humans experience several stages of development throughout the lifespan. Nearly all recognize clear differences between an infant, toddler, adolescent, and adult. Although many, throughout history and the world, allege theories of human development, this phenomenon currently falls mainly within the realm of psychology. Not surprisingly, there exist many psychological theories of development, each with defining and respectable characteristics. However, two of the most well-known are those of Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg. While a cursory discussion of their complete theories of development is necessary for contextual purposes, of particular interest are their concepts regarding early adolescence.
Erikson stated that humans develop through progressive psychosocial stages. Furthermore, he contended that each stage involves a conflict that one must resolve in order to proceed to the next level. In infancy, humans experience the trust vs. mistrust stage, during which time they form lasting impressions about the world; this naturally takes place through…...
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References
Daeg de Mott, Diane K. (1998). Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning. Gale Encyclopedia
Of Childhood and Adolescence. Farmington Hills: Thomson-Gale Publishers.
Morris, Charles G. & Maisto, Albert A. (2002). Psychology: An Introduction. Upper Saddle
Jean Piaget's 4 stages of development
JEAN PIAGET THEOY OF 4 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Stages of Cognitive Development
According to Piaget, assimilation and accommodation processes go on all through life. He, nevertheless, believed that cognitive development took place sequentially, one stage after another, in all children at about the same age. At the different phases of cognitive development, the outlook and interactions of children with their environment tend to vary. Piaget had four phases of cognitive development. These were: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational stages (Nevid, 2009).
Sensorimotor Stage: From Birth to 2 Years
With six sub-stages, this stage is characterized by considerable growth in the infant's cognitive development. A child at this stage develops more complex skill sets and ways of behavior. An infant at this stage makes use of its senses as well as developing motor skills to survey its environment. The infant's intelligence is shown in the way it…...
Of course, not every individual resolves all of these conflicts successfully. "Erikson is not explicit but presumably assumes character types comprised of combinations of the sets of traits related to the eight stages of development. henever a fixation occurs, it is likely to jeopardize sound development in subsequent stages as well [Erikson said] -- 'failure is cumulative'" ("Erik Homburg Erikson,"2008).
Influences
The era when Erikson developed his theory of development was heavily influenced by the rise of "Ego Psychology," and the belief that the human ego exists from birth -- hence the fear amongst many parents that if they parented poorly, even in terms of the child's first feedings, they could cause psychological damage to their developing offspring's sense of self ("Erik Homburg Erikson," 2008). Erikson also came to his professional maturity during a time when the influence of culture and biology became important in psychology, as biological changes are a…...
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Works Cited
Cramer, Craig, Bernadette Flynn, & Ann LaFave. (1997). "Erik Erikson."
Levinson (1986) saw this phase as being marked by increasingly strong relationships with significant aspects of the external world. For many people (indeed perhaps most), these relationships are with other people. But Levinson believed that this did not need to be the case for a healthy development. Equally valid and fulfilling connections can be made at this stage of life with animal companions or with a relationship with nature or even with ideas as expressed in literature, music, or art (Levinson, 1986).
Levinson's model emphasizes both the stability and fluctuations of healthy development. Unlike previous analogous models, he stressed the importance of understanding how individuals moved from one life stage to another. While other psychologists and psychiatrists had neglected to explore the dynamics of the intertidal spaces between one stage and another, Levinson helped both scholars and individuals see how movement between stages provided a constant that extended over the…...
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References
Capps, D. (2004). The decades of life: Relocating Erikson's stages. Pastoral Psychology 53(1): 3-32.
Kittrell, D. (1998). A comparison of the evolution of men's and women's dreams in Daniel Levinson's theory of adult development. Journal of Adult Development 1(3): 135-147.
Levinson, D.J., Darrow, C. N, Klein, E.B. & Levinson, M. (1978). Seasons of a man's life. New York: Random House.
Levinson, D.J., & Levinson, J.D. (1996). Seasons of a woman's life. New York: Alfred a. Knopf.
Mean Girls: Life StageMean Girls is a comedy film released in 2004 that tells the story of Cady Heron, a high school transfer student who becomes friends with a group of popular girls known as "the Plastics" but eventually turns on them. The film is primarily set in a high school environment, with a focus on the social dynamics among teenage girls.The life stage prominently featured in the film is adolescence, specifically the high school years. The film portrays various concepts related to this life stage, including social identity development, peer pressure, and social hierarchy. The core conflict in the film is related to the identity vs. role confusion conflict identified in Eriksons Stages of Development (Kitchens & Abell, 2020).Social identity development refers to the process of forming one's sense of self in relation to social groups. In the film, Cady struggles to find her place in the social hierarchy…...
