This also serves as an important catalytic effects for the bonding of mothers to their babies even before they are born. It is also called the "re-assurance scans" and misnamed as "entertainment scans." Some specialists do not recommend 3-D and 4-D ultrasound as manadatory development of the conventional 2-D scans. Although these may play a part in the study of fetal embryology.
There were many researches done on the in-vitro effects of ultrasonic insonation at various intensities, its effects on heating, cavitation and bubbles, as well as the mechanism of action, standardization of intensity measurements and making the different Guidelines on iological Safety. There were also researches on immuno-suppresive effects, platelet aggregation, cell phagocytosis, DNA damage, fetal weight alterations and increase in sister chromatic exchanges, just to name a few.

There was no definite long-term adverse effects to ultrasound exposed children on new studies in the 1980s and 90s. In 1982…...

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Bibliography

 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/ultrasound/PR00053 

 http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blultrasound.htm 

http://www.baby-health.net/articles/278.html

 http://www.4d-ultrasounds.com/ultrasounds/babysfirstportrait.html

Physics -- History of Ultrasound Physics and Properties of Transducer
The history of Ultrasound Physics has involved contributions from many professions from a number of countries over hundreds of years. The first developments, dating as far back as 1794, were made by scientists outside the medical profession and were often disconnected from each other. As science progressed and scientists combined these discoveries, the medical profession gradually realized the value of ultrasound for detection, diagnosis and treatment. From the first uses of ultrasound physics with large, clumsy and limited equipment, ultrasound has been so refined that ultrasound can now be accomplished with easily portable equipment at the site of care, far from any hospital or laboratory.

A vital part of these ultrasound developments that is still used today is the transducer, a device that efficiently converts electrical energy into images. Consisting of a sensor and the associated circuitry, the type of transducer used…...

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Works Cited

Anonymous. (n.d.). An introduction to sensors and transducers. Retrieved on January 3, 2013 from www.mfg.mtu.edu Web site: http://www.mfg.mtu.edu/cyberman/machtool/machtool/sensors/intro.html

Carlson, P.L. (2009, January 13). Anniversary paper: Evolution of ultrasound physics and the role of medical physicists and the AAPM and its journal in that evolution. Retrieved on January 3, 2013 from scitation.aip.org Web site: http://scitation.aip.org/journals/doc/MPHYA6-home/MPHAnniversaryCollection.pdf

Echolocation. (2013). Echolocation. Retrieved on January 3, 2013 from www.echolocation.biz Web site:  http://www.echolocation.biz/ 

Piezo Systems, Inc. (n.d.). History of Piezoelectricity. Retrieved on January 3, 2013 from www.piezo.com Web site: http://www.piezo.com/tech4history.html

Bonsanto, MM, et al. "3D ultrasound navigation in syrinx surgery - a feasibility study." Acta Neurochirurgica 54.4 (2005): 540-1.
This article talks about the different designsmof the ultrasounds. It deals with the construction, and assessment of a three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound system which is utilized for the treatment of kidney tumors which are using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). This tpye of method contains of a therapeutic ultrasound distribution unit (power amplifier, matching circuit, driver, and transducer (1 MHz)) and a 3D positioning of the different component ( microcontroller and stepper motors). The article talks about the structure comprises of software that projects a treatment preparation in keeping with the tumor directs. In order to confirm the competence of the structure for touching the transducer, the placing module was positively driven so that it would cover the cylinders of sizes that are as large as 30 cm (diameter) x 10 cm (height) with…...

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Yu, Honggang, et al. "A 3D Freehand Ultrasound System for Multi-view Reconstructions from Sparse 2D Scanning Planes." Biomedical Engineering Online 3.2 (2011): 7.

Furthermore to probes that can shifted through the exterior of the body, some of these probes are calculated to be introduced by numerous starts of the body (rectum, vagina, esophagus) in order they can get much quicker to the organ that is being inspected (prostate gland, uterus, stomach); coming nearer to the organ can permit for more thorough opinions (Lweesy).

