogo, 1990). Under both the scientific method as well as proving a theory, this claim is specious and is unprovable on any real level. The author of this report will explain what is measurable, provable and neither of those things in the ensuing two pages.

The variable that is relevant to the alien abduction assertions are the thoughts relating to the supposed abduction. The operational definition of this variable is that these are thoughts or experiences that, while not physical, are a depiction of a…

This should be done 1-2 weeks before the experiment begins -- the goal is to have a full pot of grass that is at least 1" tall. Ensure that each pot has a FULL amount of grass growing to the edges of the pot.

Methodology -- Label each pot as 1, 2, 3 and 4. Note in lab book that 1 = control (use distilled water if possible, if not, untreated tap water), 2 = .1% solution, 3= 1.0% solution, and 4=5% solution. Prepare at least a quart of each solution by using 1/10th gram of salt per 100ml of water for 2, 1 gram per 100 ml for 3, and 5 grams per 100 ml for 4.

Begin experiment by adding 10 ml (5 onto soil and 5 into reservoir) every fourth day. Ensure that all pots are placed in a warm and sunny area, but not directly in…

Scientific Method

Which type of salt will increase the boiling point of water the most Table, Epsom or Sea Salt?

State the Problem

The boiling point of water is one of the most unique changes that occur with a liquid becoming gas. When salt is added it will increase. This is because it has unique properties that allow it to withstand greater temperatures. However, there has been debate about which ones can endure the most amounts of heat to include: table, Epsom or sea salt. To fully understand what is the most effective, a study will be conducted that is comparing their impacts on the boiling point of water. This will highlight which one can endure the greatest amounts of pressure. (Cato, 2012)

Gather Information about the Problem

According to Moore (2010) the biggest differences between sea and table salt is the way they are processed. As sea salt is…

Many people might be casual users of marijuana and not use hard drugs, thus the research must be structured to see if causality as well as correlation is established between hard drug use and using marijuana beforehand.

hat do you think about the argument raised in the "Are scientists wearing blinkers?" section of the eb page? How does this idea tie into you chapter's discussion of neutrality and politics in research?

Far from being blinkered, Josh udka states that most scientists are actually very willing to entertain unusual theories. He advances the concept that scientists would love to prove everyone else before them wrong, and become the new media darling who wins the next Nobel Prize. However, in the past, virtually every intellectual revolution in science has been quite hard-won, which the website acknowledges in its discussion of Galileo and Copernicus. Furthermore, biases do exist in science -- a scientist…

scientific method is the collection of processes one typically uses in scientific investigation when new scientific knowledge is desired, based upon physical evidence ("Scientific," 2004). The scientific method, traditionally, follows a series of steps. First, a question must be asked or a problem identified. Next, one must gather information in an attempt to answer the question and from there solutions can be proposed. The hypothesis is then tested either by conducting an experiment or making further observations. From this point, the results can be analyzed and scientific theory will either be constructed, supported or cast doubt upon (Schafersman, 1994).

In this particular situation, I have noticed that grass on my property is brown, short and dead. The grass, however, in the neighbor's yard is not. Instead, it is green, tall and alive. The burning question is, why? Why is my neighbor's lawn thriving, while mine is dying?

The Grass is…

Scientific Method

Tyson, Neil de Grasse. (1998) "Belly Up to the Error Bar: The Scientific Method." Natural History. Retrieved on 4 Jul 2005 from Find rticles database at http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_n9_v107/ai

Understanding the scientific method is one of the first building blocks of teaching modern scientific research to students. But do experienced scientists concern themselves with what makes rigorous hypothesis formulation and testing? In the scientific journal of Natural History, author and scientist Neil de Grasse Tyson writes in his article "Belly Up to the Error Bar: The Scientific Method," about one of the most important parts of the scientific method in the 'real life' academic study and research of science, namely the need to minimize human bias. He calls experimental bias in favor of the initial hypothesis of the experimenter one of the greatest sources of blunders in research.

lthough formal accounts of the scientific method typically describes a clinical "hypothesis-posing,…

cells to combat and beat back inflammatory breast cancer cells. The questions that will be answered and details included will include the overall hypothesis of the study, the materials and methods of the study, the treatment of the experimental group, whether the scientists involved followed the scientific method and what the author of this report personally concludes from this study. While all studies have limitations and limited scope in terms of what can be surmised, this study was done quite well and looks rather promising.

