Chickens never see the light of day nor set foot on solid ground. They are raised in wire cages no bigger than this page -- often three to a cage -- and thus are never able to spread their wings or to establish a normal pecking order. They are so unable to move that their feet grow around the wire (Spira, 2005). Packed confinement makes them try to kill each other. The "remedy" for this is to cut off their beaks. The optimal (profitable) speed for chopping beaks off is four beaks per minute. Workers in a hurry often miss and chop the flesh instead. In egg factories when egg production slows or stops, the chicken is placed in total darkness with no food or water for three days. Faced with certain death, a last-ditch reproductive response is triggered and she lays a flurry of eggs (Scully, 2003).

Animals forced to….

life of the singer, songwriter and actress, Phyllis Hyman. In particular, we will discuss several themes from a selected song from her works, entitled "Living in Confusion," including the artist's belief in the person for whom the song was composed, her experience of pain, and the overall theme of confusion in her life, which inspired these lyrics.
Phyllis Hyman was an American singer, lyricist and actress, identified primarily for her vocal work in soul, jazz, disco and rhythm and blues styles of contemporary music. She was born in Philadelphia on July 6, 1949, and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Her ancestry included African-American, Native American, and Italian bloodlines. Hyman committed suicide at age forty-five on June 30, 1995, one week before her forty-sixth birthday suicide and just hours before her scheduled final performance at New York's Apollo Theater. Hyman's singing career spanned from the early 1970's until her death in 1995.….

Equality
Taylor's "A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes" was a direct satirical response to Mary Wollstonecraft's "1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." The title of Taylor's treatise suggests that the author is making a direct comparison between women (the subject of Wollstonecraft's work) and animals, beasts, or "brutes" (the title of Taylor's work). Therefore, Taylor's central argument against women's rights is that women are animals. If we do not give rights to cows and horses, then why would we proffer those rights to women? Taylor classifies women as an inferior species, likening them to animals. Singer points out that Taylor's argument is rooted in the assumption that animals are inferior to human beings.

Singer argues, "The extension of the basic principle of equality from one group to another does not imply that we must treat both groups in exactly the same way, or grant exactly the same rights to both….

Universal Consequentialism as a Means of Assessing Global Situations
Poverty in developing countries is a significant moral issue. In terms of moral frameworks, a universal form of consequentialism most accurately assesses the (in)justice of such poverty and global situations of a similar scope. Specifically, universal consequentialism with an emphasis on equal consideration -- the belief that "benefits to one person matter just as much as similar benefits to any other person" -- is most appropriate for global situational assessment (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006).

Consequentialism is a system of morality that judges the rightness or wrongness of an act solely by the consequences of that act. Consequentialism as a concept is the backbone of classic utilitarianism, which holds that an act is morally right if and only if that act maximizes the good, that is, if and only if the total amount of good for all minus the total amount of bad….

This situation has been self-perpetuating for decades, and all because the leader of the rebel army has not been stopped. There is no longer any real revolution going on, by all appearances, but merely a ragtag group of armed and half-crazed men forcing a large group of children to do their violent bidding, and a government that is at once largely powerless to stop it and at the same time not overly concerned. There are definitely resources available in the world that could bring an end to the situation in Uganda, however -- through direct military might, if necessary, and through increased aid to the largely peaceful people and communities of Uganda in order to eradicate any support for the rebels to begin with. Better schools and better general infrastructure -- access to water, nutrition, and healthcare -- would eliminate the perceived need to overthrow the government, which at….

" There is nothing plaintive in Gaga's voice as she sings. It is an upbeat tune with a light, pop accompaniment. Gaga is not sad. It happens, sometimes, she says, that relationships end. One person meets someone else, and it is time to move on. She does not regret that it happened and feels entitled to her new happiness with her new man. She does not have to grieve for the old relationship, as she is already on to the new one, without apology.
The change in attitude between Brenda Lee's hit and Lady Gaga's is clearly evident in our society. In the 1950s, teens "went steady" and often settled down to marry and have families in their early twenties. Most girls would have been appalled at the thought of dating a string of young men. Pre-marital sex was still considered taboo. Brenda Lee's wholesome image was just right for the….

4). Singer references the essay in the book by Richard Ryder, who criticizes (with great justification) animal experiments ("now a large industry"). Of course there have been laws passed in the U.S. Congress subsequent to when this book was published, laws that provide guidelines for any animal research, but Ryder provides Singer with some gruesome experiments on animals and Singer reports them in his essay.
How moral is a company or organization or university when it injects chemicals into the brains of cats? At the National Institute for Medical Research in London they did just that, and while it is doubtful they could get away with such cruelty in 2011, they certainly did then. The injection into the brain of a cat with a large does of "Tubocuraine" caused the cat to jump into its cage and start calling "noisily whilst moving about restlessly and jerkily… jerking in rapid clonic….

In particular, Singer could have explained that moral concern for animals does not necessarily require that humans become vegetarians.
On the other hand, there is a tremendous moral difference between raising animals for consumption in conditions that provide for their reasonable comfort and humane slaughter and doing so without any regard at all for their comfort in life or trauma during slaughter. In many instances, morally questionable practices, especially in the farming industry, could be resolved simply by valuing the goal of avoiding the unnecessary infliction of pain a little more and the maximization of profits a little less.

