, Target Stores Inc. And Mattel Inc., are growing increasingly nervous about open threats of a work stoppage by dock workers at the Ports of Los Angeles (Greenberg, 2002). They actually turned to congress in hopes of preventing a strike. There appears to be a constant struggle between shipping companies and employees. Again in 2008 there were heated debates brewing. ith 14 weeks to go before the agreement expired, contract talks between the International Longshore and arehouse Union and the Pacific Maritime Assn began in hopes of preventing another disruption in port activities (hite, 2008). This marked the earliest beginning of talks between the two groups in the history of there negotiations.
Though a port owner doesn't have a considerable amount of control over what the union demands, it seems evident that it is of vital importance to recruit and train top notch employees. To stand the greatest chance of achieving…...

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Works Cited

Babcock, M. (1984, January 31). Policy Analysis. Retrieved September 3, 2010, from CATO Institute:  http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa033.html 

Dilger, R. (2003). Amtrak: Its Struggle for Survival and Respect. In R. Dilger, American Transportation Policy. Greenwood Publishing Group.

Global Security. (n.d.). Retrieved September 2, 2010, from Port Security:  http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/systems/ports.htm 

Greenberg, D. (2002, June 10). Importers want federal action in port labor fight. Retrieved September 3, 2010, from The Free Library:  http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Importers+want+federal+action+in+port+labor+fight.+ (Up+Front)-a091213461

By federal law, all passenger airliners now feature cockpit doors that are locked by the pilots from inside the cockpit. Likewise, pilot training now includes the specific instructions not to open the door in response to any occurrence or emergency in the passenger cabin; instead, pilots are under instructions to land the aircraft immediately in response to any perceived emergency that would have previously been cause to investigate beyond the flight deck (Sperry 2003).
Fortunately, by itself, this single set of rules has effectively ended any realistic threat of terrorists (or anybody else) ever hijacking a passenger airliner or otherwise gaining access to the flight controls for the purposes of commandeering it. In fact, it is now virtually impossible for anyone to hijack an American airliner again. Unfortunately, all of the subsequent passenger restrictions and billions of dollars in expenditures for sophisticated screening equipment is largely considered a complete waste…...

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References

Allison, G. (2004) Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe. New York: Henry Holt

Bulzomi, M. (2007) FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin; Search Incident to Arrest in the Age of Personal Electronics. Vol. 76 No. 9.

Clarke, R. (2004) Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror.

New York: Simon & Schuster

A look at transportation technology would not be complete without a glimpse at some of the failures, such as blimps, poor aircraft designs, and some early automobiles. The Stanley Steamer, for instance, seemed like a sound innovation, but it simply could not compete with the internal combustion engine. The blimp is still used, but more for observation and advertising, rather than transportation for large groups. All of these failures in technology helped lead innovators to other solutions and ideas, and so, they may not have truly been failures at all.

Finally, a look at technology and transportation should look to the future, as well. Will supersonic flight ever really exist for a majority of people? What will cars of the future look like? Will we ever break our dependence on fossil fuels and create alternative forms of energy to fuel our transportation needs of the future? Innovation has always existed in…...

Transportation Mode Choice i
Transportation Mode Choice

Transportation Mode Choice in the Internet Classroom

Stella ose Foster

ES/722

Dr. Lee Gremillion

esearchers have often attempted to quantify transportation mode choice for different characteristics like age, urban density or gender. We were interested in the characteristics a specific population of Internet-education consumers would display, since that specific population seems as yet not to have been described in the literature. We reviewed other studies, composed and tested various possible questions on qualitative and quantitative polling instruments, deployed an ex-post, pre-experimental study and tabulated results. While the sample size was too small to derive inference to the wider population or universe, the survey was successful in indicating where a more controlled, random sampling might probe for potential hypotheses about correlations between demographic characteristics and transportation mode choice.

Literature review

Our research was modeled on Gatersleben and Uzzell (2007), an "exploratory" study based on "self-reports by commuters" which attempted to identify affective…...

