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This large number was selected to ensure that the power of statistical tests used in the study is of sufficient power to draw valid conclusions. It is expected that given the sensitive nature of the subject, there will be large numbers of selected participants who will decide not to participate, will drop out, or whose parents will not sign the consent form. All participants selected will be taken from the middle school and high school age teens, so aged from 12 through to 17 years old. Half of the sample, so around 400 participants, will be selected through simplified random sampling from school registers of the appropriate years from schools in the district. To ensure that an adequate number of the targeted groups of interest are selected, the other 400 participants will be selected by stratified random sampling. This will involve selecting 100 participants according to each of the following…
References
Allen, E., Bonnell, C., Strange, V., Copas, a., Stephenson, J., Johnson, a.M. & Oakley, a. (2007). Does the UK government's teenage pregnancy strategy deal with the correct risk factors? Findings from a secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial of sex education and implications for policy. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 61(1): 20-27.
Aspy, C.B., Vesely, S.K., Oman, R.F., Rodine, S., Marshall, L., Fluhr, J. & McLeroy, K. (2006). Youth-parent communication and youth sexual behavior: Implications for physicians. Family Medicine, 38(7): 500-504.
Bonnell, C., Allen, E., Strange, V., Oakley, a., Copas, a., Johnson, a. & Stephenson, J. (2006). Influence of family type and parenting behaviors on teenage sexual behavior and conceptions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60: 502-506.
Burke Johnson, R. & Onwuegbuzie, a.J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7): 14-26.
Teenage Pregnancy
The disadvantages of teen pregnancy
Teen pregnancy is increasing worldwide and the accompanying negative effects have dire implications for society. Countries have engaged in aggressive campaigns to arrest and limit the number of teens becoming pregnant. There has been limited success from the approaches utilized because of the multiple variables that influence a teenage to engage in sexual behavior. A critical part of the problem is that most teens are not interested in becoming pregnant but are desirous of heterosexual sexual contact. When this is coupled with the limited ability to foresee outcomes of their actions the combination creates the conditions for teen pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy has severe consequences for both partners although the females tend to carry the greater burden.
The main problem that occurs when a teen becomes pregnant is the impact on the teen's education. Teenage is the time when many individuals are in their…
References
Manlove, J. (1997). Early Motherhood in an Intergenerational Perspective: The Experiences of a British Cohort. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59(2):263-279.
Pros and Cons of teen pregnancy (2010). Retrieved from http://www.articlesbase.com/womens-health-articles/pros-and-cons-of-teenage-pregnancy-1772486.html
Redmond, M.A. (1985). Attitudes of Adolescent Males toward Adolescent Pregnancy and Fatherhood Family Relations, 34(3):337-342.
Typically, class does have an effect upon teen pregnency for a variety of reasons. The urban poor tend to have less access to some of the opportunities and activities of middle and upper class girls; they are often alone longer during the day because their mother or grandmother is working; they often do not have access to the same amount of information about birth control and/or abstinance that other children; and they are often so mired in poverty that they are looking for something that they can control, hold onto, and actually be responsible for. Often poor teen mothers feel that having the baby, and the attention they receive as "magic" and, for the first time in their lives, feeling loved and nurtured (Ibid., 7-11). Of course, this "honeymoon" period rarely lasts once the realities of feeding, lack of sleep, and the constancy of care become part of the reality.…
REFERENCES
Linking Teen Pregnancy Prevention to Other Critical Social Issues. (2010, March). Retrieved November 2010, from the Namtional Campaign: http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/why-it-matters/pdf/introduction.pdf
Edin and Kefalas. (2005). Promise I can Keep: WHy Poor Women Put Motherhood Before Marriage. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Moncloa and Johns. (2003, April). Best Practices in Teen Pregnancy Prevention . Retrieved November 2010, from Journal of Extension: http://www.joe.org/joe/2003april/tt1.php
Valk, G. (2000, July/August). The Dutch Model. Retrieved November 2010, from UNESCO: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001201/120152e.pdf
There could be many reasons for this occurrence such as lack of funds or interest in a generally marginalized population. Many adolescent mothers are often dismissed as damaged goods in society and this trend may have carried over into the scientific research realm as well.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2011 a total of 329,797 babies were born to adolescent women aged 15-19. This is statistic that has fallen in recent years and may also contribute to the lack of interest in STD research to postpartum adolescents. It appears that this problem is not has rampant as before, but this still does not dismiss the importance of further investigation.
2. What is the relationship between safe sexual practices and adolescent mothers ?
3. Proper sexual education will reduce the amount of STD or STI incidence among adolescent mothers.
eferences
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.…
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. " Teen Pregnancy." Viewed 20 May 2013. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/
Icovics, J. et al. (2003). High postpartum rates of sexually transmitted infections among teens: pregnancy as a window of opportunity for prevention. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 79, 6 Dec 2003: 469-473.
Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy (PAP) (mimicking the methods used by Lederman and Mian, 2003), followed by a follow-up study that tracked the rates of pregnancy among participants in the PAP program.
ecommendations
Overall, this paper shows that research articles on teen pregnancy (such as Lederman and Mian, 2003), could benefit from a closer look at anecdotal observations and the real-world impact on parents and children. In contrast, popular articles (like the Health24.com article) could benefit from a more rigorous understanding and application of academic qualifications and proof.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the comparison of my observations of my field study placement for Girls Inc. Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy (PAP) with Lederman and Mian's (2003) empirical article and Health24.com's popular article revealed a number of interesting observations. Both popular articles and empirical articles in the field could be improved, and a new study attempting to integrate academic components and anecdotal observations may create better…
References
Girls Inc. Of Orange County. About Girls Incorporated of Orange County, California. 18 May 2005. http://www.girlsinc-oc.org/newabt.htm
Health24.com. Teen pregnancy prevention. http://www.health24.com/sex/General/1253-1267,11605.asp or http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:j4x_fnz0RrUJ:www.health24.com/sex/General/1253- 1267,11605.asp+Teen+Pregnancy+Prevention+Program+article&hl=en&client=firefox-a
Lederman, Regina P. And Mian, Tahir S. 2003. The Parent-Adolescent Relationship Education Program: a curriculum for prevention of STDs and pregnancy in middle school youth. Behavioral Medicine, Spring, 2003, 29(1), 33-41.
At the same time, technical assistance in adopting and implementing these best practices and in program evaluation has been extended (Johns).
Sex Education Programs -- These include group discussion and emphasize the importance of peer influence (Orecchia, 2009). Research has shown that psycho-educational groups are especially effective in reducing risk behavior among teenage females. Statistics show that young Latina, Native American and African-American girls have higher teen birth rates than whites. First sexual experiences also occur to black females earlier than their white counterparts. The younger they become sexually active, the less likely they use protective means. Practitioners recommend community-based and culturally specific adolescent pregnancy prevention programs for African-American girls younger than 11 or 12. On the other hand, Latina youth need help from staff members who understand Latino culture and speak Spanish. These staff members must emphasize the importance of education to future financial stability among these young girls.…
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Breedlove, G. (2005). Perceptions of social support from pregnant and parenting teens using community-based doulas. 14 (3) Journal of Perinatal Education: Lamaze
International Publication. Retrieved on March 18, 2011 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article/pmc1595255
CDC 92011). Teen pregnancy in the United States. National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Teen Pregnancy in Los Angeles
Provide a reasonable description, with sufficient detail, of how this health concern is linked to a health inequality for the population of interest
In the case of Los Angles, California the teen pregnancy rate is the highest in comparison with the rest of the state. However, in a study that was conducted by Biggs (2011), she determined that the largest group (who have the most teen pregnancy rates inside LA County) are Latinos. The below table is illustrating the Hispanic teen pregnancy rates in contrast with economic and social factors. ("Los Angeles Teen Birth ate," 2010)
Latino Teen Pregnancy ates in Contrast to Economic and Social Factors
Percentage
Proficient in English
Less than a High School Education
High School Diploma
Vocational School
.1%
Unmarried
Married
("Los Angeles Teen Birth ate," 2010)
These figures are showing how the majority of Hispanic teen pregnancy rates are from…
References
Los Angeles Teen Birth Rate. (2010). Country Health Rankings. Retrieved from: http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/node/339/14/archived-data/2010
Pregnant Teen and Parent Resources. (2012). Project ABC. Retrieved from: http://projectabc-la.org/resources/teen_parent_resources.php
Biggs, P. (2011). Latina Voices. UCSF. Retreived from: http://bixbycenter.ucsf.edu/publications/files/Latina_Teen_Childbearing_March_2011
Who We Are. (2012). La Best Babies. Retrieved from: http://labestbabies.org/who-we-are
Therefore, the issue of teenage pregnancy needs special attention. All countries, especially should work more seriously on its moral code that teenagers should wait until adulthood in order to start sexual relations with their partners. Teenagers needs guidance that their teenage life in this competitive world should be spent in learning, becoming fully civilized and not throwing themselves in sexuality, pregnancy and parenthood issues, which are too early for them to handle and manage.
References
Annie, E 1999. Teen childbearing in America's largest cities. Casey Foundation. Retrieved June 29, 2012
www.aecf.org/kidscount/childbear/cb-printer.htm.