Similarly, Singer does not explain that appropriate moral concern for animals does not necessarily preclude all experimental uses, but only requires a good-faith effort to minimize their suffering and to consider whether the potential benefits of the experiments to humans justifies their cost to animal subjects where it is not possible to….

Torah law exhibits a quid pro quo vision of the divine, in which human beings enter into a sacred and immutable contract with God. Like the Sumerians in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hebrews in the Torah viewed the world of the gods and the world of human civilization as being distinct from one another. The Torah also illustrates how ancient Near Eastern civilizations became hierarchical and stratified. Priests and kings resided at the top of the social order; merchants and artisans in the middle; and slaves at the bottom. Codes of law such as the one outlined in the Hebrew Torah generally applied to all members of society, as social law was intended to be viewed as a reflection of divine law. However, religion and codified religious law also maintained social order through the maintenance of the caste system and of the division of the sexes.
Hammurabi's Code of….

(Singer Centennial, 2004)
Singer's family was quite poor, despite its religiously and socially prominent status. He later said that his early life was a constant education in the rough texture of humanity, as well as the struggle of common Jews. Gimpel, for instance, is "a gullible man who responds to a lifetime of betrayal, heckling, and deception with childlike acceptance and complete faith." "Though aware of his own suffering," Gimpel "is never cynical or resentful. No matter what mishap may befall him, "he retains a steadfast belief in human goodness. He accepts life as it unfolds, with all its paradoxes, "even enduring the constant and flagrant infidelities" of his wife. "Her deathbed confession that none of her children were fathered by him does not alter his love for the children. Gimpel is able to resist the Devil's temptations to take revenge against his deceivers only after Elka's ghost materializes, urging….

Singer's goal is a very noble one. Through his article, Singer is attempting to dispel many of the more common notions of moral obligation and charity. His article attempts to provide the reader with concrete notions of moral obligation as they relate to overall human behavior. He presents various notions such as the need to help others irrespective of proximity or geographic preference. Singer, through his article also provides evidence as to the absurd thinking prevailing in the developed nations regarding charity. I particularly applaud how Singer contrast's man's desire for clothes with the need to preventing starvation. In the article Singer shows how many unnecessarily spend money on items that provide no moral benefit to society, while others in neighboring countries are starving. The goal of this article is for those in the developed nations to rethink how they regard moral obligation and charity. The article's goal is….

Improvisation for Singers: enefits
Improvisation techniques are generally viewed as a tool mainly for actors and other comedic or dramatic performers. However, the benefits that improvisation bestows on these stage performers can also offer singers similar advantages. Improvisation can build confidence because it helps performers to get out of their head. Improvisation can give singers a greater sense of freedom. Instead of being chained to the "map" of the sheet music or the specific words of a song, singers are then able to create their own "map" through improv, a technique which can't help but intoxicatingly create confidence.

The first benefit of improvisation is that it forces the singer to perform out of their "safe zone" of what they know and what they're familiar with. As one vocal coach explains, "Improvisation takes away your 'comfort blanket', be it sheet music, lyrics, or even the tried and tested version of a song you….

But few can deny that the Prebisch-Singer is flawed -- as the recent commodity boom in corn demonstrated ("Latin America's Keynes," The Economist, 2009). hile "it is true that real prices have fallen for a large number of commodities in the course of the 20th century" this has not been a continuous trend, certainly not for all commodities and it has proved difficult to forecast the relationships between manufacturing and primary good-producing nations regarding commodities and trade, given the considerable variance exhibited by recent history (Newbald et al. 2005, p. 493).
Nor have all nations that have taken the advice to shift from commodities to manufacturing prospered. One "study observed rapidly rising shares of manufactured and electronic goods in Korea's total exports and a trend decline in Korea's terms of trade" from 1967 -- 2001, but "contrary to the expectation of Prebisch, the increasing proportion of manufactured and electronic goods….

Economics and Happiness
Isaac Singer's novels The Slave and Satan in Goray share a great number of similarities. Both novels are centered on the theme of religion, and delve deeply into a number of passions. Further, both books share Singer's repulsion with the slaughter of animals. All in all, however, The Slave is a much more subtle and personal look at the role of religion than the larger than life look at religious Messianic fervor depicted in Satan in Goray.

Isaac Bashevis Singer was born near arsaw as the son of a rabbi, and moved to the U.S. just before I. He began to write professionally as a arsaw journalist between I and II. His early works of fiction were novellas and short stories. Satan in Goray appeared in 1935, just before Singer immigrated to the United States. The Slave was written in 1962, when Singer was firmly entrenched in the U.S.….

The inconclusive evidence shows the difficulty of regulating issues of science rather than policy, and given that it is not certain that these substances are dangerous in the amounts in cosmetics, the warning labels seem unlikely to influence consumer behavior.
I ask the question: does more information promote better behavior? The answer is: not always. Millions of people eat artificial sweeteners, drink alcohol, and smoke cigarettes, despite warning labels on these products. Also, people use cosmetics tested on animals -- and even inject Botox, a paralyzing chemical in their foreheads, in the name of beauty. Additional warning labels will do little to change consumer behavior, especially when it comes to style, unless there is more research that proves that these chemicals pose a health risk..