Toxicology
After taking the position and working for the World Health Organization, the researcher has been tasked with re-evaluating the current policies outlined in their Position Statement. Also, this position statement in the document is what summarizes the issues that are surrounding the usage of DDT for vector-control reasons.

What types of toxicology data would you need to make this decision?

One of the data used would be the safety data that proves that it is not safe for humans. This information goes onto show that DDT has a low acute toxicity especially when the skin comes in contact with it, but if a human being swallows it, then it becomes is more toxic and must be kept out of the reach of children. On account of the chemical stability of DDT, it gathers in the environment by means food chains and in tissues of wide-open organisms, as well as people living in…...

mla

References

The use of DDT in malaria vector control. (2011, August 21). THE USE OF DDT IN MALARIA VECTOR CONTROL. World Health Organization.

Discussions and studies on the health consequences of DDT use have focused around reducing infant illness and death from vector control. "In laboratory experiments, effects of DDT include hepatic and central nervous system toxicity, estrogenic and antiandrogenic effects, and possible carcinogenicity" (Chen and ogan, 2003). Some evidence has suggested that DDT exposure increases the risk of preterm delivery and shortens the length of lactation. If this evidence holds true then these conditions could increase the rate of infant deaths and thus void any benefits on mortality rates from a reduction in malaria. In a study conducted by the National Institute of Environmental Health Studies, it was found that the association between DDT exposure and infant illness and death were causal and the effects were very small compared to the conceivable benefits from vector control (Chen and ogan, 2003).

When doing re-evaluations of DDT, the World Health Organization works hard to gain…...

mla

References

"The Use of DDT in Malaria Vector Control." (2007). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from World

Health Organization Web site:

 http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/IRS/DDT/DDTposition.pdf 

"Disposition of Chemical Compounds." (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2009, from Web site:

Toxicology eport: Abandoned Industrial Site
An overview of site conditions

Located about one mile upstream from a residential area, conditions at the site in question are similar to those involved in many abandoned industrial sites across the country where there has been little attention paid to remediating the leftovers from chemical-intensive commercial operations. The site had been in continuous use for the past 6 decades by two different companies and approximately one hundred unmarked 55-gallon drums are buried around the site which carry a strong chemical odor. This is not surprising since the drums in particular are in poor shape and many are rusted out and cracking in places Although the drums are unmarked, it is known that wastes from the previous industrial activities included: (a) PCBs; (b) chromium waste; (c) acrylamide; and (d) toluene diisocyanate (TDI). In addition, a stream that is favored for fishing meanders through the site and local…...

mla

References

Acrylamide consumer fact sheet. (2012). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from  http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/historical/upload/Archived -

Consumer-Factsheet-on-Acrylamide.pdf.

Butrica, A.J. & Douglas, D.G. (1990). Out of thin air: A history of Air Products and Chemicals,

Inc., 1940-1990. New York: Praeger Publishers.

We have identified the hazards as PCBs and hexavalent chromium, both of which are classified as potential carcinogens and which may also cause acute and/or chronic health problems in humans. An exposure assessment has revealed that ingestion is likely to be the main exposure point of entry for PCBs, whereas inhalation is likely to be the main point of entry for exposure to hexavalent chromium. The risks are characterized as high, and therefore all the following recommendations should be implemented immediately.
ecommendations

An immediate ban on fishing in the local stream will be necessary, because "PCBs have been detected in food; they bioaccumulate through the food chain, with some of the highest concentrations found in fish," (EPA 2007). Prominent signs and physical barriers will be posted to prevent fishing in the stream, and discourage consumption of any fish that had been previously caught and subsequently frozen. The stream water and its…...

mla

References

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). ToxFAQs ™ for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Retrieved online:  http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=140&tid=26 

Allport, D.C., Gilbert, D.S. & Outterside, S.M. (2003). MDI and TDI: A safety, health and the environment. John Wiley and Sons.

Iyengar, M. (2005). Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Retrieved online:  http://www.ph.ucla.edu/ehs/student%20hazards/PCB.pdf 

National Cancer Institute (2008). Acrylamide in Food and Cancer Risk. Retrieved online:  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/acrylamide-in-food

Toxicology of Bisphenol A
Health - Safety

Author's note with contact information and more details on collegiate affiliation, etc.