Darroch, J.E., Landry, D.J., & Singh, S 2000. Changing Emphases in Sexuality Education in U.S. Public
Secondary Schools. Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 204-212. Sept -- ct.
Kirby, D 2002. The impact of schools and school programs upon adolescent sexual behavior. Journal of Sex
Research, 39(1).
Kirby, D., Coyle, K., & Gould, J. B 2001. Manifestations of poverty and birthrates…
O'Sullivan, L.F., Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.L., & Watkins, B. X 2001. Mother-daughter communication about sex among urban African-American and Latino families.
Journal of Adolescent Research, 16.
This study is based on the mother-daughter relationship and communication with each other on the topics that provide sexual information. The study provided good information regarding how this relationship is responsible for teenage pregnancy and what can be done to prevent daughters from staying away from teenage pregnancy.
On the contrary, emerging adults continue to receive comprehensive sexuality education though they contribute to the problem because of ignorance of the information.
The second major different aspect is that adolescents and emerging adults engage in love and sexual relationships for different reasons. For adolescents the main reasons for engaging in such relationships include companionship, recreation, learning, and to impress others. As a result, their involvement in such relationships generally lacks or has minimal long-term commitment. On the contrary, emerging adults tend to engage in such relationships in order to gain sexual experience. Consequently, these individuals have a tendency of ignoring anti-teen pregnancy information, which further complicates the problem (Gallagher, 1999, p. 8).
Conclusion:
The issue of teen pregnancy is a growing and complex problem that not only affects the pregnant girl but it also affects her family and the overall society. There are various approaches that can be used…
References:
Arnett, J.J 2004, Adolescence and emerging adulthood: a cultural approach, Pearson Education,
Inc: New Jersey.
Fincham, F.D. & Cui, M 2010, Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood, Cambridge
University Press: New York.
Of these elements, they found anxiety sensitivity to be directly linked to lower levels of educational advancement. Anxiety sensitivity mainly comprises symptoms of anxiety leading to fear due to a certain belief that anxiety has dangerous somatic, psychological, or social penalties. In one study scholars found that the basic forms of fears were the playing field for a broad spectrum of fear-stimuli and they found that these basic forms of fear led to heightened levels of low educational advancement amongst teenage mothers (Singh and Darroch, 2000).
A group of researchers found facts that verified the philosophy that the dread of feeling anxious was more powerful then other fears. Nevertheless, they also stated that these basic fears were not the basis for all of the inconsistencies that were found in the ordinary fears and quality/character anxiety. This basically denoted that there were other unenthusiastic life incidents that could contribute to the…
References
Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1989). Attachment beyond infancy. Am. Psychol. 44: 709-716.
Albert, B. (2004) America's Adults and Teens Sound Off About Teen Pregnancy: An Annual Survey. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.
Albert, B. (2007). America's Adults and Teens Sound Off About Teen Pregnancy: An Annual Survey. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.
Albert, B., Sarah Brown and Christine M. Flanigan, eds. (2003). 14 and Younger: The Sexual Behavior of Young Adolescents. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.
Teen Pregnancy Prevention Interactive Systems Framework Technical Assistance Science-Based Approaches Getting to Outcomes Implementation
Duffy, J. L., Severson Prince, M., Johnson, E. E., Alton, F. L., Flynn, S., Mattison Faye, A., Edwards Padgett, P., Rollison, C., Becker, D., & Hinzey, A. L. 2012. Enhancing Teen Pregnancy Prevention in Local Communities: Capacity Building Using the Interactive Systems Framework. Am J Community Psychol. 50:70-85 DOI 10.1007/s10464-012-951-9
"the Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) suggests that adopting innovations like GTO requires a significant amount of capacity building through training and technical assistance." (2012: 70)
"Chinman et al. (2008) examined the effects of training and TA provided to staff of two substance abuse coalitions to support their use of the Getting To Outcomes (GTO) process for planning, implementing and evaluating their prevention programs."
Variable 1: type of organization -- school or community.
- Variable 2: age of organization -- organizations ranged from around two years old…
3. "For marijuana use, baseline marijuana use was the only signifi can't predictor, Wald = 4.24, p = .039, odds ratio (OR) = 2.76, 95% confi dence interval (CI) = 1.05 to 7.23, suggesting that baseline marijuana use nearly tripled the odds of marijuana use approximately 7 years later. For the other young adult outcomes, pregnancy within the 2-year follow-up was a signifi can't predictor; in each case, it was associated with an increased risk for the occurrence of the outcome." (2013: 428)
4. "The results of the logistic regression analyses partially supported the study hypotheses. Specifi cally, pregnancies during the 2-year follow-up increased the likelihood that girls would engage in illicit drug use (but not marijuana use), would have one or more pregnancies resulting in a miscarriage, and would come to the attention of child welfare authorities regarding their parenting." (2013: 429)
5. "The current results, combined with those from prior researchers, support the theory that altering general developmental pathways that lead to a host of negative outcomes might be more effective than exclusively targeting problem-specific behaviors, skills, and attitudes thought to be directly related to teen pregnancy." (2013: 432)
Introduction
The data provided by CDC shows that 229, 715 children were born of mothers between 15 and 19 years in 2015. The figures represent a birth rate of 22.3 for every 1000 women in the age bracket mentioned (CDC, 2017). The many street children, broken families, school dropouts and abortions are because there is a high involvement of adolescents in sexual activities that often lead to pregnancies. Peer pressure has been cited in many forums to be a major contributor to teenage pregnancy. Other reasons include absence of parents, glamorizing pregnancy of teenagers by media outlets and movies, drinking among teenagers, sexual abuse, rape, poverty and sheer lack of knowledge.
Source: https://www.livestrong.com/article/97113-preventing-teenage-pregnancy/
The intention of this information handout is to educate young girls between the ages of 10 and 19 years on the risks of becoming pregnant while still a teenager, and what they need to do to avoid…
References
CDC (2017). Reproductive Health: Teen Pregnancy, Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved, 28, December, 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/about/ index.htm
Cook, S. M. C., & Cameron, S. T. (2015). Social issues of teenage pregnancy. Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine, 25(9), 243–248.
Langham, R. Y. (2015). What Are the Causes of Teenage Pregnancy? Retrieved 28, December, 2017 from https://www.livestrong.com/article/88415-teen-abortion/
McCarthy, F. P., O’Brien, U., & Kenny, L. C. (2014). The management of teenage pregnancy. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.).
Summers, S. (2017). Ways of Preventing Teenage Pregnancy, Livestrong.com. Retrieved 28, December, 2017, from https://www.livestrong.com/article/279393-disadvantages-of-teenage-pregnancy/
Teen pregnancy has been a drain and a scourge on society for a number of generations. It is tapering off in many to most areas but the impacts to teenagers that become pregnant long before they should, and for a number of reasons, causes a lot of burdens on the expectant mothers, their fellow parents and the wider society. The class text clearly ascribes to the idea that sociology and the study thereof should be used to effect positive change and that it should be based on critical thinking and analysis. Using these tools and this logic, it is clear what must be done to drive teen pregnancy even lower, especially in high-risk groups (Leon-Guerrero, 2013).
There are two major issues surrounding pregnancy that can put people in peril and that is having children too young and having children that the parent(s) cannot support. Both of these dynamics are much…
References
ABC. (2013, April 9). GMA: Children Overly-Exposed to Sex - ABC News.
ABCNews.com - Breaking News, Latest News & Top Video News - ABC News.
Retrieved September 28, 2013, from http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/AmericanFamily/story?id=126534&page=1
Dutta, R. (2013, August 28). Miley Cyrus, Lindsy Lohan, Britney Spears: Why all Disney stars gets carried away? - Celebrity News Live!. Celebrity News Live! Celebrate
Teens and Reality Shows -- Pregnancy Issues
Do some Reality TV shows try to make it cool to get pregnant? hat has been the effect that various Reality TV shows have had on teenage girls -- when it comes to issues like pregnancy and motherhood? Are these shows really providing good information to teen girls -- as regards their lives and their sexual activities -- or do the shows simply "sugarcoat" challenges that pregnant teens face (Sun, 2011). This paper delves into the issues surrounding Reality TV shows and teen pregnancy / motherhood.
The reality of TV shows on pregnancy for teens
It is possible the MTV shows like "Teen Mom" and "Teen Mom 2" and "16 and pregnant" are actually intended by the producers to warn teenage girls about the negative impacts of having babies while still in adolescence. And the shows may be having that very impact, according…
Works Cited
Armstrong, J. (2010). Teen Mom. . Retrieved August 22, 2014, from http://www.ew.com .
Gallant, J. (2014). Shows on pregnant teens linked to drop in teen births, study says. Toronto Star. Retrieved August 22, 2014, from http://www.thestar.com .
Kemp, S. (2013). Realty TV's Impact on Teen Pregnancy. Livestrong.com. Retrieved August 22, 2014, from http://www.livestrong.com .
Sun, F. (2011). Baby Mamas. Time. Retrieved August 22, 2014, from http://www.time.com .
Furthermore, abstinence-only programs have not been shown to have an appreciable impact on teen pregnancy rates (Hunt). In fact, more and earlier safe-sex education appears to help reduce the number of teen pregnancies (Hunt). However, the most effective existing approaches to preventing or reducing teen pregnancy seem to combine both abstinence and contraceptive usage.