The overall hypothesis of the study is that epigallocatechin-3-gallate cells inhibit the spread and progress of inflammatory breast cancer cells. The treatment conditions of the study is that SUM-149 and SUM-150 cells were isolated on their own from primary inflammatory invasive ductal carcinoma. Cells were frozen and then grown in a verifiably cancer-free way. ALDH-positive cells were isolated using fluorescence activated cell sorting. Cell growth…

Scientific Method & Fundamentals of esearch

esearch is a crucial part of our lives, regardless of whether it is to find a cure for a disease, or simply write an essay. Even simple questions that a person wants answered can be keyed into the world wide web, found in a library, or even a bookstore, involves performing research. It is true there are a many scientific approaches one can use to test research and data, the scientific method is likely the most often used. It is still unclear how the scientific method was developed and originated, most scientists will are that contributors such as Galileo and van Leeuwenhoek were instrumental in its infancy.

There is little doubt that the scientific methods is one of the most commonly utilized approaches for solid research ventures. One might even say that the scientific method and research are as paramount to human life as…

Snow, in contrast to Farr's epidemiology, was far more innovative and spontaneous in his methods, which also made his conclusions, in the eyes of his colleagues more suspect. As well as doing his own hands-on research, Snow analyzed the "natural experiment created when one water- supply company of London, the Lambeth Company -- but not the Southwark and Vauxhall Company -- moved its water inlet to a less polluted area of the Thames. Snow's hypothesis was that if cholera was related to consumption of water contaminated by human excrements, then mortality rates should be greater among those who drank the contaminated water supplied by the Southwark and Vauxhall Company than among those who drank the cleaner water supplied by the Lambeth Company" (Morabia 2001: 224). Determining the exact purity of the water supply at a given point in time, however, was difficult, and made it difficult for Snow's thesis to…

scientific method include a reliance on the empirical approach toward acquiring knowledge, and the skeptical attitude that scientists adopt toward explanations of behavior and mental processes (5). The empirical approach entails relying on direct observation and on objectivity. Once a scientist observes an object or a phenomenon and describes the phenomenon using clearly defined terms, he or she will probably formulate a hypothesis. The hypothesis is generally designed to provide a testable explanation for the phenomenon. Next, the scientist constructs an experiment and uses the hypothesis to predict the results. Finally, the scientist performs tests. The results should ideally be published in scientific journals so that other scientists can replicate the study and subject the hypothesis to the same scrutiny.

The skeptical attitude that scientists adopt assumes that they will accept nothing in the absence of scientific proof. The scientist takes care not to jump to conclusions too early and…

Negative control is similarly established . Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) is used as the positive control. Care should be taken to prevent contamination, duplication of tests should be conducted to verify reactive results.

Material Samples -- for the test, samples were used that could have the outward appearance of being blood and, by their color, containing hemoglobin. These included: ed Paint, Smashed Potato, Cooked Tomato Sauce, ed Food Coloring, Fresh aw Beet, Actual Blood from test kit.

esults: The results for this test are presented in the table below:

Table 1 -- Sample Test eactions

Substance

KM

LCV

TMB

esult

Misc.

ed Paint

N

N

N

Not Blood

Potato

N

N

N

Not Blood

Cooked Tomato Sauce

FP

FP

FP

Not Blood

FP required retests

ed Food Coloring

N

N

N

Not Blood

Fresh, aw Beef

FP

FP

FP

Blood Elements

FP required retests

Blood Sample

Pink

Purple

Green

Blood Present

EFEENCES…

scientific method. The one most common in nursing circles, that is derived from a desire to understand all facets of the question is the PICO method. The first letter of the acronym asks the researcher to label the specific population or the patient problem under examination. fter the population or problem is defined, then the researcher must be able to suggest an intervention that is to be the focus of the research. In any good study there is also the opposite to the intervention which is made as a comparison. Finally, the researcher looks at the outcomes of the research to determine whether their hypothesis regarding the intervention was a success or a failure.

This method can be used for any research, and will, in this paper, be used to conduct an analysis of four articles. The population under examination are elderly nursing home patients. The intervention to be used…

Many inquiries were made into the universe, from how it worked to its creation, as well as the construction of a workable calendar and an understanding of numerous illnesses. These collective areas of discussion fall under the term of natural philosophy, or philosophy of nature. efore modern science was developed and widely used, natural philosophy was the prominent method of gaining knowledge. So dominant and involved was natural philosophy that it served as a precursor of various natural sciences like physics. Indeed, the term 'science' did not evolve until the nineteenth century; until then it simply referred to knowledge. Therefore it is a natural progression from natural philosophy to science, or philosopher to scientist, and it is instantly apparent that the Greek philosophers provided the stepping-stones to modern science. So intrinsically linked is philosophy with Greece that Martin West is quoted in The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic…