The use of plastic in modern cultures is so ever-present it is almost invisible. Consumers trust manufacturers and distributors to sell products that are generally safe to the public. Bisphenol A is a synthetic estrogen that has been in existence for more than 100 years. It is a chemical that causes harmful effects to both humans and animals. This is a chemical that is found in baby bottles. The issue is sensitive because many countries are heavily dependent on plastic for numerous functions. This is also a sensitive issue because of the population that is specifically at risk -- infants. The paper will outline the general debate concerning the proliferation and unintended consumption of this chemical. The reader will gain a context on the issue from several sources. After analyzing the perspectives on…...

mla

References:

Aschberger, K., Castello, P., Hoekstra, E., Karakitsios, S., Munn, S., Palakin, S., & Sarigiannis. (2010) "Bisphenol A and baby bottles: challenges and perspectives." Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Luxembourg, 1 -- 57.

Case, F. (2008) "Bisphenol A and the baby bottle debate." Royal Society of Chemistry, Web.

Vandenberg, L.N., Hauser, R., Marcus, M., Olea, N., & Welshons, W.V. (2007) "Human Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA)." Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 1 -- 86.

Maryland Public Interest Research Group (2011) "Baby's Toxic Bottle: Bisphenol A -- A Leaching from Popular Baby Bottles." Web.

For instance iron and manganese oxides particulate substances or, could in addition precipitate outside solution with carbonate or sulphide (Prosi, 1989). Sediments, thus, acts like significant course of exposure to lead for marine plants and animals. The likely or probable effect levels abbreviated as PEL may be employed in assessing the extent with which undesirable biological impacts are liable to happen due to exposure to lead in sediments.
Describe pathways for Lead that can affect humans, and aquatic organisms. Are there key chemical transformations that affect the degree of impact? What are they?

The undesirable biological impacts for lead in BEDS consist of augmented transience, reduced benthic invertebrate profusion and assortment. It also results in anomalous growth. For example, in Toronto Harbour, Ontario, Jaagumagi and Lomas (1989) viewed an elevated profusion of amphipods at locations in which the average concentration of lead in the dregs was ten point eight mg kg_1.…...

mla

References

Berard, M.T. (2005). PVC handbook. Munchen: Hanser.

Jaagumagi, R.D. P & Lomas, T.(1989). The in-place pollutants program, Volume V,

Part a. A synthesis of benthic invertebrate studies. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources

Branch, Aquatic Biology Section, Toronto

Science of Forensic Toxicology
Prior to modern medicine and the advent of forensic toxicological sciences, death from intentional poisoning was often indistinguishable from natural causes.

Consequently, poisoning with toxic substances was a preferred form of murder throughout human history until relatively recently. Arsenic, in particular, was used so often as a method of murdering wealthy elderly relatives, that it was sometimes known as "inheritance powder."

Prior to the nineteenth century, it was virtually impossible to establish poisoning as the cause of death, even where it was strongly suspected, owing to the unavailability of any scientific means of conclusively identifying specific poisons in bodily tissues. y 1787, Johann Daniel Metzger demonstrated a method of identifying the presence of arsenic within food, but it was another two decades before method was first devised for identifying the poison within bodily organs and tissues.

Initially, it was the work of two scientists who improved these earliest attempts to…...

mla

Bibliography

1. Barret, Sylvia. The Arsenic Milkshake. Toronto: Doubleday (1994)

2. Evans, Colin. The Casebook of Forensic Detection.

New York: Wiley (1996)

3. Mega Links in Criminal Justice Website. Forensic Toxicology.

EPA Process Evaluation
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities of electricity, transportation, and industry that accounted for 84% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from human activity in 2010 (Greenhouse Emissions: Carbon Dioxide Emissions). CO2 has a natural presence through the atmosphere, oceans, soil, plants, and animals. Human activity is altering the carbon cycle by influencing the ability of natural sinks, such as forests, to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. ecause of this situation, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) takes measures by testing processes and public policies to reduce the influence of the human activity in reduction of the CO2 in the atmosphere.

The toxicity assessment is the tool EPA uses to determine what levels are dangerous or could cause harm to the environment or human health. The basic objective of the toxicity assessment is to identify adverse effects of a chemical and how appearance of…...

mla

Bibliography

Greenhouse Emissions: Carbon Dioxide Emissions. (n.d.). Retrieved from EPA:  http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html 

Press, A. (2012, Dec 14). It Begins: EPA imposes controversial new rul on soot pollution. Retrieved from Fox News:  http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/12/14/epa-imposes-new-rule-on-soot-pollution 

Toxicity Assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved from EPA:  http://epa.gov/region8/r8risk/hh_toxicity.html

Toxicology Testing History in forensic science is referred to as application of science into law. The process came at a time when crime needed to be solved using sophisticated means, and institutions needed innovations in the field of science. Many techniques were adopted to determine level of toxins in people’s blood or fluids. It has helped identify harmful toxins that would otherwise not have been discovered. Toxicology testing refers to the methods used to determine toxic levels in samples. The process of toxicology testing includes collecting samples, testing the samples by use of special methods like chromatography, analyzing results and finally generating a toxicology report.
The process that leads up to the report is an important aspect for accurate results. This happens to be a highly sensitive area, so maximum cleanliness is required and sterilized materials need to be used. This form of testing is commonly used in police stations and hospital…...