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References

Black, T. (1999). Doing quantitative research in the social sciences. 2nd ed. London:

Sage publications. Retrieved from:  http://books.google.com/books?id=AxBQwQtkOFMC&pg=PA634&dq=Black,+T.+R.+%281999%29.+Doing+quantitative+research+in+the+social+sciences:+An+integrated+approach+to+research+design,+measurment+and+statistics.&hl=en&ei=aO8hTvWkJYjniAKM3oW7Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false 

Gatersleben, Birgitta and Uzzell, David, (2007).Affective Appraisals of the Daily

Commute: Comparing Perceptions of Drivers, Cyclists, Walkers, and Users of Public Transport. Environment and Behavior 39, 416-431. Retrieved from:

This is because most of the time, these pipelines run through underground where they are rarely disturbed (Office of Technology Assessment, n.d). Secondly, pipeline transportation is characterized by absence of freight loss in transit and since it operates in all weather and is therefore reliable. Loading and unloading labor and costs are mechanized and thus lowered. Packaging is not usually done in pipeline transportation and therefore packaging costs are recovered as well. The pipes run through known isolated locations and it is therefore a safe, continuous method of transportation that ensures maximum space utilization and low energy consumption. It is economical and dependable particularly to the strategic areas and also provides a long-term infrastructural option. Due to the continuous nature of this transportation, large amounts of chemicals can be transported within a short time an in the process, difficulties of handling large amount of goods by rail can be…...

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References

Krishnamurthy, B. (2008), Environmental Management, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.

Monczka, R.M.et al. (2010), Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, Cengage Learning EMEA, Chelmsford.

Office of Technology Assessment, (n.d), Transportation of hazardous materials, DIANE Publishing, Pennsylvania.

Raven, P. (2011), Environment, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

' But as the economy wavers and technology enables businessmen and women to use virtual, rather than face-to-face meetings, focusing on either a low-end or high-end strategy is problematic. Southwest can generate fewer cost savings as fuel costs rise and the numbers of vacationers plummet. More airlines are adopting its 'nuts only' service, diluting the image of its unique brand. However, luxury service is less in demand, given the still-shaky nature of the economic recovery.
Q4: "Traditionally, the effects of tax policy on firms' demand for investment are summarized in estimates of the 'user cost of capital.' The user cost of a capital investment is the minimum return a firm needs to cover depreciation, taxes, and the opportunity costs of the funds used to finance the project. Lower user costs typically translate into higher investment levels," thus reducing taxes can stimulate investment by reducing the user cost of capital (Gale 2010).…...

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References

Amadeo, Kimberly. (2009, December 20). Facts about NAFTA. About.com.

Retrieved April 21, 2010 at  http://useconomy.about.com/od/tradepolicy/tp/NAFTA_Facts.htm 

Capital assets and depreciation. (2003). Complete Tax. Retrieved April 21, 2010 at http://taxguide.completetax.com/text/Q14_2900.asp

Gale, William G. (2010). Deficits, interest rates, and the user cost of capital: A reconsideration of the effects of tax policy on investment. The Brookings Institution. Retrieved April 21, 2010 at  http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2005/07taxes_gale.aspx

("Transportation in the 19th Century," 2009)
Roads would have a major impact upon how quickly various regions would develop from: areas of wilderness into cities and states. This is because, the use of roads served as a way of connecting the different cities and other parts of the country together. At which point, both individuals and businesses could use them, to support their transportation needs as well improve commerce. This was important to the economic growth of the United States, by providing everyone with an alternative choice in: transporting themselves or different merchandise (from point a to point b). As this increased the number of choices that were available, which kept the underlying costs low. At the same time, the expansion of different roads would mean, that numerous areas of the country that were once in accessible were open to new settlers. This fueled the continuing westward expansion, by providing…...

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Bibliography

Transportation in the 19th Century. (2009). Study World. Retrieved from:  http://www.studyworld.com/newsite/reportessay/History/American%5CTransportation_In_the_19th_Century-32139.htm

Transportation and Logistics Management
Adding value to the end of the transport and logistics chain

Taking into account the globalization of almost all the services provided, the transport sector will not be left behind. There is a changing perspective and arising needs within the transport sector and the moving of material and solutions will continue facing a myriad of new approaches hence only the easily adaptable and flexible companies will continue expanding their niches. This change in the demand patterns in moving of material and solutions therefore means there will be need for transport and logistics companies to reinvent themselves and add value to the end of the current transport chain.