Scientific Method: The BYOD Debate

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a recipe for constructing non-arbitrary, consistent, and reliable representations of natural phenomena by collecting and analyzing relevant data in a systematic and organized manner. It forms the basis of theory-development, and generally comprises of five major steps -- i) formulation of a question about the phenomenon of interest; ii) development of hypotheses based on knowledge obtained from existing theories and literature; iii) conduction of independent experimental tests to test the formulated hypotheses; and iv) recording of data or primary observations from the experiment; v) comparison of the gathered data and hypotheses (ochester University, n.d,.). Experimental data will either rule out or confirm the hypotheses for which the test was conducted. In case the data does not support the hypotheses, the researcher is required to repeat the experiment for confirmation; and if the two are repeatedly incompatible, they are…

Scientific Method

When Pasteur said, "Chance favors the prepared mind," he was pointing out that the discovery he made would never have been possible had he not already been prepared to identify and understand what was happening when he saw it. This shows that by teaching ourselves the basic principles of natural science, of cause and effect, of the relationship between factors and variables, we will be better prepared to see connections between points that were previously unknown or that were simply missed. It is like planting the seed of investigation within the mind by first tilling the ground and fertilizing the soil with knowledge and understanding. Pasteur did this and he was able to make his breakthrough in science as a result.

For us, we can take what we have learned about scientific inquiry throughout the course and use it to make headway in our own lives in the…

Scientific Methods

The law enforcement in the U.S.A. today is better equipped to handle the terrorism attacks and any terrorism threats than it was before the 9/11 incidence in America. This is evident in the general ways through which the security measures are implemented in the country and the intricate manner of investigations that take place to counter terrorism.

Due to the nature of the data and information that is needed here, the scientific method employed was statistical data collection. This was due to the fact that there is need to have objective information on the facts surrounding the various arms of law enforcement. The best way to have facts behind the changes that took place after the 9/11 in terms of the quality of training and the number of law enforcement agencies, it was not feasible to conduct interviews among the Americans as they would only give a general…

Psychology

esearch and the Scientific Method: A Concise Definition

esearch as a term does not have an assigned definition. Indeed, different authors have in the past offered varying definitions of the same. In the opinion of Goddard and Melville (2004), research does not limit itself to information gathering. esearch as the authors point out "is about answering unanswered questions or creating that which does not currently exist" (Goddard and Melville, 2004). In that regard, an individual who seeks to systematically gather new information in an attempt to find answers to specific questions is in one way or the other involved in research. On the other hand, when it comes to the scientific method, the same according to Jackson (as cited in Coon and Mitterer, 2010) can be defined as "a form of critical thinking based on careful collection of evidence, accurate description and measurement, precise definition, controlled observation, and repeatable…

Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony
The Scientific Method

The scientific method is one of the most commonly utilized mechanisms in physical science to develop and conduct experiments. This method consists of several sequential steps, which are reflections of what happens during the scientific process. The use of the scientific method in conducting experiments is influenced by its ability to help lessen experimental bias and errors, which contribute towards poor results. Through lessening bias and errors in experiments, the scientific method enhances the reliability and accuracy of the results, which in turn enhances the researcher's confidence. The sequential steps in this method contribute to achievement of accurate results through proper organization of thoughts and procedures by scientists when performing an experiment (Science Made Simple, n.d.).

As a result of its capability to produce accurate results in experiments, the scientific method can be applied to problems or challenges in a particular field of…

The Descriptive Method: Because psychology is an observational science, it necessarily relies on the experimenter to observe, catalogue, quantify, and interpret variables suspected of a causative relationship. While observation is, therefore, essential to the study of psychology, it also presents a potential weakness in the results observed (Carlson 2006). For example, in the above experiment, the experimenter could, through a series of well designed experiments, determine that: (1) domestic violence perpetrators have, on average, a higher testosterone level than non-perpetrators; (2) other criminals do not, on average, have a higher testosterone level than non-criminals; and (3) none of the domestic violence perpetrators have a lower testosterone level than either non-perpetrators or non- criminals. Those results would seem to validate the initial hypothesis, that high testosterone levels are a causal factor in male perpetrators of domestic violence. However, the preceding series of experiments establishes only that there is a correlation between…

components of the scientific method in the article on the science of AIDS published in the journal Archives of Internal Medicine. Additionally, the article will be cited properly in the bibliography according to the APA citation style, sixth edition.

In the article by Semba, et. al., observed the anemic and the average ranges of hemoglobin among individuals with AIDS had not been well documented. The study's authors hypothesized that hemoglobin (as they measured it in cross-sectional and also longitudinal analyses), possesses a measurable and significant association with health-related quality of life issues that are independent of the other markers of HIV disease severity. Further, they also hypothesized an important relationship between hemoglobin and quality of life would be apparent for smaller changes of hemoglobin within the range that is conventionally defined as a normal hemoglobin concentration and within the anemic range.

In terms of the experimental design, the authors examined…

) and Group C (control group 2) will have no lunch at all.