This article is very helpful because the microprocessor is the intelligence of the ultrasound machine. The central processing unit is essentially a computer that encompasses the microchip, memory, loudspeakers and power materials for the CPU and transducer probe. The central processing unit directs electrical flows to the transducer probe to produce sound waves, and also obtains the electrical beats that come from the probes that are being created from the returning reverberations. The author did a good job explaining to the reader regarding the central processing unit does all of the controls complicated in treating the figures ( Muns). It was a helpful article because it was able to show the reader that once the underdone data are handled, the central processing unit practices the copy on the monitor. The central processing unit can also store the administered documents and/or appearance on disk.

History of Ultrasound Physics and the Properties of the Transducer
Today, innovations in medical imaging allow clinicians to view the soft tissues, organs and blood flow inside the human body in ways that provide the opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of disorders as well as to monitor neonatal health (Goldberg & Verny, 2007). The introduction of ultrasound technologies, though, has only taken place since the second half of the 20th century, although there were a number of earlier attempts in the late 19th century that met with limited success. To determine the facts about this important innovation, this paper reviews the relevant literature concerning the history of ultrasound physics and the properties of the transducers that are used for ultrasound imaging, followed by a summary of the research and important findings concerning these issues in the conclusion.

eview and Discussion

According to Levine (2010), ultrasound is defined…...

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References

Goldberg, H. & Verny, T. R. (2007, Summer). The potential risks of ultrasound examinations on fetal development. Journal of Prenatal & Perinatal Psychology & Health, 21(3), 261-264.

Levine, H. (2010). Medical imaging. Santa Monica, CA: Greenwood.

Transducers. (2016). Virginia Commonwealth University: Virginia Ultrasound. Retrieved from  http://www.vaultrasound.com/educational-resources/ultrasound-physics/transducers/ .

Very near the beginning of orld ar II, Karl Dussik began exploring ultrasound technology for diagnostic purposes by "attempted to locate brain tumors and the cerebral ventricles by measuring the transmission of ultrasound beam through the skull" (oo 7). This experiment produced disappointing results, and the development of this apparatus was not pursued further because of the elaborate set-up, and lack of clear visual representations of the brain.

However, at about the same time in Hamburg, Germany, Heinrich Netheler and olf-Dieter Keidel were independently working on developing ultrasound technology for the purpose of diagnosis. here most development on the topic was still focused on the treatment of diseases, both Keidel and Netheler presented papers to the First Congress of Ultrasound in Medicine held in Erlangen, Germany in May, 1948, on the potential of ultrasound technology use in the diagnostic field.

The first diagnostic research conducted in the United States was released as…...

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Works Cited

Freudenrich, Craig C. "How Ultrasound Works." How Stuff Works.   Accessed 5 June 2006.http://www.howstuffworks.com .

Goldberg, Barry. "Obstetric U.S. Imaging: The Last 40 Years." Radiology. 2000; 215:

Woo, Joseph. A short History of the development of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/history1.html.2002.

Ultrasound in Teaching Medical Students
During medical courses, teaching of anatomy and physiology largely depends on lectures, course books and the dissection of corpses. Ultrasonography is more often than not used in clinical practice and an accumulating number of doctors are taught on its daily use. Contemporary ultrasound machines are less burdensome and more user friendly in comparison to older ones. The main goal of the study encompassed evaluating the viability of conveying an ultrasound-based course to undergraduates and to discover the perceptions of the students as well as those of teachers in this auspicious teaching modality (Hammoudi et al., 2013). In particular, the authors within the article undertake a feasibility analysis as to whether an ultrasound-based course can easily and effectively be incorporated into the normal medical teaching programme for the undergraduate students or not. This was done by obtaining feedback from the students as well as the teachers.…...

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References

Brunner, M., Moeslinger, T., Spieckermann, P. G. (1995). Echocardiography for teaching cardiac physiology in practical student courses. Advance Physiology Education 13: 2-9.

Hammoudi, N., Arangalage, D., Boubrit, L., Renaud, M. C., Isnard, R., Collet, J. P., ... & Duguet, A. (2013). Ultrasound-based teaching of cardiac anatomy and physiology to undergraduate medical students. Archives of cardiovascular diseases, 106(10), 487-491.

Mircea, P. A., Badea, R., Fodor, D., & Buzoianu, A. D. (2012). Using ultrasonography as a teaching support tool in undergraduate medical education-time to reach a decision. Medical ultrasonography, 14(3), 211.