Forensic Toxicology in the 21st Century Courtroom
Innovations in forensic technologies in recent years have introduced a wide array of powerful law enforcement tools that can be used to help identify criminal perpetrators and establish the credible evidence needed to convict them. As a result, today, forensic toxicologists play an increasingly vital role in the criminal justice system where the need for accurate and valid evidence is paramount. To determine the precise role and importance of the forensic toxicologist today, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature, followed by a summary of the research and significant findings concerning these issues in the conclusion.

eview and Discussion

By definition, forensic toxicology is focused on providing scientific evidence for the courts. For example, Anderson and Volker (2008) report that, "The term 'forensic' is effectively a synonym for 'legal' or 'related to courts' and in Latin means 'before the forum.'…...

mla

References

Anderson, S.J. & Volker, J.X. (2008, Winter). The forensic marketing case study methods.

SAM Advanced Management Journal, 73(1), 4-9.

Buker, H. (2012). Fraudulent forensic evidence: Malpractice in crime laboratories. El Paso,

TX: LFB Scholarly.

Transcription aspects (NFkB and activator pro- tein-1) might then be launched causing the manufacturing and launch of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6), proteases, and arachidonic acid metabolites (leukotriene-B4, prostaglandin E2). When alveolar macrophages including silica die launch silica bits that are then re-engulfed by various other alveolar macrophages, they end up causing a cycle of injury. This cycle is accompanied by the motion of neutrophils and lymphocytes to the locations of injury leading to additional inflammatory modifications. Inflammatory cytokines consisting of interleukin 1 (IL-1), growth necrosis aspect-, arachidonic acid metabolites (eg, leukotrienes), and chemokines such as IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, MIP-1, MIP-1, and monocyte chemoattractant proteins all seem associated with this inflammatory process. In addition, macrophage- obtained fibrogenic aspects such as platelet-derived development elements, transforming development elements (TGF) - and - epidermal development aspect, and insulin-like development factor-1 are launched as the body starts reparative measures. A…...

mla

References

Muetterties M, O'Halloran Schwarz L, Wang R. Sandblasters. In: Greenberg M, editor. Occupational, Industrial, and Environmental Toxicology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby, 2003.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Work-Related Lung Disease Surveillance Report 2002. Publication No. 2003-111; Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2003.

Cassel SL, Eisenbarth SC, Iyer SS, et al. (June 2008). "The Nalp3 inflammasome is essential for the development of silicosis." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (26): 9035.

Rees D, and Murray J. Silica, silicosis and tuberculosis. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2007; 11: 474 -- 84.

Mold Spore Trapping
Current Scientific Knowledge

People are exposed to aeroallergens in a variety of settings, both at home and at work. Fungi are ubiquitous airborne allergens and are important causes of human diseases, especially in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. These diseases occur in persons of various ages.

Airborne spores and other fungi particles are ubiquitous in nonpolar landscapes, especially amongst field crops, and often form the bulk of suspended biogenic debris. The term mold often is used synonymously with the term fungi. A more precise definition would specify that molds lack macroscopic reproductive structures but may produce visible colonies. Respiratory illness in subjects exposed to rust and dark-spored imperfecti fungi was described more than 60 years ago, and physicians worldwide now recognize a sensitization to diverse fungi.

Since fungus particles commonly are derived from wholly microscopic sources, exposure hazards are assessed largely through direct sampling of a suspect atmosphere. ecause…...

mla

Bibliography

Brinton, W.T., Vastbinder, E.E., Greene, J.W., Marx, J.J., Hutcheson, R.H., Schaffner, W. (1987). An outbreak of organic dust toxic syndrome in a college fraternity. Journal of the American Medical Association 258:1210-1212.

Ceigler, A., & Bennett, J.W. (1980). Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses. Bio-Science 30:512-515.

CDC. 1994. Acute pulmonary hemorrhage/hemosiderosis among infants -- "Cleveland, January 1993-November 1994. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 1994; 43:881-3.

CDC. 1997. Update: Pulmonary hemorrhage/hemosiderosis among infants -- "Cleveland, Ohio, 1993-1996. MMWR 1997; 46:33-35.