Testing hypothesis: Student's grades of the students receiving the nutritionally balanced lunches will increase, because of improved memory and attention span, compared with students in the control groups. Group B. will have a glucose spike of energy and crash, Group C. will have not enough glucose in their systems at all.

Variables that will remain the same: Students will be in the same types of classes. Improvement, not overall intelligence or GPA will be measured by the experiment.

Variables that will be tested: Students will eat the same type of nutritionally balanced or unbalanced lunch (or no lunch at all) for a period of one month. They will not be allowed to bring their lunches to school, regardless of how they ate before, depending on their group assignation.

Data: Performance on tests, attention span in class, and…

scientific method in the doctoral research process.

The scientific method has long been the preferred means of conducting research in most fields, including both social sciences and hard sciences. Because the scientific methods "demands that the procedures be objective," as well as clearly stated in research papers, bias is minimized (Stangor, 2012). Moreover, the statement of procedures allows for replication of experiments, something that is integral to the peer review process. eplication is crucial for the validation of scientific research at the doctoral level and beyond.

Doctoral students might develop cogent hypotheses in their research, and those hypotheses when proven over time may evolve into widely accepted theories in their field. However, repeated testing is the only means by which to solidify theories (Harris, n.d.). The doctoral student must be relatively detached from the results of research, and the scientific method enables detachment by highlighting ways the theory can be…

This is one example of a falsifiable -- indeed, a falsified -- psychological theory. Many aspects of Freudian psychology have raised serious objections since Freud first advanced them, and in this instance the observations did not fit the logic of his seduction theory, so the theory was abandoned. It was logically proven to be incorrect -- or falsified. McNally also points out that falsifiability should in now way be considered the only, or even the primary, indicator of pseudoscience, as many pseudoscientific claims -- such as the belief in a flat Earth -- are logically falsifiable, which might make them seem scientific (McNally, 2003). Thus, psychologists and other practitioners of psychology must make sure that their theories are not only falsifiable, but they also need to make sure that they are built on logical deductions from repeated observations.

A lack of falsifiability also does not render a theory completely useless,…

Once again, time is an indicator. When a significant amount of evidence for a theory is readily available, the theory tends to be older and concomitantly more accepted by the scientific community. If there are significant gaps in the evidence, the theory can benefit from further investigation.

The same is true of the complexity level of the theory is not very high. More components can then be added by further investigation.

A theory can also be evaluated according to its ability to serve as an indicator of future phenomena. This makes a theory applicable to further scientific investigation, and furthermore also allow for further development in the theory itself. If the theory is for example a consistently accurate predictor of future events or phenomena, it can be viewed as valid. If it however proves inaccurate in one or some of its predictions, further evidence and modifications will be necessary.

Furthermore,…

scientific approach to knowledge is generally an expansion on the common-sense everyday approach, by which individuals seek the truth. For example, both the scientific and the everyday approaches to knowledge entail successive and related stages of observation, reporting, concepts, instruments, measurement, and hypotheses. The scientific method is usually far more formal and rigid than the general, everyday approach to knowledge because of the necessary rigors of the sciences.

If an ordinary individual sees a flower she has never before seen, she will probably approach it for a closer look. A scientist would also approach the flower to examine it. Next, both scientist and layperson use as many senses as possible to observe the flower. Observation means not just watching with the eyes, but also listening, smelling, touching, and being aware of the surrounding environment. In the everyday approach, the person might ignore that which the scientist would observe, such as…

Furthermore, he argues, a technological culture is not an inevitable feature of human evolution. If other cultures had achieved ascendancy, then science and technology would not have emerged as a reference point for measuring intelligence. SETI's requirement for an almost identical technology, although scientifically understandable, is based on an impoverished concept of intelligence.

According to Munevar, the development of a scientific culture, with access to radio communication, is highly contingent, requiring a number of lucky breaks from the environment and human natural and social history. In this context Munevar cites the development of mammalian intelligence. It is widely believed that the dinosaurs were wiped out by the immediate effects of an asteroid or cometary impact or possibly volcanic eruption. But mammals who survived the years of darkness caused by the dust of the impact or eruption then evolved to occupy the niche held by the dinosaurs. If the dinosaurs had…

proponents of evidence based instruction represent one end of the methods of teaching continuum where practices that have been tested empirically using rigorous research designs are considered to be the only valid method of instruction (Odom et al., 2005). On the other end of the spectrum are methods that may be have some basis for use such an intuition, theory, etc. But have not been subject to empirical scrutiny are considered valid to use. Evidence based instruction or scientific research-based instruction consists of instructional practices or programs for which empirical data have been collected to determine the effectiveness of the program (Odom et al., 2005). In these types of practices/programs rigorous research designs have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the practices. Such research designs can include randomized, controlled trials; quasi-experiments; single subject designs; correlational methods, and/or qualitative research. The most empirically sound designs, randomized controlled experiments, are used…