One thing is clear: contraceptive use alone will not be enough to prevent teen pregnancy. While contraceptives are very successful in preventing pregnancy if used properly, they are also subject to a wide variety of user error. Furthermore, some researchers suggests that the recent decreases in teen pregnancy rates are not due to increased use of contraceptives alone, but also to an increased abstinence rate among teens (Mohn). While encouraging teenage boys to engage in couple-like behaviors increases the likelihood that they will discuss contraception with their partners before engaging in sex for the first time,…
Bibliography
Hunt, Albert R. "Beware the Moral Cops." The Wall Street Journal. 2 Dec. 2004. The National
Center to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. 6 Dec. 2004 http://www.teenpregnancy.org/about/announcements/news/pdf/WSJ12-2-04.pdf .
Mohn, J.K., Tingle L.R. And Finger, R. "An Analysis of the Causes of the Decline in Non-marital
Birth and Pregnancy Rates for Teens from 1991 to 1995. Adolescent and Family Health, 3(1) (2002): 39-47.
Condoms Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Millions and billions of people who survive in this world are segregated into diverse cultures and civilizations with different sets of norms and values for living. Amongst these culturally diverse people, numerous social issues exist. However, few of these social issues have emerged on a global platform, where scores of nations are confronting these issues on a mutual basis. One of the social dilemmas that have grabbed the public attention in the current times is teen pregnancy (Feinstein, 2009).
The social issue of teen pregnancy in the past few decades has become one of the escalating and serious social issues in many parts of the world, and United States is one of those nations. However, today, numerous options are available for the people of all ages (teens as well as adults) that can help them prevent the birth control or pregnancy. Condoms are one of the…
References
Campbell, C.P. & Orr, T. (2011). Frequently Asked Questions about Teen Pregnancy. First Edition. New York, USA: The Rosen Publishing Group.
Feinstein, S. (2009). Sexuality and Teens: What You Should Know about Sex, Abstinence, Birth Control, Pregnancy, and STDs. First Edition. USA: Enslow Publishers, Inc.
Teen Help. (2012). Condom Use, Statistics, and Effectiveness. Retrieved from Teen Help website: http://www.teenhelp.com/teen-sexuality/condoms.html
Chart1
Additionally, the more important impacts at the level of the children of adolescent mothers are represented by the "shorter and longer term impact […], especially in terms of their physical and emotional development" (Arai, 2009).
At the level of their own behavior, the children of adolescent mothers are more likely to develop aggressive manners of conduct, and they will also have a higher degree of developing cognitive difficulties. They also reveal higher rates of high school drop out (77 per cent graduation rate for children of teen parents as opposed to 89 per cent graduation rate for children of more mature women) and the crime rates among this population of youth from adolescent mothers is higher than the crime rate among youth from older mothers -- 10.3 per cent incarceration rate versus 3.8 incarceration rate for the second category (the Florida State University).
Aside from the child and the mother,…
References:
Arai, L., 2009, Teenage pregnancy: the making and unmaking of a problem, the Policy Press
Hermes, a., the effect of teenage pregnancy on society, eHow, http://www.ehow.com/facts_6107050_effect-teenage-pregnancy-society.htmllast accessed on August 3, 2012
Hoffman, S.D., Maynard, R.A., 2008, Kids having kids: economic costs and social consequences of teen pregnancy, 2nd edition, the Urban Institute
The children of teen parents, the Florida State University, http://www.cpeip.fsu.edu/resourceFiles/resourceFile_78.pdflast accessed on August 3, 2012
For that reason, the approach to sexual education of teenagers recommended instead of one-dimensional focus on discouraging sexuality altogether must include three main elements: (1) sexual development and reproduction; (2) contraception and birth control; and (3) relationships.
Furthermore, this resource argues that sexual education should begin before puberty and before teenagers begin to experiment sexually and develop habits that are more difficult to address after the fact. Likewise, the resource suggests that information about appropriate sexual behavior and intimate relationships should come from more than a single source such as school-based educational programs. In that regard, parents and counselors should also contribute to the development of healthy attitudes and beliefs about sexual expression. Finally, the resource presents evidence to discount the unwarranted fear that early exposure to these concepts might encourage earlier sexual experimentation than would occur without it.
Usefulness to Project
This resource was tremendously useful to this project…
References
Forrest, Simon. "Sex Education that Works." (2009). Retrieved October 21, 2009, from:
http://www.avert.org/sex-education.htm
The TAPP medical program is a collaboration between Jefferson County Public Schools, the Louisville Metro Health Department, and the University of Louisville School of Medicine and School of Nursing. Medical doctors, Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners, and Registered Nurses teach, assist and monitor the young women and their babies, daily. This includes information regarding the benefits of breastfeeding, instructional assistance and support once the baby arrives. Family planning and birth control information are presented to students for future planning to help prevent future unplanned pregnancies. A omen, Infants and Children (IC) clinic also provides students with nutritional information during their pregnancy and after the baby is born ("Medical Component").
Conclusion:
The rising rates of teen pregnancy, in the state of Kentucky, is a serious concern. These teens have a more difficult time continuing their education with the added challenges of pregnancy and motherhood. In Louisville, the TAPP program at estport Alternative…
Works Cited
"Medical Component." Jefferson County Public Schools, Louisville, Kentucky. 2010. Web. 15 Nov. 2010. .
"Statistics." Kentucky Teen Pregnancy Coalition - HOME. 2010. Web. 15 Nov. 2010. .
York, Sara. "Welcome to Westport TAPP." Jefferson County Public Schools, Louisville, Kentucky. 2010. Web. 15 Nov. 2010. .
1) What social problem did the program seek to address?
The social problem that the program sought to address was the need to reduce risky sexual behaviors among teenage youths. Risky sexual behavior is common among teens (Chapin, 2001) and programs that focus on educating teens about reducing risks associated with sex can be a way to address the issue (Walsh-Buhi et al., 2016). However, there is a need to understand teens’ perspective and for adults to be able to relate to what teens are going through in order to help convey the message about risk (Kerpelman, McElwain, Pittman & Adler-Baeder, 2016). For that reason, the program aimed to find a way to help bridge the gap between adult educators and youths and the idea of using young parents as peer educators to talk to teens about sex and preventing teen pregnancy was the focus of the program in the…
Abortion trends varied widely by state as well. "Teenage abortion rates were highest in New York (41 per 1,000), New Jersey, Nevada, Delaware and Connecticut. By contrast, teenagers in South Dakota (6 per 1,000), Utah, Kentucky, Nebraska and North
Dakota all had abortion rates of eight or fewer per 1,000 women aged 15 -- 19. More than half of teenage pregnancies ended in abortion in New Jersey, New York and Connecticut" (Guttmacher, 2010). It is important to keep in mind that teenage abortion rates may reflect multiple issues. First, they may reflect that teenager's own personal beliefs and desire to raise a baby. However, they may also reflect prevailing societal norms in that geographic area, which can make it difficult, and even practically impossible, for pregnant teenagers to obtain abortions.
Portrayal in popular culture
Perhaps one of the most alarming things about teen pregnancy is that it is receiving more…
References
Cape Fear Teen Health Council. (2006). Why is teen pregnancy a problem? Retrieved April 2,
2012 from http://www.capefearteen.org/cfthc.php?section=statistics&record_id=1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Prepregnancy contraceptive use among teens with unintended pregnancies resulting in live births- Pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (PRAMS), 2004-2008. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 61(2), 25-29.
Drayton, V., Montgomery, S., Modeste, N., Frye-Anderson, B. (2002-2003). The health belief model as a predictor of repeat pregnancies among Jamaican teenage mothers. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 21(1), 67-81.
Moreover, an 'abstinence-only' education program is sometimes perceived by teenagers as providing one-sided and medically inaccurate information. (Studies by Kirby, 1997 and Huberman, quoted in "educing Teenage Pregnancy" 2006) shift in attitudes towards teenage sexuality must occur in the U.S. To facilitate the development of appropriate policies and programs to reduce teenage pregnancy. Presently, sexual activity, rather than the pregnancies that can result from it, is seen as the problem requiring intervention. Teaching young people that premarital sex is a moral failure does not prevent pregnancy -- studies show that those with fearful and negative attitudes about sexuality are less likely to use contraception when they have sex than those who believe they have a right to decide to have sex (eiss, 1990).
It is, therefore, important to have a more comprehensive program of sexual education for teenagers that gives due recognition to the fact that sexual expression is a…
References
American Opinion on Teen Pregnancy and Related Issues 2003." (2004). Science Says: A Project of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved on May 18, 2007 at http://www.teenpregnancy.org/works/pdf/American_Opinion.pdf
Kirby, D. (2001). "Emerging answers: research findings on programs to reduce unwanted teenage pregnancy." National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved on May 18, 2007 at http://www.teenpregnancy.org/resources/data/pdf/emeranswsum.pdf
Reducing Teenage Pregnancy." (2006). Planned Parenthood. Retrieved on May 18, 2007 at http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/teen-pregnancy-sex-education/teenage-pregnancy-6240.htm
Reiss, Ira L. (1990). An End to the Shame: Shaping Our Next Sexual Revolution. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.
