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For many people (indeed perhaps most), these relationships are with other people. But Levinson believed that this did not need to be the case for a healthy development. Equally valid and fulfilling connections can be made at this stage of life with animal companions or with a relationship with nature or even with ideas as expressed in literature, music, or art (Levinson, 1986).
Levinson's model emphasizes both the stability and fluctuations of healthy development. Unlike previous analogous models, he stressed the importance of understanding how individuals moved from one life stage to another. While other psychologists and psychiatrists had neglected to explore the dynamics of the intertidal spaces between one stage and another, Levinson helped both scholars and individuals see how movement between stages provided a constant that extended over the entire lifespan.
While life is full of changes that cannot...
(2004). The decades of life: Relocating Erikson's stages. Pastoral Psychology 53(1): 3-32.
Kittrell, D. (1998). A comparison of the evolution of men's and women's dreams in Daniel Levinson's theory of adult development. Journal of Adult Development 1(3): 135-147.
Levinson, D.J., Darrow, C. N, Klein, E.B. & Levinson, M. (1978). Seasons of a man's life. New York: Random House.
Levinson, D.J., & Levinson, J.D. (1996). Seasons of a woman's life. New York: Alfred a. Knopf.
Newton, P. (1994). Daniel Levinson and his theory of adult development: A reminiscence and some clarifications. Journal of Adult Development 1(3): 135-147.
References
Capps, D. (2004). The decades of life: Relocating Erikson's stages. Pastoral Psychology 53(1): 3-32.
Kittrell, D. (1998). A comparison of the evolution of men's and women's dreams in Daniel Levinson's theory of adult development. Journal of Adult Development 1(3): 135-147.
Levinson, D.J., Darrow, C. N, Klein, E.B. & Levinson, M. (1978). Seasons of a man's life. New York: Random House.
Levinson, D.J., & Levinson, J.D. (1996). Seasons of a woman's life. New York: Alfred a. Knopf.
Tenet of the theory 2. Another tenet of this theory (and one that is connected to certain clinical practices such as those of Rogerian therapy) is that humans are generally inclined to try to achieve greater levels of self-fulfillment, which in turn is linked to greater levels of insight and self-awareness. Methodological assumptions of this model 3. This question is a little more difficult to answer since a model or epistemological framework since
Young adults are on the threshold between youthful behaviors and the adult world. Humans in their late teens begin to accept responsibilities for their own lives and learn to depend upon themselves financially, socially, and psychologically. This is also the time when they make life choices which will ultimately shape their futures and the people they eventually become. Renowned theorist Daniel Levinson defines adult development in the age between 17
The parents then have to maintain a balance between the dependence and independence of their adolescent on the family as both extremes may prove to be harmful. The parents may also need to alter the family system as their adolescents interact with the extended family and make new friends. The middle aged parents also have to change their psychological interactions with their children as their children have now become
Mammals will evolve (to choose an analogy) but they do not revert to being reptiles. If the subjects of this research had simply disagreed about the exact biographical dates of the model this would not have been problematic. If research subjects, for example, had argued to extend the period of middle adulthood to fifty rather than forty-five, for example, as people work until they are older than had been
Life Period I have chosen midlife as my study since it is the period which is the most fascinating and on which too many conflicting and ambiguous statements are brought to bear. This may be due to the fact that the middle years contains too little regularity and too much diversity therefore many of the models that I have seen differ too in the age range given to the mid
3. Early adulthood (17-45): characterized by greatest energy and abundance and likewise by greatest contradiction and stress. This is the era of drive, ambition, obligations, and attempts to succeed in all areas of life. Whilst potentially fulfilling, it can also provide enormous bouts of stress. 4. Midlife Transition (40-45): Levinson (in sync with Jung, Erickson, and Ortega) sees this era as constituting a sharp break between early adulthood and middle adulthood