Scientific Approach and Political Ideology1) Is a scientific approach to the study of politics possible? Explain your EASONING carefully and in detail.The scientific study of politics seeks to explain and predict the behavior of political actors and institutions. Political science is an empirical discipline that draws on data from experiments, surveys, and textual analysis to develop and test theories about political behavior. While the scientific study of politics has yielded important insights into the functioning of democratic societies, it has also faced challenges in overcoming the complexity of political systems (Cairney, 2012). In order to accurately understand and predict political behavior, scientists must contend with a dizzying array of variables, ranging from the number of political parties to the size of the electorate. And even when controlling for all of these variables, the results of scientific studies are often far from definitive. This is not to say that the scientific…

classmates are ordinary citizens interested in science education. You have been assembled into an advisory group. The Virginia State Education Commission is drafting policy that will affect all school boards in the state. You are being protected in a secluded hotel from ACLU lawyers and right-wing demonstration groups. Here is your question: Is Intelligent Design theory scientific? The Commission is paying you thousands of dollars for a simple yes or no answer to this question. Such an answer may be unrealistic but court battles will follow. You need to get as close to a yes or no answer as possible!

As a group you have three reference sources:

• The course Presentation entitled "Origins, ID and the Public School Classroom"

• Two expensive expert witnesses: Michael Behe, a Lehigh University biochemist and Eugenia Scott of the National Center for Science Education. Your two expert witnesses come to you from presentations…

Children Could Lose Their Attention on TV Advertisements

While watching TV, children could create their own imaginary world and totally engrossed in it for a period of time. Recent survey finds out that children watch their favorite program on TV for about four or more hours every day. It is assumed that television has brought hazardous effect on children's attitude, intelligence, and social acceptance this way. However, based on my recent observation, kids are not totally engrossed on the program. My subjects show that during the program they also insert several different tasks such as inviting friends (other people over). Why do some children lose interest in television programming during commercials and begin other task? Is it because they lack of concentration span as most children do? Are there any other factors from the commercial itself that prevent them from watching? The research will combine behavior observation and questionnaire method…

Business Tools & Methods

Business tools and methods

Q1 Hypothesis for a local business: High employee turnover

High employee turnover is caused by the large number of part-time teenagers employed by the company who have school commitments that compete with work.

To test the hypothesis the company could determine if rates of employee attrition tended to increase at times when students tended to have other commitments (such as at the end of summer break or before midterms, finals, and the SATs). Or did attrition have a correlation with other factors, such as the opening of a new business nearby that paid better wages? Did rates spike at the end of the training period (which might highlight a problem with orientation or hiring)? It could compare the rates of attrition of teenagers compared with other employees at the company. It could also compare the rates of part-time vs. full-time workers' attrition.…

Scientific Knowledge

There lies question on whether scientific knowledge is able to answer all the questions that relate to physical reality. For many years, people have wondered what the earth is composed of, leaving them wondering if the nature's secrets will one day be revealed (Grant 64). However, it is notable that since Galileo discovered the moon in 1608, there has been a remarkable move by his fellow scientists.

A lot of studies in science including the origin of the solar system, sonata of the stars, how matter changes to energy, and detailed works of an atom, among others has not fully exposed the science knowledge. However, the human culture seems to change with science. orldview patterns prove that complex systems studies by working from their smallest constituents meaning from bottom up. These paradigms also confirm that the laws of nature pounce from deep symmetry writs in to the basics…

Scientific Approaches to Hookup Culture

On a practically day-to-day basis we are swamped with tales about the collapse of the current star marital relationship-- and cheating is usually the source of those who choose to separate. Is it even possible for 2 individuals to remain together gladly over a prolonged time frame? Since early evolution day, we've been informed that sexual monogamy comes normally to our types. However it does not and never ever has (yan and Jetha, 2010).

Mainstream science-- in addition to spiritual and cultural establishments-- has long propagated the belief that males and females progressed in nuclear households where a guy's possessions and defense were exchanged for a female's fertility and fidelity. However this story is breaking down; now more so than before. Less and less couples are marrying and divorce rates keep climbing up while adultery and flagging sexual libido drag down even relatively strong marital…

In fact:

In the months following the accident, although questions were raised about possible adverse effects from radiation on human, animal, and plant life in the TMI area, none could be directly correlated to the accident. Thousands of environmental samples of air, water, milk, vegetation, soil, and foodstuffs were collected by various groups monitoring the area. Very low levels of radionuclides could be attributed to releases from the accident. However, comprehensive investigations and assessments by several well-respected organizations have concluded that in spite of serious damage to the reactor, most of the radiation was contained and that the actual release had negligible effects on the physical health of individuals or the environment. (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission).

hile the Three Mile Island incident did not cause the same type of damage as Chernobyl and the destruction from Chernobyl was less than people initially believed it would be, it is clear…

So, just as the concept of Right has to have Wrong as its counterpart to be a truth, so does theory need evidence. Science is a method of understanding, it is an understanding of what exists, what we can determine that we know about these things, and the method by which we go about achieving that understanding. Thus, without evidence on either side of the theory, there can be no support for the theory therefore making that theory non-scientific.