According to Tamara Kreinin, president of the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the U.S., "Manipulating facts about condoms is using a scare tactic to try and get kids not to be sexually active" (Morse, 2002).
One of the consequences of a lack of full and complete information to youth actually causes self-imposed ignorance of their own safety. If adolescents do not get the proper education on protecting themselves from STDs, it is unlikely they will get much beyond playground rumor. In several reviews conducted by the U.S. Surgeon General and by the Committee of HIV Prevention, abstinence only programs have little to no effect on the sexual behavior of adolescents ("Abstinence"). Further, denying young people full and accurate information about sex, contraception, and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases puts them at needless health risks. The reality is that teens will talk about sex, will experiment, and will likely have…
REFERENCES
Boston:Economy. (2009, March). Retrieved December 2010, from City-Data.com: http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/the-Northeast/Boston-Economy.html
Health and Social Disparities. (2010, March). Retrieved December 2010, from Boston University: http://sph.bu.edu/Maternal-a-Child-Health/department-of-community-health-sciences/menu-id-617096.html
Linking Teen Pregnancy Prevention to Other Critical Social Issues. (2010, March). Retrieved November 2010, from the Namtional Campaign: http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/why-it-matters/pdf/introduction.pdf
Medical Research in Boston. (2010, February). Retrieved December 2010, from Boston University: http://www.bumc.bu.edu/
Teen Pregnancy
Compared to only a few decades ago, American society has become more open and accepting of teenage pregnancy. Pregnant teens are no longer hidden away with relatives. More importantly, many school and community groups have adopted honest and aggressive strategies to address the growing incidences of teenage pregnancy.
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of four different styles of programs in preventing pregnancy in teenage girls. These programs include sex education in schools, one-on-one conversations between patient and health care worker in a clinical setting, service learning programs and finally, youth development programs. Emphasis is given on the effectiveness of these programs in preventing pregnancy in teenage African-American girls.
The first part of this paper is an overview of teen pregnancy statistics, both throughout the United States and with African-American teenagers in particular. The next part of the paper then identifies the factors behind the rising rates of pregnancy…
Works Cited
Boekeloo, B.O., Schamus, L.A., Simmens, S.J., Cheng, T.L., O'Connor, K., & D'Angelo, L.J. 1999. "A STD/HIV prevention trial among adolescents in managed care." Pediatrics, 103, 107-115.
Harding, David. 2003. "Counterfactual Models of Neighborhood Effects: The Effect of Neighborhood Poverty on Dropping Out and Teenage Pregnancy." American Journal of Sociology. November.
Moore, Mignon R. And Lundsay P. Chase-Lansdale. 2001. "Sexual Intercourse and Pregnancy Among African-American Girls in High-Poverty Neighborhoods: The Role of Family and Perceived Community Environment." Journal of Marriage & the Family. November.
Napier, Kristine. 1999. "Abstinence-Only Programs Reduce Teen Pregnancy." Education. Tamara L. Roleff, Ed. At Issue Series. Greenhaven Press
Teen Pregnancy: The ole of Parental Support
A significant proportion of babies in the U.S. are born to women aged 15 to 19 years. In 2014 alone, 249,078 babies were delivered by teenage women, representing a birth rate of 24 in every 1,000 females in this age category (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). This represents a historic low in the prevalence of teen pregnancy in the U.S. compared to two decades ago, with delayed and/or reduced sexual activity as well as increased use of birth control among teens believed to be the major contributors of the decline (CDC, 2016). Even so, teen pregnancy in the U.S. remains the highest in the developed world (Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 2016).
Whereas majority of teen births are unintended and occur outside marriage, it is important to note that many of these are intended (Sekharan et al., 2015).…
References
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2016). Teen pregnancy in the United
States. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/about/
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (2016). Trends in teen pregnancy and childbearing. Retrieved from: https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-health- topics/reproductive-health/teen-pregnancy/trends.html
Macutkiewicz, J., & MacBeth, A. (2016). Intended adolescent pregnancy: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Adolescent Research Review, 1-17.
Teenage pregnancy issues should be undertaken by putting into practice programs that will help prevent teenagers from becoming pregnant. Health care providers need to devise intervention programs that allow family, school and society in general to provide the necessary information to teenagers through sexual education. The family portion should involve parental education and information on sexual health issues. Schools need to be more focused on offering courses about gender issues and more training for teachers regarding sexual education. Schools and families need to work together in order to prevent teenage pregnancies. The aim of these programs should be to reduce the number of teenage pregnancies among girls by increasing their knowledge of sexual health issues. This can be done by offering teenagers information in a convenient, friendly, and familiar environment so that they are well informed of the choices that they have (Sarantaki and Koutelekos, 2007).
orks Cited
East, Patricia…
Works Cited
East, Patricia L., Reyes, Barbara T., and Horn, Emily J. "Association Between Adolescent
Pregnancy and a Family History of Teenage Births." Consumer Health Complete. 39.2
(2007):108-115.
Langille, Donald B. "Teenage pregnancy: Trends, contributing factors and the physician's role."
Health Needs for Teenage Pregnancies
hat are the special needs of teenagers who are pregnant? Certainly the fact that an expectant mother in her teens is quite different than a married woman in her mid-twenties in terms of the psychology -- and the physical needs -- of her condition, and so there are things a pregnant teenager needs that are likely different from a mature woman. This paper delves into those special needs and basic situations that teenagers face when pregnant.
The Healthcare Needs of Pregnant Teenagers
First of all, according to Tricia Michels, writing in Public Health Reports, pregnant teens are already facing "stigmatization in many aspect of their lives" just by the mere fact that they are pregnant and all their friends are living normal teenage lives (Michels, 2000, p. 557). Hence, tending to their new unborn babies is another challenge that must be approached with intelligence and…
Works Cited
Coila, Bridget. (2010). Health Risks for Pregnant Teens. Livestrong.com. Retrieved December
13, 2012, from http://www.livestrong.com .
Michels, Tricia M. (2000). "Patients Like Us": Pregnant and Parenting Teens View the Health
Care System. Public Health Reports, Volume 115, 557-575.
Teen Preg
An unplanned pregnancy is traumatic for any woman, and especially teenagers who completely unprepared or unwilling to carry a child to term. The United States leads all other developed, wealthy, industrialized nations in prevalence of teen pregnancies: with the UK in a fairly distant second place (Kmietowicz, 2002). About 52 out of every 1000 teenagers aged 15-19 in the United States give birth, compared with less than seven per 1000 teenagers in other countries including Japan, Switzerland, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Korea (Kmietowicz, 2002). Teen pregnancy is a problem because it ruins young lives. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2012), "only about 50% of teen mothers receive a high school diploma by 22 years of age, versus approximately 90% of women who had not given birth during adolescence." A high rate of high school drop out among teen mothers is not the only…
References
CDC (2012). About Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved online: http://www.cdc.gov/TeenPregnancy/AboutTeenPreg.htm
Kmietowicz, Z. (2002). U.S. And UK are top in teen pregnancy rates. BMJ. 2002 June 8; 324(7350): 1354
Religious communities in schools encourage various programs with the intention of having teenagers ready to go through diverse social difficulties. However, they constantly tend to go over the topic of contraception, as religion does not support it.
Even after seeing the effect that unwanted births have on teenagers, religious communities are not supportive towards birth control. Irresponsible adults condemn birth control, claiming that the government should finance proper education, instead of investing into something that they believe is not a true necessity.
Even with the fact that religious communities do not support birth control programs, Americans generally appear to be encouraging teenagers to use contraception. A large percentage from the general public believes that birth control should be covered by health insurances. Also, they believe that sex education should involve issues concerning contraception through abstinence. There are a number of educational institutions supporting the concept of teaching teenagers that they…
Works cited:
1. Barth Richard P., Painter John S., Sangalang Bernadette B. "First-Birth Outcomes and Timing of Second Births: A Statewide Case Management Program for Adolescent Mothers." Health and Social Work, Vol. 31, 2006.
2. Sawhill, Isabel V. "What Can Be Done to Reduce Teen Pregnancy and Out-of-Wedlock Births?." Retrieved November 28, 2009, from the Brookings Web site: http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2001/10childrenfamilies_sawhill.aspx
3. Schwartz, Michael. "Sex as Apple Pie." National Review, Vol. 40, June 10, 1988.
4. Wetzstein, Cheryl. "Poll Finds Majority Back Birth Control; Access Sought without 'Delay'." The Washington Times, June 8, 2007.
Teen Mom
The MTV production Teen Mom follows the real lives of Amber, Catelynn, Farrah, and Maci as they deal with being teen moms. The show can be criticized for showing the worst side of American culture, but it sends a good message warning viewers about the potential pitfalls of unprotected sex. Each of the four main characters has had different life experiences, which led to their getting pregnant and their decision to carry a child to term. Because each of the characters is completely different from one another, it allows viewers to get multiple points-of-view and perspectives. Furthermore, the producers make sure to present the issue from a family and community perspective. The entire context, and the background information about the families of origin and their communities are important for understanding why each girl got pregnant, why she chose to carry the child, and why she made the post-partum…
References
Teen Mom. [Website]. Retrieved online: http://www.mtv.com/shows/teen_mom/season_4/series.jhtml
Teen Mom. [Television show}
One of those alarming physical changes is that the younger a person is when they begin drinking, even at low levels the more likely they are to become alcoholics. This change even overrides a known genetic predisposition for alcoholism. (Butler, July 4, 2006) Time forward ads regarding adult failure could be developed at a later time but again such images and concerns do not seem to sway teens. Funding for such a campaign would likely come from national and local foundations that stress clean living, and possibly from litigation funds that have been secured for healthier youth programs.