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References
Kitchens, R., & Abell, S. (2020). Ego Identity Versus Role Confusion. Encyclopedia of
Personality and Individual Differences, 1254-1257.
I have taken part in discussion groups in the first with people who are not my close friends. The communication is usually off at the start of the group meetings, but it soon picks up as the team gets to know each other. The team went through the forming, storming, norming and the forming stages of development. During the forming stage, everyone remains independent, and the objectives of the group are not understood. The scope of the task is the main discussion points during the stage. The team members also focused on getting to know one another and appreciating the differences between them. During the storming stage, the members of the group embarked on understanding the characters of the other members. I could see this development regarding forming opinions about one another and dealing with disagreements. In particular, each member was focused on having the group take his or her…...
preferences by countries can led to different forms of the challenges that they face and the strategies they choose to address these challenges. However, in an increasingly globalized world, many modern challenges are increasingly affecting the world's population as a whole; like climate change for example. Thus the next generations of challenges will require solutions that involve an unprecedented level of global collaboration. Furthermore, these challenges can be thought of in terms of social, economic, and environmental challenges. This paper will briefly outline three development challenges that are facing development in the 21st century.
Climate Change
Climate change, also known as global warming, is an environmental phenomenon that has attracted significant global attention in recent decades. This is arguably an issue that can be thought of as an existential issue. Climate change stands the potential not only to threaten many animal species around the world in a new global masses extinction…...
Hanna, S., & Osborne-Lee, I. (2011). Sustainable economy of the ecological footprint: economic analysis and impacts. In V. Esteve, Ecosystems and Sustainable Development VIII (pp. 313-342). Southampton: WIT Press.
George's marriage to Ella is his second one; his first wife was from an arranged marriage in Pakistan that left him unhappy. Yet he was able to incorporate aspects of development theory within his own life to find a new wife who he is (mostly) pleased with in a Western environment, and even owns a successful fish and chips restaurant. In his romantic life and in his economic life, George is able to evince some of the best qualities of development theory and modernization by taking his best assets and (literally) marrying them with those from a Western society to update and contemporize his life and his source of income.
However, what George does not take account of is the fact that he must allow the same degree of leniency from his religion and tradition that he permitted himself in marrying Ella to his children. In this sense, East is…...
Piagetian, Ericksonian, And Freudian Stages of Development
Human beings progress gradually from childhood to adulthood, going through stages that are distinct, continuous, and improving. Developmental psychologists like Freud, Piaget, and Erickson came up with different theories concerning the stages that people often undergo as they grow from childhood. This study discusses the similarities and the differences between the three theories with examples of the stages mentioned by each given. The contrast and comparison will make people appreciate the importance of the three theories of human development
Similarities
Erickson's theory had the highest number of stages of development compared to the other two. His theory covered eight main stages from birth to death of an individual. According to Erickson, the successful completion of a stage marked a good beginning of the next stage. Failure to fully exhibit and live a stage exhaustively will recur in the future through habits that will be undesirable at…...
This is because they are both considered as constructivists whose approach to learning and teaching is based on the link between mental construction and cognitive development. On the stages of development from birth through adolescence, the two theorists propose that boundaries of cognitive development are determined by societal influences.
Piaget explains the ability of societal factors to influence a child's cognitive development through the sensorimotor, pre-operational and concrete operational stages. In his explanations of these stages, Piaget states that intelligence is demonstrated through symbols, which are obtained from societal influences. On the other hand, Vygotsky believes that societal influences especially cultural tools have a significant effect on cognitive development since they can be passed from one person to another. Cognitive development cannot be separated from the societal influences and include imitative learning, instructed learning and collaborative learning. In possible classroom applications, the views of both Piaget and Vygotsky on cognitive…...
Piaget's Stages Of Cognitive Development
Child Behavior Evaluations using Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
I was working at the library when two 15 to 16-year-old girls sat down at my table. Remembering that I had to do this assignment, I tried to pay attention to their behavior without seeming to. One of the girls opened up her laptop and began to work on what appeared to be homework, while the other girl sat down and quietly waited for her friend to finish the assignment. The homework seemed to require searching for information online in order to complete the assignment. Her patient friend seemed politely bored while waiting. At one point, the girl doing her homework apologized to her friend and stated that she was "… really sorry for taking so long." The girl doing the homework also received several text messages, which she silenced and ignored so that she could continue her…...