The evaluation of a theory is the identification of the type of theory it is. Much like theories themselves that set out a parameter of evaluation of a measurable prediction about a particular behavior or set of behaviors, theory evaluation is the determination of the validity, structure, and use of the theory itself. Theories have two dimensions: parasitical (its reliance on other theories) and operationalizable (interpretations of the theory). The less…

Scientific eport of Tufted Capuchin Monkeys in SanDiego Zoo

Behavioral Differences Between Male and Female Capuchin Monkeys in an Artificial Habitat

Studies have shown that the activity and energy of an animal can be determined through the collection of data and presentation as an activity budget (Altmann 1974, Tacha 1985). An activity budget collects specific behavior data over a predetermined time for an animal or population for analysis in the evaluation of a hypothesis. This study reports the differences in activity between males and females for a population of tufted capuchin primates living in an outdoor artificial habitat within a North American zoo. The hypothesis that there are differences in activity levels between male and females for this population is confirmed for the duration of observation in this study. More study would be required to determine the effects of weather, seasonal variation, and daytime verses nocturnal behavior.

Introduction

The tufted…

The idea of cross-species language remains somewhat controversial. On one side, proponents say that certain hominids and cetaceans have been able to learn sign or verbal language; on the other hand, skeptics say these individual examples are mimicry. Cetacean experts believe that there is a unique and verifiable language that whales, dolphins, etc. use to communicate emotion with one another; certain insects use chemicals to communicate, as well as motion (think of a bee hive, the dance telling the hive where a new set of flowers is located). However, the perception of language as communication is one thing -- yes, animals communicate, emotionally pets seem to know when we are happy or sad, or needy. There is evidence that chimpanzees who are taught sign language can come up with independent thoughts (weaving of disparate signs into something new). However, the jury is still out scientifically regarding actually learning of human…

Scientific Thinking and Scientific Skepticism

It isn't easy to define psychology. Nonetheless, the general understanding of psychology is that it a scientific study of behavior, the mind and the brain. As a discipline, it spans several levels of analysis. A thorough understanding of psychology cannot be achieved by looking at just a single level of analysis since every level has a different set of knowledge and view point (Lillienfied, Lynn, Namy & Woolf, 2011).

Lilienfield, Lynn, Namy and Woolf (2011) are of the opinion that scientific thinking gives us skills to overcome our prejudices and biases which can distort our perception and make us ignore evidence that go against our line of thinking. Six scientific principles of thinking are particularly vital when one wants to study psychology. The first one is "Extraordinary Claims" which was proposed by David Hume, a Scottish Philosopher who lived in the 18th century. David Hume…

At the same time, there is a different element introduced in the pursuit of forensic science that is not dealt with in other branches of scientific inquiry. As the question of justice is also central to any forensic proceeding, the suspect's account of events and/or hypothesized explanations for observations must also be taken account (Young 2009). In this way, both verification and falsification can be used during experimentation.

Before these experiments take place, however, the predictions must lay out a way to clearly identify the expectations of the experiments, as well as a way the methods by which they should be conducted. Several predictions can usually be made rather quickly after the hypothesis that are fully testable and easily determined. Based on hairs found at the crime scene, for instance, it could be predicted that skin found under the victim's fingernails was of the same DNA as the on-matching hairs…

More and more deep analysis can clarify the internal dynamics of the matter being studied, and in the long run to prediction, known as estimation. The reason for intelligence analysis is to make known to a precise decision maker the necessary significance of selected target information. Analysts should start with established facts, apply specialist knowledge in order to produce plausible but less certain findings, and even predict when the forecast is appropriately qualified. Analysts should not, however, engage in fortune telling that has no foundation in fact (Heuer, 1999). Not only is it poor science to claim absolute truth, but it also leads to the kind of destructive and distrustful debate we've had in last decade about global warming. The history of science and technology suggests that such absolutism on both sides of a scientific debate doesn't often lead to practical solutions (Botkin, 2011).

In the arrangement of science there…

Quantitative research uses survey, and questionnaires to collect data. Through quantitative analysis, a researcher is able to correlate mass data to the research findings. Despite the benefits identified in both quantitative and qualitative research, the paper identifies some shortcomings in both research methods. To address these shortcomings, the paper proposes mixed methods that involve combining both quantitative and qualitative research.

eferences

Bryman, A. (1984). The Debate about Quantitative and Qualitative esearch: A Question of Method or Epistemology? The British Journal of Sociology, 35,(1): 75-92.