Alcohol use may begin simply as an exciting experiment, or as a way for a teen to feel a part of his or her peer group, lowering the feeling of awkwardness that often comes with the territory. Yet teen drinking can become a social disaster, that brings on extreme grief and loss.…
References
"AH shoes the best pillow when your a drunk teen and can't get up!" April, 10 2005 http://www.myspace.com/babyjenaya
"American Academy of Pediatrics Survey of Teen Alcohol Consumption: Summary Findings,"
American Academy of Pediatrics, September 30, 1998.
http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/aapkeyf2.htm
The two researchers, Nichols and Good, continue, "Teen pregnancies are an acute national problem because when young girls have children, the risk of poor developmental outcomes, such as poverty or lost career and educational opportunities, increases substantially for both mother and child" (Nichols, and Good 101). Thus, the cycle of poverty could continue through generations, all because of teen pregnancy. Many minority women do not have the resources to get birth control, which is another cause of teen pregnancy in minorities and poverty-stricken areas. This is one area that society could intervene, and create more awareness for teens in poverty-stricken areas, and create more educational opportunities for new, young mothers, so they can continue their education and break the cycle of poverty. Another social problem of teen sex is that studies show it can lead to decreased interest in school and other activities. Another author notes, "Early teen sex is…
References
Editors. "U.S. Teen Sexual Activity." Kaiser Family Foundation. 2005. 18 Nov. 2008. http://www.kff.org/youthhivstds/upload/U-S-Teen-Sexual-Activity-Fact-Sheet.pdf
Nichols, Sharon L., and Thomas L. Good. America's Teenagers -- Myths and Realities: Media Images, Schooling, and the Social Costs of Careless Indifference. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.
Sabia, Joseph J. "Early Adolescent Sex and Diminished School Attachment: Selection or Spillovers?" Southern Economic Journal 74.1 (2007): 239+.
Teen Sex Linked to Early Friendships." USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) Apr. 2003: 7+.
teenage sexuality. The writer links research and theory to a practical problem and discusses how they are similar. The writer also discusses teenage sexuality in the context of education. There were six sources used to complete this paper.
Americans have adjusted a lot of their thinking when it comes to teenage sexuality during recent years. There was a time when a pregnant teen would have been removed from the school and sent to a school for unwed mothers. There was a time when a sexually active female was labeled a slut, or said to be loose. Those days are on the retreat as Americans accept teenage sexuality more than ever before. With that acceptance comes the question of when and how to teach sex education. Schools are at a crossroad because they are dealing with pregnant teens but many parents are opposed to the sex education of their children within…
References
Mallet, Pascal; Apostolidis, Themistoklis; Paty, Benjamin (1997). The development of gender schemata about heterosexual and homosexual others during adolescence.. Vol. 124, The Journal of General Psychology, pp 91(14).
Feigenbaum, Rhona-Weinstein, Estelle-et al.,(1995). College students' sexual attitudes and behaviors: Implications for sexuality education.. Vol. 44, Journal of American College Health, pp 112.
Brody, Stuart; Rau, Harald; Fuhrer, Niklas; Hillebrand, Heiko; Rudiger, Daniela; Braun, Manuel (1996). Traditional ideology as an inhibitor of sexual behavior.. Vol. 130, The Journal of Psychology, pp 615(12).
National Poll Shows Parents Overwhelmingly Support Comprehensive Sex Education Over Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage by 5 to 1 Margin (Accessed 10-23-2002) http://www.siecus.org/media/press/press0028.html
Help her to realize that having a child may interfere with her future career, but that many mothers have successful home and job lives. There are an infinite number of options, and a determined teenager can find a way to success. Do not skirt around the issues of danger, however, as teenagers are more likely to miscarry or have other complications with their pregnancy such as premature labor and low birth weight of the child. Teenage mothers are more likely to need bedrest during the late stages of pregnancy, and a cesarian section during birthing, and the child is at greater risk for any number of complications.
Of course, while supporting a pregnant teen is vital, the key to solving the problems faced by teenagers dealing with pregnancy is to stop it before it happens.
Provide accurate and unashamed information about sex and pregnancy to children and teenagers, and encourage…
Bibliography
Adolescent Anger and Aggression." Psychiatric Institute of Washington. 2001. http://www.psychinstitute.com/mental_illness/adol_anger.html
Combat Teenage Sexual Abuse." NSPCC. 2001. http://www.nspcc.org.uk/html/home/informationresources/combatteenagesexualabuse.htm
Getting a Sexually Transmitted Disease." Frequently Asked Questions. American Social Health Association. http://www.iwannaknow.org/faqs/getting.html
Lamprecht, Catherine. "Talking to your Child about STDs." KidsHealth. Nemours Foundation. 2001. http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn=KidsHealth&lic=1&ps=107&cat_id=171&article_set=23006
e. managerial, social, political, economic benefits are linked to the study's results) the proposed helpful outcomes are realistic (i.e. dealing with questions that can actually be answered through the type of data gathering and analysis you're proposing. The suggested helpful outcomes do not go beyond the data that's to be collected).
The increase in teen smoking may be abating, or may be taking a pause before it continues the climb seen in the past 10 years, from 1996 to 2005. In either case, reducing smoking at an early age has a lifelong effect on individuals' health, and can lead to better quality of life for millions of people who might otherwise take up smoking. A secondary benefit is that lessons learned may help to reduce the current 3.1 million teen smokers, many of whom try smoking and quit -- it would be useful to know why they started in the…
Bibliography
Bobo, J.H. (2000). Sociocultural Influences on Smoking and Drinking. Alcohol Research & Health, 225-234.
Cooper, T.K. (2003). A prospective evaluation of the relationships between smoking dosage and body mass index in an adolescent, biracial cohort. Addictive Behaviors, 501-512.
Falba, T. (2005). Health events and the smoking cessation of middle aged Americans. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, n.p.
Gies, C.B. (2007). Effect of an Inpatient Nurse-Directed Smoking Cessation Program. Western Journal of Nursing Research, n.p.
In addition, factors that cause stress such as divorce or death increase the likelihood that a teenager will have aggressive tendencies (Peterson and Sheldon 2006). Additionally maternal depression, substance abuse or maternal anxiety can all lead to aggressive behaviors in teenagers (Peterson and Sheldon 2006).
According to Peterson and Sheldon (2006) teenage aggression can also be linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. In fact the authors asserts that
"Persistent aggressive behavior is a common feature in many neuropsychiatric disorders and is the most common reason for referral to a child and adolescent mental health clinic [1]. Neurological features associated with aggression include low overall IQ and relative deficits in verbal learning, memory, and fluency [2]. Deficits in executive functioning and working memory are also common [3] and may be especially pronounced with co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)."
The aggressive behavior can involve lashing out at family members, friends or strangers. The…
Works Cited
Arseneault L, Tremblay RE, Boulerice B, (2002) Obstetrical complications and violent delinquency: testing two developmental pathways. Child Development, 73:496 -- 508.
Dodge KA, Pettit GS (2003) A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 39:349 -- 371.
Facts for teen Aggression. Retrieved November 26, 2009 from http://www.herkimercounty.org/content/Departments/View/11:field=services;/content/DepartmentServices/View/68:field=documents;/content/Documents/File/123.PDF
Feindler E.L. (2005) Adolescent Aggression and Anger Management. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Springer U.S.
Skylar, unfortunately, was a handful, and Gladys was already well into middle age. Gladys assumed that since Danielle had abdicated parental responsibility that Lindsey would do the same. She did not feel that she would be able to care for a second baby.
The abortion went through as scheduled, and Lindsey returned to school soon afterwards. For Lindsey, though, things didn't return to normal. The girls at school called her a baby-killer and started making threats against her. She sank into a deep depression. She had deeply wanted the baby and she thought she would have made a good mother. Lindsey was always a quiet person and not one to share her innermost thoughts, so it was a surprise and a blow to everyone when Gladys came home from work early to find Lindsey unconscious in her bedroom, with a suicide note on the dresser and an empty bottle of…
Teen Girls and Media
Because of its pervasiveness, mass media such as magazines and television programs are increasingly in a position to influence the behavior and attitudes of teenage girls. In fact, television programs such as ER and sports-oriented teen magazines have been lauded for providing girls with positive role models.
Unfortunately, these programs and magazines remain the exception rather than the rule. Rather than promote healthy lifestyles or give positive role models, much of the media targeted to teens are both physically and psychologically harmful. This paper examines two of these main effects - the promotion of unhealthy habits and lifestyles and the growing tendency of these media to sexualize teens and turn them into consumers.