Confidence interval:

The mean of Group One minus Group Two equals -5.694852

95% confidence interval of this difference: From -9.458031 to -1.931672

Intermediate values used in calculations:

t = 2.9968 df = 118 standard error of difference = 1.900

Required "t" Value = 1.671

Conclusion: What was seen visa via the raw data presentation was a "slight" difference in ultrasound content knowledge between pre and post instruction. However, the "t" Test analysis has shown that the differences are statistically significant. A resulting "t" value of 2.9968 far exceeds the required value of 1.671. Therefore, enrolling in a ultrasound class significantly increased the participant's content knowledge level. This is a perfect example how one cannt every draw a conclusion about data from a raw data numerical stance. What might appear not to be so different actually ends I being very, very different. Finally, participating in the course obviously did produce a significant increase in ultrasound content knowledge…...

arha.org/Career/careerguide.pdf)(ASRT website https://www.asrt.org/)Michigan requires the successful completion of the ASRT test as well as program completion but does not license separately. (Michigan Department of Community Health Web site: (http://www.michigan.gov/mdch/0,1607,7-132-27417_27529-,00.html)
ursing

ursing can include two basic levels of nursing education and responsibilities, an Licensed Practical urse or a Registered urse. In brief the clinical difference is minimal, but Rs take on a leadership role and are required as supervisors in most settings. ursing responsibilities are self-evident as they are the main providers of bedside care for all patients, no matter the area of need. Average starting salary for an LP ins $30,763 and an $R 44,304. Education for an LP is between 1-2 years and an R can be 2 years but usually requires a full bachelors degree. Specialization for Rs requires advanced practice training and certification. Both require the completion of education, successful completion of the CLEX, expanded for RS to include…...

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Nutritionist

Dietician nutritionists fill an increasingly important role as providers of nutrition information for patients with general knowledge and specialty knowledge. They can act as institutional supervisors or take direct referrals from doctors in many areas. They have limited diagnostic rights, but utilize doctor diagnostic test frequently. The field is expanding exponentially as more and more people become aware of the need to manage eating for holistic health and as more doctors become aware of the need to balance eating. The obesity epidemic in America also expands the need. Education requires a bachelor's degree and successful completion of a Registered Dietitian Exam. Starting salary is between $31, 070 and $41,500, depending on region. (Akron Regional Hospital Association Guide to Health Care Career Guide ( Michigan also requires a separate licensure process. (Michigan Department of Community Health Web site: ( http://www.michigan.gov/mdch/0,1607,7-132-27417_27529-,00.html )http://www.arha.org/Career/careerguide.pdf)

I am definitely leaning toward either nursing or Ultrasound Tech as advancement seems available in both areas and my interests lie in non-invasive work.

But a provider may also "use his/her professional judgment to disclose health information to a parent, even in cases that otherwise meet an exception, as 'necessary to avert a serious and imminent threat to the health or safety of the minor'" such as if a minor begs a doctor not to tell his or her parent that s/he is being sexually abused (Minors, 2005, Miller School). However, given the circumstances of the case, the sonographer went 'out of bounds' in addressing the parents without the girl's permission about her condition, as well as introducing personal information.
HIPPA suggests a sonographer should ask if the young girl would like her parent to be there during the discussion of the procedure, and if the patient gives consent, inform the patient and her parents of any risks that might come to light. If the girl's life is judged to be at risk because…...

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References

Minors, privacy rights of (HIPAA). (2005, May 12). Miller School of Medicine. University of Miami.  http://privacy.med.miami.edu/glossary/xd_minors.htm 

Orenstein, Beth. (2001). News Wave. Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography.

Retrieved August 8, 2010 at  http://www.sdms.org/members/news/NewsWave/NW-April-2010.pdf 

SDMS: Code of Ethics. (2010). SDMS. Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography. Retrieved August 7, 2010 at  http://www.sdms.org/about/codeofethics.asp

Catheter insertions take place in medical facilities across the United States every day on a consistent and ongoing manner. As one recent study determined central venous catheter (CVC) insertion is required for many patients who are critically ill (Timsit, 2003) and that the insertion site for each patient should be based upon the most effective, efficient and ease of placement due to the many risks associated with the CVC procedure. Care must be taken, therefore, to ensure that the catheter is placed correctly with every single insertion. Venous insertions of catheters take place to allow medical access for drawing blood, chemotherapy, transfusions, and (amongst other uses) dialysis. Ensuring that the catheters are placed in the proper position is the responsibility of the individual surgeon or radiologist who is charged with placing the catheter in the patient (Ohio State, 2013).
Sometimes, however, mistakes are made, and the catheter is inserted into the…...