Burney, S.M.A (2008). Inductive and Deductive esearch Approach. Department of Computer Science. University of Karachi.

Hanson, J.L. (2011). Qualitative esearch Methods for Medical Educators. Academic Pediatric Association.11(5):375 -- 38.

Henderson, J. (2011). Primary and secondary sources, IthaCha College Library.

Firestone, W.A. (1987).Meaning in Method: The hetoric Quantitative and Qualitative esearch. Educational esearcher.19(7):16-21.

Goodwin, W.L. Goodwin, L.D. (1996). Understanding qualitative & quantitative research in early childhood education.…

Science

What are the steps of scientific method? What good is it? Does it prove anything? What's a variable? What a control vs. An experimental factor? What makes a good experiment?

Steps of scientific method:

Ask a question

Do background research

Construct a hypothesis

Test your hypothesis

Analyze your data

f. Communicate your results

The scientific method is good because it allows other scientists to repeat your experiment and all researchers to use the same method of investigation.

A variable is the thing in an experiment which varies from subject to subject.

A control in an experiment is the thing that remains the same. Experimental factors are the factors that are being tested and are changing.

e. Good data and accurate experimentation make a good experiment.

How does evolution explain the diversity of life we see today? What is natural selection and how does it work? What do we mean…

Mixed Method

Qualitative, quantitative, mixed methodologies

Quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodology research

Quantitative methodologies tend to be data-driven in nature. The presumption of the correct 'way of knowing' in quantitative research is positivistic in nature. It is assumed there is an objective, concrete truth that can be learned through empirical observation and the careful construction of an experiment. Quantitative methods of research often use the scientific method or quasi-scientific methods of study design. The researcher has a clear idea of the phenomenon he or she is attempting to study. The researcher's primary tools include questionnaires, objective measurements and other methods of gathering statistical results. Often there is a control group to see if the results are statistically significant in nature. The study is carefully designed before the research takes place to isolate specific variables of inquiry and its focus of study is narrow, rather than broad. The types of knowledge…

Taylorism' / 'Scientific management.'

Introduction to the Evolvement of Management Theory during the 19th and 20th Century

With the coming of the Industrial age at the turn of the Century, and a new era, came the need for more efficient management techniques. Several Classical Theories evolved during the early years of this discipline. Fordism arose from a synthesis of the other earlier theories. Fayolism philosophy included close communication between bosses and workers. Taylorism developed a theory known as "Scientific Management" to study and set appropriate work quotas based on research. Lillian Gilbreth believed that workers were motivated by both direct and indirect motives. Arthur Gantt developed a task chart to help monitor and plan projects more efficiently.

After the Classical theorists, the Human Relations Movement began to take into account the reasons for individual responses. The first of these theorists was George Elton Mayo who conducted experiments at the General…

history of human civilization, the Scientific evolution emerged during the 17th century, which happened right after the enaissance Period. The Scientific evolution is the period in history wherein scientific methods and results where arrived at using experimentation and the use of scientific instruments such as the telescope, microscope, and thermometer (Microsoft Encarta 2002). The Scientific evolution is attributed to Galileo Galilei, who proposed that the universe and its elements can be explained mathematically, while subsisting to the fact the Sun is the center of the solar system. During the enaissance Period, Nicolaus Copernicus had declared that the Sun is the center of the solar system, but his declaration is only descriptive, while Galileo's declaration is verified through experimentation and the scientific method. This important distinction is the main reason why Galileo's time was considered the Scientific evolution, primarily because it uses the scientific method of research and experimentation.

Studies and…

Human esource Management Methods

Traditional Annual Evaluation Method of Performance Appraisals vs. eal-Time Feedback Coaching Format

Performance appraisals take into account the assessment and evaluation of a person's performance in a methodical manner. It is a progressive technique employed for comprehensive development of the personnel and the organization as a whole. This performance is measured against various elements like quality and quantity of the output, job competence, leadership capabilities, supervision and versatility. Once such evaluations are made, employees can be trained and coached on what to be undertaken. On the other hand, real-time feedback coaching format takes into account the provision of opinion and response in an instantaneous way and therefore the coaching takes place immediately (Deb, 2009).

Comparison

There are aspects of similarity between these two methods of appraisal. To begin with, both methods are purposed to and give rise to change and coaching. Subsequent to the evaluation of…

Prediction and Theory

There are several important components to a research study. First, a hypothesis examines a question or an idea before beginning a study. Next, a prediction suggests an outcome for a study. Finally, after the study has been carefully examined and has been tested multiple times using a wide variety of hypotheses, the results can be defined as a theory.