Unhealthy habits
For noted feminist Germaine Greer, the popularity of television shows such as Baywatch represent a growing pandemic, where all women are expected to conform to an unrealistic body shape. Greer terms…
Works Cited
Brumberg, Joan Jacobs and Jacquelyn Jackson. "The Burka and the Bikini." Boston Globe, November 23, 2001: A31.
Downey, Maureen. "Media give narrow view of women, study finds." The Atlanta Constitution, April 30, 1997: D11+.
Gardner, Marilyn. "Children and body images." Christian Science Monitor. December 16, 1998: 17+.
Gerhart, Ann. "Nipped in the Bud." The Washington Post, June 23, 1999: C01.
In here, the teens are seeking for adventure and experiment with different ideas. During this time, the adolescent battles over his own set of values vs. The set established by parents and other adult figures. They also begin to take on more control of educational and vocational pursuits and advantages. It is during this time that adolescents' self-dependence and a sense of responsibility become apparent, along with their quest to contribute to society and find their place in it.
With the way they respond to peer pressure, social demands and other factors that lead to irresponsible actions, teens should know their consequences. Excessive drinking, smoking and drugs can cause damage to vital organs including liver, lungs, heart and pancreas. It can also cause death, not only of the person who consumed such but of a third party as well. Drinking while driving may cause an accident or worse, even death…
Bibliography
Robert Sherman. (2003). Teenage Behavior Problems - Parental Interventions
Retrieved April 22, 2007. At http://www.character-education.us/interventions.htm
Teenage Risk-taking: Biological and Inevitable? (2007). Retrieved April 22, 2007 from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070412115231.htm
Adolescence. (2007). Retrieved April 22, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescence
Teenage Issues in America
While many parents would like to believe that teenage culture in the United States is just about hanging out with friends, movies and fun, statistics reveal that teenage issues, such as alcohol and drug abuse, violence and sexual orientation, are one of the most critical problems in America (Sound Vision, 2003). The following statistics, while not representative of every teenager, demonstrate the extent of these problems.
Teenage sexual orientation has become a major problem in the U.S. (Sound Vision, 2003). In the U.S., seven in 10 women reported having had sex before age 14, and six in 10 of those who had sex before age 15 reported having had sex involuntarily. Nationally, one-quarter of 15-year-old females and less than 30% of 15-year-old males have had sex, compared with 66% of 18-year-old females, and 68% of 18-year-old males who have had sexual intercourse.
In addition, nearly one…
Bibliography
Dew, Diane. (March 11, 1995). The Troubles Teens Face. The Covington News.
Karzon, S. (August 1, 2003). Juvenile delinquency. The Daily Star.
Sound Vision Foundation, Inc. (2003). U.S. Statistics on Teens. Sound Vision. Retrieved from the Internet at http://www.soundvision.com/Info/teens/stat.asp
The Alan Guttmacher Institute. (1996). Facts in Brief: Teen Sex and Pregnancy, New York: The Alan Guttmacher Institute.
Teenage Girls Involved in Abusive Dating elationships
Aggression in teenage dating leading to physical, emotional and psychological damage is a social problem not only because of its effects on the teenagers but also because of its prevalence.
Howard and Qi Wang (2003) report figures from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showing that overall the prevalence of non-sexual courtship violence ranges from 9% to 65%, depending on the definitions and research methods used. Howard and Qi Wang's study reported "almost one in ten of the 9th- through 12th-grade females who participated in the 1999 Youth isk Behavior Survey reported being a victim of physical dating violence (i.e., had been hit, slapped, or physically hurt on purpose) within the past year." Further studies and figures report that about one in five of adolescent girls has experienced dating violence. Some of the physically abusive behaviors perpetrated in dating include being scratched,…
References.
Bush, Vanessa. (2002). A thin line between love and hate: dating violence strikes one in every five teenage girls. Essence November 2002. Retrieved November 7th,2003, from www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1264/7_33/96384286/print.jhtml.
Gillies-Bradley & Wagner Tammy L. (2003). When love hurts. Briarpatch, 32(2), 18-19.
Howard, Donna E. & Qi Wang, Min. (2003). Risk profiles of adolescent girls who were victims of dating violence. Adolescence Spring 2003. Retrieved November 7th,2003, from www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m2248/149_38/103381757/print.jhtml.
James, William H., West, Carolyn, Deters, Karla Ezrre, Amigo, Eduardo. (2000). Youth dating violence. Adolescence Fall 2000. Retrieved November 7th, 2003, from www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m2248/139_35/68535843/print.jhtml
Certainly it would give rise to debate within the community, and would perhaps because it circumvents the authority that was asserted by the community in limiting the teen's awareness to abstinence, would eventually have to be abandoned because of the ways in which the community would relate the process to what it actually is: getting the kids the information on birth control.
If educating the kids as to the alternatives available to them is prohibited, then it becomes incumbent upon the health professionals to take the discussions to the parents. Since most kids, estimated at 47%, say that their decisions about sex are most influenced by their parents (the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2007, found online at then educating the parents must become the focus of the effort. If Vermilion Parish and other places within and outside of Louisiana would tie the hands of educators and health professionals…
Reference List
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Sexual Health Statistics for Teenagers and Young Adults in the United States, September, 2006.
The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 'American Opinion on Teen
Pregnancy and Related Issues 2007, found online at retrieved 14 March 2009.
The study indicated that children born to teenagers aged below 15 are twice as likely to be an indicated case of child neglect or child abuse in the first five years of their lives as compared to the children who are born to mothers between the ages of 20 and 21 Fergusson & Woodward, 2000()
Another separate study found that the living standards and the situation at home for the teenage mothers was the most predictive variable for maltreatment of the children. Teenage mothers who are living with an adult are less likely to neglect or abuse their children as compared to those who are bringing up their children on their own.
Children of teenage mothers are at a higher risk of getting problems that affect regulation which includes both aggressive behavior and flattened affect. The children who are born to teenage mothers also suffer from poor cognitive development. This…
References
Adams, G., Sharon, a.-T., & Pittman, K. (1989). Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood: A Review of the Problem, Solutions, and Resources. Family Relations, 38(2), 223-229.
Adler, E.S., Bates, M., & Merdinger, J.M. (1985). Educational Policies and Programs for Teenage Parents and Pregnant Teenagers. Family Relations, 34(2), 183-187.
Anastasiow, N.J. (1987). Programs Developed in Response to Teen Pregnancies. Infant Mental Health Journal, 8(1), 65-75.
Brien, M.J., Loya, G.E., & Pepper, J.V. (2002). Teenage Childbearing and Cognitive Development. Journal of Population Economics, 15(3), 391-416.
The question of whether TANF is working to reduce the number of teen pregnancies is inconclusive. The literature review leaves many more questions than answers.
Conclusion
The literature review found many conflicting results and studies that were significantly flawed. The real impact of TANF on teen pregnancies cannot be determined from the studies conducted thus far. The mass media was found to quote inconclusive findings. The body of evidence found is in need to further studies to determine the status and effects of TANF on teen pregnancy. This research will fill the gap in research by providing a reliable assessment of the impact of TANF on the ability to teen mothers to become independent and successful.
The literature review found many effects of TANF on the status of mothers as a result of the program. However, there were many flaws found in the program as well. In order for TANF…
Works Cited
Acs, G. And Koball, H. (2003). TANF and the Status of Teen Mothers under Age 18. No. a-62 in Series, "New Federalism: Issues and Options for States." Retrieved March 25, 2007 at http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=310796 .
Center for Impact Resarch (CIR) (2001). Accessing TANF Assistance: A survey of Low-Income
Young Mothers in Chicago. Retrieved March 25, 2007 at http://www.impactresearch.org/documents/chicagotanfexecutive.pdf
Kaestner, R., Korenman, S., and O'Neill, J.(2003). Has Welfare Reform Changed Teenage
Housing Support on Teenager Parents
Housing Support on Teenagers
The Impacts of Housing Support on Teenagers Parent in United Kingdom
UK leads Europe in teenage pregnancies in Western Europe with 35,966 conceptions in the under 18s in 2009. Majority of these unplanned pregnancies are the cause and consequence of social exclusion in UK. (UNICEF, 2001) There are 90K teenagers under 20 years and 8k under 16-year's pregnancies in England each year; it is the highest rate in Western Europe (SEU, 1999).
Teenage pregnancy can take place before first menstrual period (12or 13 years), which can result into pregnancy but usually occurs between 13 to 20 years of age. The National Health Services spends over £63 million a year on teenage pregnancies in UK. (Dennison, 2004).
Teenage parenthood is a serious social problem; it has adverse effects on parents and children. These young mothers have greater chances of being poor, less…
Bibliography
Botting, B., Rosato, M. And Wood, R. (1998). Teenage mothers and the health of their children. ONS Population Trends 93: 19-28.
Dennison, C. (2004) Teenage pregnancy: An overview of the research evidence, London: Health Development Agency.
DfES (2006a)"Teenage Pregnancy: Accelerating the Strategy to 2010," DfES, Nottingham.
James R. Rest (1986), "Moral Development Advances in Research and Theory," published by Praeger, New York.