Mothering and Development
The presence of a sensitive mother throughout a child's developmental period is an essential determinant of healthy growth and maturation. The establishment of a solid social and emotional foundation during a child's formative years can not only aid in preparing one's youngster for life in the outside world, it can also instill a beneficial groundwork in the basic concepts of the self (Cassidy, 1990). In order to achieve such noble maternal goals a good mother needs to possess a plethora of fostering characteristics. The most important of such qualities include love, responsiveness, consistency, an eye to encourage and the ability to provide the child with a sense of security. Successful implementation of the aforementioned traits will allow the child to develop a healthy attachment to the mother. This attachment is most often constructed in the stages of infancy. Through the informative and enlightening work of John owlby and…...
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Bibliography
Caldji, C., Tannenbaum, B., Sharma, S., Francis, D., Plotsky, P.M., & Meaney, M.J. (1998, February 24). Maternal Care During Infancy Regulates the Development of Neural Systems Mediating the Expression of Fearfulness in the Rat. Retrieved February 22, 2011, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20261/
Cassidy, J. (1990). Theoretical and Methodological Considerations in the Study of Attachment and the Self in Young Children. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E.M. Cummings, Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research and Intervention (pp. 87-119). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
The theory does not appear to allow for success in the workplace solely for the sake of workplace success. Instead, it appears to view procreation as the ultimate purpose of human life, with workplace success only a vehicle towards attaining success within the loving family circle.
To these ideas the authors add that the theory does not account for intimacy beyond the heterosexual and indeed beyond the sexual. As such, the theory is fundamentally inadequate to address the entire paradigm of successful adult individuation and attachment. Furthermore, the authors note that the theory is very limited in its connection between the biological and the psychological paradigms of differences between the male and female. While the theory does indeed better address the positive aspects of female development, it does so primarily in terms of the female drive to bear children, which substantiates the feminist view that the theory appears to be…...
Piaget
Harry James Potter was born in 1980, the son of James and Lily Potter. Both of Harry's parents died when Harry was an infant. The murder of his parents literally left Harry Potter scarred for life: his lightening bolt-shaped scar is one of his most distinguishing physical features. The orphaned Harry was forced to live with distant family relatives who are Muggles, and culturally distinct from Harry. Harry Potter studies at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Harry has developed a process of adaptation, by which he adjusts himself to assimilate to the social environment at Hogwarts.
One of Harry's main cognitive schemas is that he aware that the Dark Lord Voldemort wants to kill him. The schema related to his personal identity and abstract concepts like good and evil evolve, revealing the process of child development throughout Potter's early adolescence. He demonstrates a process of accommodation, by which he…...
For instance, if a business is keenly aware of the manner in which different conditions are effecting business relationships, that businesses to work to make the appropriate changes.
Stages of Development
All relationships are governed by stages. Business relationships are no exception to this rule. There are various characteristics that businesses must be aware of as it pertains to each stage.
According to Brooks (2008) that are four primary stages of business relationship development. These four stages of development are as follows:
Emerging - getting familiar with one another with test transactions. These test transactions are both financial and non-financial (Brooks, 2008). During this stage first impressions are made and businesses can determine the reliability, quality of products/services and whether or not the cost of the product/service is equivalent to the cost of the product. This stage is critical because it establishes the type of relationship that the businesses will have moving forward.…...
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Works Cited
Barry, J.M., Dion P., Johnson W. (2008) A cross-cultural examination of relationship strength in B2B services. Journal of Services Marketing. 22/2 114 -- 135
A comprehensive outline of early childhood development provides important insights into the different stages of growth and development that children go through during their formative years. By understanding these stages, educators and caregivers can tailor their approaches to better support each child's individual needs and abilities. This, in turn, helps to build a strong foundation for future learning in several ways:
1. Early identification of developmental delays or difficulties: By being aware of the typical stages of development, early childhood professionals can recognize when a child is not meeting expected milestones. Early intervention is key in addressing any delays or difficulties,....
Essential Immunizations for Infants and Children Immunization plays a crucial role in protecting infants and children from a wide range of potentially life-threatening diseases. The recommended immunization schedule is based on the best available scientific evidence and is designed to provide optimal protection at different stages of development. Immunization Schedule The following is the recommended immunization schedule for infants and children in the United States, as outlined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 0-6 months: Hepatitis B (HepB) Rotavirus (RV) Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13) 6-18 months: DTaP (2nd and 3rd doses) Hib (2nd....
Key Components of Life Span Theory Life Span Theory is a comprehensive theory of human development that encompasses the entire life span, from conception to death. It emphasizes the role of both biological and environmental factors in shaping development, and recognizes that individuals actively shape their own development through their interactions with the environment. Key Components: 1. Biological Influences: Life Span Theory acknowledges the significant role of biological factors, such as genetics and physical health, in shaping development. Genes provide the blueprint for an individual's physical and psychological characteristics, while physical health can influence cognitive and emotional functioning. 2. Environmental Influences: The environment also....
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