My thesis statement is; Bearing the continued diversification of the client needs and integration prompted by globalization, there is immediate need to add value to the existing transport and logistics chain particularly on the side of the receiving clients. The basic transport…...

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Reference

Eastern Asia Society for Transport Studies, (2005). The Role of Transportation in Logistics Chain. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 1659. Retrieved June 7, 2013 from http://www.siam.org/journals/plagiary/1657.pdf

In cases involving continued discrimination, disability lawyers have made the point that freedom of movement is essential in making sure that such individuals are gainfully employed. Access to public transportation can abrogate the need for continued public assistance in financial terms.

Legislators, too, have recognized access to transportation as a necessary prerequisite to obtaining work. A Harris poll cited by Senator Durenberger noted that, "three of ten disabled persons stated that lack of transportation was a reason why they had no employment. Transportation, he concluded, was 'essential if a person is to seek and maintain a job.'"

The Public orks and Transportation Committee of the United States House of Representatives further concluded with the observation that work contributed to individuals' sense of self-esteem and belonging through, "most of all, taking pride in a job well done."

Unfortunately, as studies have shown compliance with the Act's high ideals has not always been easy or…...

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Works Cited

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5023377050 

Attard, Lauren. "A Price on Volunteerism: The Public Has a Higher Duty to Accommodate Volunteers." Fordham Urban Law Journal 34.3 (2007): 1089+.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001965463

Bagenstos, Samuel R. "The Americans with Disabilities Act as Welfare Reform." William and Mary Law Review 44.3 (2003): 921+.

Many industry professionals like Mr. Greenstein (2009) also agree that building a broadband network would have huge economic and employment payoffs.
This network is also another excellent example of a potential user fee generator. Once the network is established and jobs are being saved and created, the entire system will be relatively self-supportive based upon user fees collected from people wishing to use the broadband network. The construction of a "smart grid" electricity delivery network could also help to maximize the efficiency of the delivery of the nation's power. Currently, nearly 40% of the nation's generated electricity is either wasted in grid inefficiencies or used to help deliver said electricity (Cajina, et. al., 2009). This number is higher in some parts of the country where the power grid has not been touched for nearly 50 years. This "smart grid" will also help to compliment other infrastructure projects, specifically the development…...

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References

Baker, Dean. (2009). "Issues in Trade and Protectionism." Center for Economic and Policy

Research Study.

Cajina, Ana; Hess Pace, Kate; Patterson, Anika; and C.J. Randall. (2009). "How Local Policies

Can Support Development of Green Jobs." Working Papers: Economic Development. Dec. 28, 2009.

Regulation vs. Deregulation Transportation regulation has always been an important aspect of business logistics and supply chain management. In the 19th century, the railroads introduced a new mode of transportation that businesses could take advantage of, and in the beginning there was very little regulation of the railroads. Today, regulation exists for all modes of transportation. This paper will compare and contrast how regulation versus deregulation has impacted transportation and discuss some of the major influences on both regulating and deregulating the transportation industry. It will also describe the effects that globalization has had on regulations and show that consumers can benefit from both regulation and deregulation.
Regulation has impacted transportation in a number of different ways. It has enabled monopolies to be broken up, made the industry safer, and given leverage to laborers and unions. The first regulation of the railroads went into effect with the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887,…...

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References

Gilligan, T. W., Marshall, W. J., & Weingast, B. R. (1989). Regulation and the theory of legislative choice: The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Journal of Law and Economics, 32(1), 35-61.

Grennes, T. (2017). Does the Jones Act Endanger American Seamen. Regulation, 40, 2-4.

Kahn, A. E. (2002). The deregulatory tar baby: The precarious balance between regulation and deregulation, 1970–2000 and henceforward. Journal of Regulatory Economics, 21(1), 35-56.