Sexuality
According to Fulbright (2010), parents are the people best qualified to teach their children about sex and intimate relationships. The theory behind Fulbright's (2010) proposition is that parents and their children gain a more honest and open relationship, which fosters healthier identity and sexual development than if parents shun their children's questions or avoid discussing sensitive matters like these. Moreover, children will receive incorrect, patchy, and conflicting information when they rely only on friends, rumors, and formal sex education in schools. Parents teach from their own experience, and can confer not only values but also valuable practical information. In many cases, the child's experiences in terms of biology and social interactions will parallel those of the parents, which allows for more intimate and meaningful discussions than what would take place in the more generalized setting of a school. While I still believe in the importance of formal sex education…
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Sexual health. Retrieved online: http://www.cdc.gov/sexualhealth/
Fulbright, Y.K. (2010). Who Better Than You? Sexuality Source [Audiobook].
Pawlowski, W. & Hamilton, G. (n.d.). Stages of adolescent development. Retrieved online: http://www.cicatelli.org/tctp/Files/Stages%20of%20Adolescent%20Development.pdf
Planned Parenthood (2012). "Half of All Teens Feel Uncomfortable Talking to Their Parents About Sex While Only 19% of Parents Feel the Same, New Survey Shows." Retrieved online: http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/half-all-teens-feel-uncomfortable-talking-their-parents-about-sex-while-only-19-percent-parents-40375.htm
Teenage Pregnancy as a Social Problem
Changing attitudes
Teenage Pregnancy
Teenage pregnancy is an established phenomenon in any social setting as Albarracin and Handley (2001) observes. ecently, the phenomenon has turned out to be a social problem moving from an empirical social fact. The move comes from the realization of rising costs to governments while the teenage girl is robbed-off the opportunity to embrace education. Once this observation is made the phenomenon assumes a reality position and becomes a concern to individuals, families and communities.
According to (Bonell, 2004), teenage pregnancy is regarded as a social problem owing to the fact they are closely associated with childrearing unsupported by men or strong family background. The result is higher social cost to government through single young mothers uptake of welfare provision from the government (Bonell, 2004)). (Albarracin & Handley, 2001), adds Teenage pregnancy can spur cycles of deprivation that fuel the…
References
Albarracin, D., & Handley, I.M. (2001). The time for doing is not the time for change: Effects of general action and inaction goals on attitude retrieval and attitude change. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(6), 983-998.
Bonell, C. (2004). Why Is Teenage Pregnancy Conceptualized as a Social Problem? A Review of Quantitative Research from the U.S.A. And UK. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 6(3), 255-272.
Music on Teens Actions
In the past 40 years all kinds of music has turned out to be more and more overt predominantly towards the negative side like sex, drugs, aggression and violence. Lately two of the genres which have caught great attention is hard rock music and rap music. In most of the cases, the lyrics of the music are made in such a way that they induce negativity in the developing minds of the teenagers. This negativity is reflected in their actions in the form of drug abuse, aggression, violence, sex and rebellious actions towards parents, family, family and society in general. This kind of negative music is a major concern these days because it poses mental and physical threat to the teens of today. Some of the other alarming effects of such music are pregnancy, STDs, accidents, killing and this has resulted to be the normal lifestyle…
Works Cited
Burns, Kate. The American Teenager: Examining Pop Culture. Annotated Edition. Publisher Greenhaven Press, 2003. ISBN 0737714670, 9780737714678, pg 150-189.
Connell, J., and C. Gibson. Sound tracks: Popular music, identity and place. London: Routledge. Pg 145-147. 2003.
Hawkins, S. Settling the pop score: Pop texts & identity politics. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. Pg 121. 2002.
Martino, S.C., Collins, R.L., Elliott, M.N., Strachman, A., Kanouse, D.E., & Berry, S.H. Exposure to degrading vs. non-degrading music lyrics and sexual behavior among youth. Pediatrics, 2006, 118, 430 -- 444.
Additional aid from social service agencies to facilitate a better diet and breast-feeding would be optimal in such instances. Yet for all women, simply having individuals around them who stress that the lifestyle changes are important can have a critical social facilitation effect. Prenatal care also can play a role in creating such an informed support network for the woman.
Above all, the woman must be motivated to change and aware of what changes are needed. Education, age, and other factors may act as enablers for the woman to appreciate the gravity of her situation, and to appreciate the long-term affects her health decisions can have upon her fetus and subsequent postnatal development. However, although "traditionally it has been felt that women who are better educated tended to make healthier lifestyle changes" according to one survey, physicians were the most influential in their decision-making processes regarding their pregnancy, and all…
Works Cited
Einarson, Adrienne & Gideon Koren. (2006, February). A survey of women's attitudes concerning healthy lifestyle changes during pregnancy. JFAS International 4:e2.
Retrieved February 12, 2009 at http://www.motherisk.org/JFAS_documents/JFAS_6001_e2.pdf
Maternal Mental Health in Pregnancy and Child Behavior. This is designed to provide better insights about how parental postpartum depression (PPD) is impacting the mother and the child. The findings are determined based upon looking at different cultures and the frequency of them. It is at this point, when there is a focus on previous research and any kind of gaps in existing theories. (Lukose, 2011)
In the future, these conclusions can improve everyone's understanding of how this is impacting both the patent and child during the pregnancy process. Then, after they are born is when these factors are taken into consideration to see how this is influencing their development. Over the course of time, this will enable healthcare professionals to understand the impact PPD on the parents and their children. (Lukose, 2011)
Provide a summation of the research conducted and the research findings
The research looked at the effects…
References
Lukose, A. (2011). Maternal Mental Health. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 53 (4), 351 -- 361.
Teen Pregnancy
Description
Teenage pregnancy is described as being pregnant or being a mother below 20 years of age in most of the conducted researches. Only two researches considered had an age limit of 20 years, while another one had a limit of 21 years (Noll, Shenk, & Putnam, 2009).
The rate of teenage child birth differs by a 10 factor in case of first world nations. Netherlands on one hand has a negligible rate of 12 infants per 1,000 teenagers each year while Russia on the other hand has a rate of 100 infants per 1000 teenagers. During the 1990's United States of America spiked with teenage pregnancies which was the same in 1980's as well. Japan and European nations have controlled pregnancy rates (40 infants per 1,000). England peaks the European bloc with teenage pregnancy. One research in 2000 concluded that annually in England, around 90,000 child births…
Bibliography
Amoran, O. (2012). A comparative analysis of predictors of teenage pregnancy and its prevention in a rural town in Western Nigeria. Amoran International Journal for Equity in Health, 2-7.
Dickins, T., Johns, S., & Chipman, A. (2012). Teenage Pregnancy In The United Kingdom: A Behavioral Ecological Perspective. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 344-359.
Fonseca, L., Araujo, H., & Santos, S. (2012). Sexualities, teenage pregnancy and educational life histories in Portugal: experiencing sexual citizenship? Gender and Education, 647-664.
Hoggart, L. (2012). I'm Pregnant...what am I going to do? An examination of value judgments and moral frameworks in teenage pregnancy decision making. Health, Risk and Society, 533-549.
The authors state, "underlying mechanism through which exposure to childhood abuse is associated with increased risk of panic cannot be determined based on these data alone" (p. 888). They offer several possible explanations. Exposure to abuse as a child may result in an extreme and realistic fear of threat to survival. This may be how panic disorder starts. Later, it may persist, or recur spontaneously, even without abusive conditions. In the face of a real life threat, panic is not pathological, but in childhood panic may make the child more vulnerable to panic later. Exposure to abuse may lead to biochemical changes that increase the risk of a disorder. Because the study was based on interviews with 18 to 21-year-olds, who were asked to recall past experiences, the findings could be contaminated by recall bias in which young people with mental instability might be more likely to report abuse in…
References
Bandelow, B., Sojka, F. et al. (2006). Panic disorder during pregnancy and postpartum period. European Psychiatry, 21, 495-500.
Biederman, J., Petty, C., Faraone, S.V. et al. (2006). Effects of parental anxiety disorders in children at high risk for panic disorder: A controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 94, 191-197.
Goodwin, R.D., Fergusson, D.M. And Horwood, L.J. (2004). Childhood abuse and familial violence and the risk of panic attacks and panic disorder in young adulthood. Psychological Medicine, 35, 881-890.
Warren, S.L., Racu, C., Gregg, V. And Simmens, S.J. (2006). Maternal panic disorder: Infant prematurity and low birth weight. Anxiety Disorders, 20, 342-352.
Media affects Teenage Sexuality
On an average, a teenager would watch about three to four hours of television in one day, and most of these children would be subjected to an overdose of sexual content on the television, in the form of either kissing, or other types of sexual touching, and at times even simulated sexual intercourse. At other times, the program that the teenager watches would be filled with sexual innuendos and jokes and subtle messages and blatant conversations on sex. The attitude of the media is that all this is juts a casual presentation of sex, that would not have any type of risk or serious results, but studies have revealed that it may not have casual consequences for these teenagers. In fact, one study that was conducted by the AND Corporation has revealed that there is indeed a strong co-relation between the sexual activity of the teenager…
References
Fast Facts: Television is a major part of daily life. Retrieved From
http://depts.washington.edu/thmedia/view.cgi?section=medialiteracy& ; page=fastfacts Accessed 13 July, 2005
Parker, Jenny. 2004. Study finds TV sex affects Teen attitudes and choices. September, 9.