According to Cozby (2009), a hypothesis is "a type of idea or question: it makes a statement about something that may be true" (17). A hypothesis can be described as a speculative idea or query about why certain behaviors or situations occur. This question can then be either proven or disproven by collecting scientific evidence. Formulating a hypothesis is one of the first steps in developing a research study.

Prediction

Before beginning an experiment or conducting a study, a researcher will generate a prediction that suggests the most…

Socratic Method of Questioning in "Inherit the ind."

It is a truism, repeated in many crime shows as well as by many lawyers, that a good lawyer never asks a question unless he or she knows the answer to the question, much like the famous Greek teacher and philosopher Socrates. The method of Socratic questioning is thus one in which the lawyer or the instructor professes ignorance of the topic under discussion in order to elicit an engaged dialogue with students or witnesses, with a directed answer or rhetorical destination in mind. The questioning person feigns ignorance about a given subject in order to elicit another person's fullest possible knowledge of the topic under scrutiny -- or lack of knowledge, in the case of the play "Inherit the ind."

In the play "Inherit the ind," the defense attorney Drummond seems to engage in an apparently risky tactic. Drummond calls the…

gender discrepancies in regards to African-American education. There has been a noticeable, growing increase of the presence of African-American women in undergraduate and graduate education while the gap between African-American males and females has widened. The dissertation will use a mixed methods, grounded theory perspective to determine why this is the case. The overall theoretical perspective of the work will be rooted in critical race theory and poststructuralist concepts.

Quantitatively assessed questionnaires and coded qualitative interviews will attempt to answer the question of why African-American male participation in higher education lags behind that of African-American females. These trends will be contextualized in the overall, larger trend of increased female participation as a whole on the undergraduate and graduate levels, to the point that women are now graduating in greater numbers than their male colleagues.

As well as research questions specific to the dissertation, the relative merits of qualitative and quantitative…

Q7. The survey should be demographically balanced: in other words, it should be representative of the consumers whose behavior the survey was designed to assess in terms of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The questions should be clear and simple, and free from misleading wording that could influence the results. The survey questions should be internally consistent -- in other words, responses that indicate wildly different views in the responses of the same individual raise questions about internal validity. There should be controls to prevent respondents from presenting themselves in an overly positive light. The survey should not draw overly broad conclusions, based upon what respondents were asked.

5a. The city should take public responsibility for its actions, stating that although it was trying to act in the best interests of the city, it crossed the line when it hired a private investigator to infiltrate the boating organization. Avoiding litigation…

Assignment 1
Phenomenological psychology focuses on the subjective experiences of individuals. The “founder” of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl presented a cohesive methodology and philosophical framework that laid the foundation for phenomenological psychology. One of the greatest challenges of phenomenological psychology is differentiating between the unique subjective experiences and perceptions of individuals and the need to discern an objective, shared reality. Phenomenological psychology is almost easier to define by what it is not: it is not about using the scientific method to study human behavior, and it is not about studying personality or psychoses. Rather, phenomenological psychology is about understanding the nature of reality itself, through an evaluation of both individual and collective human psychological experience. Husserl set forth principles for ontology in psychology as well as epistemology, which can be especially useful when studying the divergent experiences of those with psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, whose sense of reality is radically different…

social sciences: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. However, there is another classification of research -- evaluation research -- frequently deployed in organizations. Evaluation research may make use of all of these different methodologies, even though it has a different goal than academic research. "The generic goal of most evaluations is to provide 'useful feedback' to a variety of audiences including sponsors, donors, client-groups, administrators, staff, and other relevant constituencies" (Trochim 2006).

In contrast to the use of the scientific method as in quantitative research, evaluation research is more intent upon offering practical data that can be used to maximize organizational resources and is specifically devoted to program evaluation. Some evaluation research does use standard qualitative methods in the tradition of the scientific method. However, an equally common approach is that of "management-oriented systems models. Two of the most common of these are PET, the Program Evaluation and eview Technique, and…

scientific observation that distinguish it from our everyday observation are that scientific observation is conducted using precisely defined observational conditions; by performing the observations systematically and objectively; and through keeping careful and accurate records.

Scientific observation, as opposed to everyday observations, must take place within certain well-defined parameters, whether in naturalistic or laboratory settings. Furthermore, the scientist does not choose the parameters arbitrarily but rather relies on such methods as sampling to conduct the observations and experiments in a way that renders them valid. For example, if a researcher wanted to examine the effects of watching violent video games on a child's behavior, he or she would first have to determine which video games would be deemed violent, and what specific behavioral affects to look for. An everyday observation of the same phenomenon would be far less precise.

Also, everyday observation can be passive and filtered through the individual's biases…