Riles, A. (2014). Managing regulatory arbitrage: A conflict of laws approach. Cornell Int\\'l LJ, 47, 63.

Thoms, W. E. (1983). Rollin\\'on... to a free market motor carrier regulation 1935-1980. Transp. LJ, 13, 43.

a. NAAQS were established for six principal pollutants. Describe each and give examples of each applicable pollutant. (10 points) The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) were established in order to cope with six principal pollutants. The pollutants can be described as follows:
1. Carbon Monoxide (CO) – This is a pollutant that is in the form of an urban smog. It is more often perceived in different regions such as California and also in Lake Michigan
2. Nitrogen Dioxide – this is an emission that comes from engines
3. Particulate Matter – this is a pollutant that is usually found in smoke, soot, dust, and soil
4. Lead – Despite the fact that this is of the six principle pollutants, lead has been discontinued and reduced by the EPA from the 80s period. An example of lead includes lead that is found in gasoline and also in products such as paints.
5. Sulphur Dioxide -…...

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References

Sinha, K., & Labi, S. (2007). Transportation decision making principles of project evaluation and programming. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley.

Intermodal Transportation
Intermodal transportation in Europe and the United States has experienced tremendous growth and expansion over the years. One of the major factors that have impacted the growth of intermodal transportation is regulation/deregulation of the industry. The regulation and deregulation of intermodal transportation in Europe and the United States started in the late 19th Century at a time when the industry had relatively no competition from other transportation modes. The regulation and deregulation of the industry can be traced back to 1887 when the Interstate Commerce Commission was established as a regulatory board to handle various issues relating to intermodal transportation (Slack, n.d.). Since then, regulation and deregulation has had both positive and negative impacts on the growth and/or continued growth of intermodal transportation in Europe and the United States.
Impact of Regulation/Deregulation on Intermodal Transportation
As previously indicated, the regulation/deregulation of intermodal transportation has had positive and negative impacts on the…...

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References

Association of American Railroads. (2017, June 4). How Deregulation Saved the Freight Rail Industry. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2017, from  

Bureau of Transportation Statistics. (n.d.). Chapter 2: Growth, Deregulation, and Intermodalism. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Transportation website: https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/the_changing_face_of_transportation/html/chapter_02.html

Henstra et al. (1999, October). Deregulation and Transport in an Enlarged European Union. Retrieved October 10, 2017, from  http://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/webdav/shared/3_activities/transport/regulatory/europe/ipts_en.pdf 

Slack, B. (n.d.). Rail Deregulation in the United States. Retrieved from Hofstra University website:  https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch9en/appl9en/ch9a1en.html 

http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/brand-connect/wp/enterprise/how-deregulation-saved-the-freight-rail-industry/ 

2. Abstract This discourse explores various land use factors that affect transportation including density, roadway connectivity, mix, regional accessibility, and density. The information derived from this study will be helpful in informing smart growth, land access management, urbanization, and assist in the realization of progressive land planning objectives like the reduction of emissions, conservation of energy, and customer savings.
3. Introduction
Land use can also be referred to as spatial planning, urban geography, urban form, community design, and development (Litman, 2011). These terms essentially refer to the manner in which the surface of the earth is used including design, type, and location of the human development. The patterns of land use can have profound environmental, social, and economic impacts. An example is where some patterns of land use make it more accessible therefore requiring little physical movement in order to get to common land destinations (Litman, 2011). With accessibility the development costs are…...

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Reference page

Litman, T. (2018). Land Use Impacts on Transport: How Land Use Factors Affect Travel Behavior. Victoria Transport Policy Institute (pp. 1–85).

Litman, T. (2011). Land Use Impacts on Transport. Management, (August), 1–76.