Available From http://www.almenconi.com/news/oct04/101004.html
Gordon's Functional Health Pattern (Teen)
Adolescent Summary - Gordon's Functional Health Pattern
Biographical Data
Date of Visit: 8/31/2012, 10:30am.
Age
DOB: 3/2/1999
ace/Gender Hispanic, Female
Weight: 34 kg.
Height: 4ft. 7 inches
BMI: Normal ange 16.6 kg/m2
Phone [HIDDEN]
eason for Visit: Evidence of exasperated asthmatic conditions. (Not an acute asthma attack). Became overexerted at school, 8/30/12. estless night and complaints of tightness in chest and inability to catch breath. Slight wheezing can be heard during exhales. Potential asthma complications; albuterol has proven slightly ineffective in easing symptoms and discomfort.
Financial History: Patient is fully covered under parent's insurance. Mother works; serving as informant and escort to physician. Single parent household.
Past Health History: Patient is fully immunized and receives all routine health and wellness physicals and exams as appropriate. Last physical exam 5/30/2011, prior to beginning of summer camp. History includes struggle with exercise-induced asthma (albuterol use via bronchodilator).…
Reference
Hull, J., Hull, P., Parsons, J., Dickinson, J., & Ansley, L. (2009). Approach to the diagnosis and management of suspected exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by primary care physicians. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 929.
In light of the evidence in this literature review then it is of great import that monitoring of the health of pregnant women is vital in reference to LW infants not only in the sense of present terms but as well to lifelong health considerations for the LW infant which is probably why stated further is: "Given the relative neglect that mothers and newborns have suffered, their centrality to the Millennium Development Goals, and the cost-effectiveness of maternal and newborn health interventions, a greater emphasis on safe motherhood and newborn health is clearly needed within many health sectors." (JHPIEGO, 2003)
Literature Review
Stated in the publication "Shaping Policy for Maternal and Newborn Health: A Compendium of Case Studies (2003) is that: "The health of a newborn is inextricably linked to the health of the mother; the majority of newborn deaths are caused by the poor health of the mother during…
Bibliography
Krieger N. & Smith, G.(2004) Bodies County and body counts: Epidemiology and embodying inequality. Epidemiological Review Journal 200:26:92-103
Coker, AL et al. (2004) Partner Violence During Pregnancy and Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. Pediatrics Perinatal Epidemiology 2004 Jul; 18 (4): 260-9. University of Texas School of Public Health.
Bohn, D.K. et al. (2004) Influences of Income, Education, Age, and Ethnicity on Physical Abuse before and During Pregnancy. Journal Obstetrics Gynecology Neonatal Nursing 2004 Sep-Oct; 33(5): 561-71.
Salihu, Boy a. (2004) Intimate Partner Violence and Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review International Journal of Fertility Women's Medicine 2004 Jul-Aug; 49(4): 159-64. Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama.
teenage pregnancy on the family of the effected girl. In addition to that, this paper also highlights the prevailing rates of teen pregnancy in the U.S.A. And the adverse consequences of adolescence pregnancy. Furthermore, the strategies to prevent teenage pregnancy have also been discussed by this paper.
Setting the Scene
Teenagers are forced to confront a crisis because of an unintended pregnancy, which in most cases is an unwanted pregnancy. The unmarried adolescents, who are pregnant, have to make a number of complex decisions. These decisions include choosing between aborting and giving birth, and choosing between raising the baby by themselves or placing them for an adaption. Simultaneously, other decision in relation to school, work and interpersonal relationships are to be taken by the affected teenagers. (Wirkus & Maxwell, 2010)
Another important decision that the teens confront is to opt the manner in which they will discuss this issue with…
References
Birthline, Inc. (2014). Birthline of central mn:: about us. Retrieved from: http://www.birthline.org/about-us / [Accessed: 10 Mar 2014].
Chen, X., Wen, S.W., Fleming, N., Demissie, K., Rhoads, G.G. & Walker, M. (2007). Teenage pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a large population-based retrospective cohort study. International Journal Of Epidemiology, 36 (2), pp. 368 -- 373.
East, P.L. (1999). The first teenage pregnancy in the family: does it affect mothers' parenting, attitudes, or mother-adolescent communication?. Journal Of Marriage And The Family, 61 (2), pp. 306 -- 319.
Office Of Adolescent Health United States Of America (2014). The office of adolescent health, u.s. department of health and human services. Retrieved from: http://www.hhs.gov /ash/oah/adolescent-health-topics/reproductive-health/teen-pregnancy/trends.html' target='_blank' REL='NOFOLLOW'>
Young Adults Housing Policy Does the Welfare System Encourage or Discourage Young Adults to ecome Pregnant in UK
The specific purpose of this research is to scrutinize the impacts of the UK enefits System on the growing demographic of teenage mothers. ut in order to track down the list of genuine impacts, one must first understand how the system works. Generally speaking, each credible or qualified group is broadly categorized into whether they are taxable or non-taxable. That is to say, those groups of deserving people such as the sick or the low income groups are entitled to the various bonuses they receive, provided that they fulfill a certain taxation criteria. {Inland Revenue, 2001}
Literature Review
Ingham (2005) in this article gives a detailed background and development of the Teenage Pregnancy Policy in England over the last few years which has become part of the National Policy. It gives the…
Bibliography
Arai, L. (2003).British policy on teenage pregnancy and childbearing: the limitations of comparisons with other European countries. Critical Social Policy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 23(1): 89 -- 102; 030496.
Ingham, R. (2005, September).Teenage Pregnancy Policy in England. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, Journal of NRSC, Vol. 2, No. 3.
Journal of Child Health Care, (2001, December). Review: Teenage pregnancy: a reflective analysis
5: 143-149,
Urban Problems and Solutions
In the 1990's, the United States exhibited a decreasing trend in the rates of pre-marital sex and teen pregnancies. However, the rate of teenage pregnancy in United States is yet considered to be alarming in comparison to that of other developed countries of the world. It has been estimated that about 1 million teenage girls in the U.S. are being victims of teenage pregnancy every year.
Due to the fact that teen mothers and babies are vulnerable to health hazards, the considerable birth rates among teens have become alarming. The ignorance of pregnant youngsters deprives them of taking appropriate medical attention, making them vulnerable to medical complexities. The teenage pregnancies have tremendous emotional impact on the adolescents. Under feeding, negligence in taking nutrients, habits of smoking, alcoholism, drug abuse etc. which are common among most of the youngsters make their newly born babies prone to health…
References
Arthur, Shirley. 1996. Surviving teen pregnancy: Your choices, dreams, and decisions. Buena park, CA: Morning Glory Press.
Johns, M. J; Moncloa, F & Gong, E.J. 2000. Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs: Linking Research and Practice. Journal of Extension. Volume. 38; Number: 4, pp.42-47
Wong, J. & Checkland, D. 1999. Teen Pregnancy and Parenting: Social and Ethical issues. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
How can we expect our children to learn how to think critically if we do not teach them about sex?
Cheers to The Dallas News for pointing out the woeful inconsistencies and shortcomings in Texan state education. The majority of Texas school districts "either teach an abstinence-only health curriculum or avoid talking about sex altogether" and the result? Texas has one of the highest rates of teen pregnancy in the nation. When evidence proves that our methods are not working, it is time to change them. Some teens are blessed with parents who make up for their state's lack of sex education programs. Unfortunately, many Texan teens remain ignorant at the behest of irresponsible parents. If withholding medical treatment for minors is against the law, then so too should withholding access to information about safe sex.
Finally, I would like to add that young people have a right to information:…
Postpartum Sexually Transmitted Disease Refining Our Understanding of the Population at Risk Yale University, UMI Dissertations, 2011, 1505365.
The researchers developed a study to assess STD incidence during and after pregnancy and to determine risk factors associated with postpartum STD infections among mothers in their teens and early 20s. For this analysis, they included 848 women who were less than 24 weeks pregnant, ages 14 to 25. A total of 27.1% of participants were diagnosed with an STD within one year postpartum. Among those who were diagnosed with an STD during pregnancy, 43.4% also contracted an STD during the postpartum period. By comparison, 18.7% of participants with no history of infection and 24% of women who had a history of STDs before pregnancy contracted one postpartum.
heeler (2011) presents the best research for my specific topic. My hypothesis suggests that high rates of postpartum STI infections may be reduced using…
Wheeler (2011) presents the best research for my specific topic. My hypothesis suggests that high rates of postpartum STI infections may be reduced using pregnancy as window of prevention. This article gives some solid facts to base my research upon. The conclusions in this article give clear relationships to pertinent information that is needed to build my case.
The other two articles contain some useful information, however there are a significant number of confounding variables within each that tends to muddy my argument and stretches the definition of correlation. One such variable is the BMI index. Although this is an important indicator of STIs, it does not directly relate to pregnancy as an opportunity to prevent.
During these SLP assignments I realized how precise and focused research can be. General ideas are mostly not present in these research articles as detail and statistical analysis serve as more persuasive evidence. I have also learned that inference is very important in the research process, as adding one's own take on the subject is necessary to truly grasp the knowledge presented within the literature.