Bisphenol-A
The organic compound Bisphenol-A, often abbreviated as BPA, is used to make polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. In the past, it was used primarily as a clear, strong plastic which was most often utilized in products such as baby bottles. This was because the BPA plastic is strong and easily-sterilized. Products like baby bottles require lots of use and quite a bit of abuse, such as being thrown around by a small child. Consequently, it proved useful to consumers because they would not have to replace the product regularly. BPA is also used in eyeglass lenses, medical materials, water bottles, CDs and DVDs, cellular telephones, computers, electronics, household appliances, safety shields, sporting equipment, and cars (Bisphenol A). This material is used in many products and consequently is an important factor in the manufacturing of other consumer products. However, there has been a debate in recent years about whether or not…...

mla

Works Cited:

Baker, Nana (2008). The Body Toxic: How the Hazardous Chemistry of Everyday Things

Threatens our Health and Well-Being. New York: North Point Press.

"Bisphenol A (BPA)" (2010). FDA. Retrieved from  http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/publichealthfocus/ucm064437.htm 

"Bisphenol A: Information Sheet" (2002). Bisphenol A Global Industry Group.

Police eport
On the afternoon of February 8, 2007, I received a dispatch call on a potential homicide at 1100 SE Lynn Boulevard, Prineville, Oregon. This location is the local high school, named Crook County High School. The information given to me prior to my arrival at the scene is as follows:

Upon arrival to the scene, school security guard William Parkins and responding Officer Edward ichardson of Crook County Police department provided some information to me. Parkins provided to me the name of the victim, Marc Hollingsworth. Officer ichardson informed me that Hollingsworth's mother, Karen Lynn Griesel Hollingsworth, was already notified and currently en route to our location. Parkins then told me that student and girlfriend of the victim, Amber Johnson, had been the one to find Hollingsworth's body after seeing his red 2000 Ford F150 in the back row of the school parking lot. Soon before seeing him, Johnson had…...

mla

References

Bend Bulletin. (2007, February 14). Marc Adam Hollingsworth. Retrieved January 19, 2011

from http://www.bendbulletin.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070214/NEWS05/702140312/1010

Fisher, B. (2004). Techniques of crime scene investigation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Saferstein, R. (2004). Criminalistics: An introduction to forensic science. Upper Saddle River,

Healthcare Quality Management
PDCA Modeling in Healthcare

Psychiatric emergencies in medical settings may be particularly challenging since the staff does not encounter them frequently and may not have experience dealing with behavioral crisis intervention. The purpose of this exercise is to help staff improve understanding and coping with nonmedical emergencies that occur in medical settings using the PDCA cycle.

X is a 41-year-old male admitted to a medical unit with a diagnosis of possible stroke. The patient is ambulatory, 5'10," and 350 lbs. Mr. X presented to the emergency department the day before after apparently losing consciousness at home. The initial CAT scan of his head was negative. It is suspected that Mr. X may be an IV drug user since his urine toxicology screening came back positive for opiates. The medical staff thinks that Mr. X had a seizure prior to admission, but he has shown no abnormal signs or symptoms within…...

mla

Works Cited

Bennet, L., & Slavin, L. (2009, April 3). What Every Health Care Manager Needs to Know. Retrieved from Continous Quality Improvement:  http://www.cwru.edu/med/epidbio/mphp439/CQI.htm 

i Six Sigma. (N.d.). Focus - PDCA. Retrieved from I Six Sigma:  http://www.isixsigma.com/dictionary/focus-pdca/ 

Pestka, E., Hatterberg, D., Larson, L., Zwygart, L., Cox, A., & Cox, D. (2012). Enhancing Safety in Behavioral Emergency Situations. Medsurg Nursing, 335-341.

Key Findings of Using Cyanobacteria as Bioindicators in Marine Water Pollution
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are a group of photosynthetic bacteria commonly found in marine environments. They have gained significant attention as valuable bioindicators for assessing marine water pollution due to their sensitivity to various pollutants and their ability to accumulate and reflect the presence of contaminants in their environment. Here are the key findings from studies using cyanobacteria as bioindicators:
1. Sensitivity to Pollutants:
Cyanobacteria exhibit high sensitivity to a wide range of pollutants, including heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides, hydrocarbons, and nutrients. Their physiological and metabolic processes are affected by....

Effectiveness of Bacteria in Degrading Synthetic and Textile Dyes
In the textile industry, synthetic dyes are widely used to impart color and aesthetic appeal to fabrics. However, these dyes pose significant environmental hazards due to their complex structures, low biodegradability, and potential toxicity. Bacteria have emerged as promising candidates for the bioremediation of synthetic and textile dyes. This literature review explores the effectiveness of bacteria in degrading these recalcitrant pollutants.
Degradation Mechanisms
Bacteria employ various mechanisms to degrade synthetic and textile dyes. These mechanisms include:
Aerobic degradation: Requires oxygen as an electron acceptor. Oxygenases cleave the azo bonds in dyes, leading to their....