Litman, T. A. (2009). Evaluating Transportation Land Use Impacts: Considering the Impacts, Benefits and Costs of Different Land Use Development Patterns. World Transport Policy & Practice (Vol. 1, pp. 9–16). https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20046

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54876-5

Toxic Contaminations from Transportation
One of the most dangerous perils of global transportation that remain unknown to many is toxic contaminations from the various modes of transportation. Rail, sea, road, air and pipeline transportation are wellsprings that discharge toxic contaminations as gases and particulate issues producing harm to nature and human wellbeing. The modes of transportation discharge toxic contaminations through emissions of greenhouse gases that are harmful to the world’s ecosystem and the environment. According to Awadallah & Fini (2013), global transportation accounts for a significant portion of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions despite the steady decline of these emissions in the past two decades. Based on recent surveys, transportation is the fastest growing source of these gases in the United States.
Rail, sea, road, air and pipeline transportation emit greenhouse gases through the burning of fossil fuels that in turn increase in the release of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s Atmosphere. Pure…...

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References

American Physical Society (2017). Transportation and Energy Issues. Retrieved September 26, 2017, from  

Awadallah, F., & Fini, E. H. (2013). Transportation Global Environmental Impact. Institute of Transportation, 83(9), 43-46. Retrieved from  https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/1435644121?accountid=8289 

Bomford, A. (2013, April 11). How environmentally friendly are electric cars? - BBC News. Retrieved September 19, 2017, from  http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22001356 

Gough, C., O’Keefe, L., & Mander, S. (2014). Public Perceptions of CO2 Transportation in Pipelines. Energy Policy, 70, 106-114. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2014.03.039

LeBeau, P. (2014, January 2). Ford Develops Solar Powered Car for Everyday Use. CNBC. Retrieved September 26, 2017, from  https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/02/ford-develops-solar-powered-car-for-everyday-use.html 

Méline, J., Hulst, A. V., Thomas, F., & Chaix, B. (2015). Road, Rail, and Air Transportation Noise in Residential and Workplace Neighborhoods and Blood Pressure (RECORD study). Noise & Health, 17(78), 308-319. doi:10.4103/1463-1741.165054

Rodrigue, J.-P, Comtois, C., & Slack, B. (2006). The Geography of Transport Systems. Retrieved from  https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/gallery/Geography%20of%20Transport%20Systems_1ed.pdf 

Schwanen, T. (2016). Geographies of Transport I. Progress in Human Geography, 40(1), 126-137. doi:10.1177/0309132514565725https://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/transportation.cfm 

Physical activity plays such an important role in public health. It is especially important when a society has become sedentary, which applies to many of the industrialized societies around the globe.  It is not surprise, then, that public health efforts often focus on increasing daily movement as a way to help improve community health.

Possible research topics include:

1. The relationship between green spaces like parks and walking trails with community levels of physical activity.
2. The relationship between afterschool sports programs and physical activity for youth, and whether that relationship remains as people transition from youth into adulthood.
3. Do physical....

Looking at how cars were invented and reality quickly became the go-to transportation method for much of the world is fascinating.  While the automobile was invented in Germany and France, Henry Ford, who mastered automation and the mass production of cars, probably deserves much of the credit for the automobile’s early successes.  In fact, Ford’s focuses on wages and affordability probably deserve credit for the rise of the American middle class, suggesting that the history of the automobile and the history of the middle class are inextricably intertwined.

I. Introduction

A. Precursors....

Government can support schools in rural areas in various ways to help them provide quality education. Here is a suggested answer with proper spacing and formatting:

1. Infrastructure development: The government should allocate funds to improve the infrastructure of schools in rural areas. This includes constructing well-equipped classrooms, libraries, laboratories, and administrative buildings. Adequate spacing within the school premises should be ensured to accommodate a sufficient number of students and facilitate their learning experience.

2. Technological support: Governments should invest in providing schools with necessary technological infrastructure such as computers, projectors, and internet connectivity. This will enable teachers in rural areas to....

There are several ways in which governments can help education in schools located in rural areas. Here is a formatted response with proper spacing:

1. Increase funding: Governments can allocate more resources and funding specifically for schools in rural areas. This could be done through the establishment of special funding programs or grants that are solely dedicated to improving education in these regions.

2. Improve infrastructure: Governments can invest in upgrading the infrastructure of rural schools by constructing new buildings, renovating existing facilities, and providing necessary equipment and resources. This includes ensuring access to electricity, clean water, and proper sanitation facilities.

3. Enhance....