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References

Ho, L.; Spanger, M.; Hayward, P.; McNicol, L. & Weinberg, L.; (2014) Missed carotid artery cannulation: A line crossed and lessons learned, Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 42(6) 793-800

Jian, R.; Yuan, X.; Jiang, L.; Pei-Jie, C.; Sadaka, A.; Bautista, R.; Snook, K. & Rehrig, P.W.; (2006) High frequency piezo composites microfabricated ultrasouond transducers for intravascular imaging, 2006 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, accessed on February 27, 2015 at ile:///C:/Downloads/2006-5C5_High_Frequency_Piezo_Composites_Microfabricated_Ultrasound_Transducers_for_Intravascular_Imaging.pdf

Ohio State (2013) CVC (Central Venous Catheter) Placement, Wexner Medical Center

Timset, J-F.; (2003) What is the best site for central venous catheter insertion in critically ill patients? Critical Care, 7(6) 397-399

bortion
Discuss the legal and ethical issues involved in Roe v. Wade

With the advent of 70's and particularly, aftermath of the decision of the Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade during 1973, abortion policy has become a controversial issue in the merican politics. (Levine; Staiger; Kane; Zimmerman, 1996) The decision in Roe v. Wade reinforced the right of women to privacy with regard to her own body, incorporating the termination of pregnancy. (Pozga, 2010) Roe v. Wade delineated more specifically the rights of fetus as well as the mother on the basis of the magnitude of viability. (Killion; Dempski, 2000)

The decision in Roe v. Wade which accorded constitutional protection to abortion, which voided the state laws which banned it, was a decision which had several legal and ethical concerns. This verdict in Roe v. Wade damaged the cornerstone of the ethical principles against the issue of killing. The results of Roe…...

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An ultrasound neither informs legally nor medically -- irrespective of that, it notifies them aesthetically. Women are compelled to view at an image of a fetus; however, the woman who desire to abort already has prior knowledge of the ultrasound image of fetus. Additionally, there is the concern for ultrasound prices. As per the law the patient is expected to take the burden of the compelling procedure. The law entails a fine of $2,500 for not complying with the legal necessities. Such incorporation of ultrasound is visualized as a method to financially dissuade women for resorting to a legal medical procedure. Irrespective of the ethical issues of the abortion the government is not expected to emphasize moral issues on its citizen legally. This law on this ground is regarded as appalling & the offensive government encroachment that is framed to embarrass women desiring to avail legal healthcare. (Fox, 2012)

Such laws pertaining to necessities of ultrasound for abortion is lacking in significant arenas and is not the most successful methods to insure that an abortion thinking mother gets advantages from the powerful influence of ultrasound. Particularly, all of these laws need that some ultrasound information be accorded to the woman from the doctor who is attending the woman. The attending doctor definitely desires that the women must select the option for abortion since the doctor will be paid for abortion. It is pertinent that any need that this person offer ultrasound information would be distorted and skewed by the attending doctor to persuade the mother to abort her baby. Secondly the limitation of the law is that it compels a mother to attain information that she does not require. This imposes problematic public relations. (Glessner, 2012)

An analysis of several laws enacted reveal that they are insufficient in assuring that a woman desirous of undergoing abortion will really view an ultrasound image of her child. Some of these laws simply necessitate that woman be told of

Other signs of manifestation may include irregular bleeding not associated with a woman's normal menstrual cycle, pressure or pain during or after intercourse and abdominal pain of unknown origin (NIC, 2003).
UA/EVU/TVS

Ultrasound, endovaginal ultrasound and transvaginal sonography have all been used to help identify malignancies within the reproductive organs including the uterus. Of these, the more effective of tools is Color Doppler Sonography, because it allows physicians to distinguish benign masses from malignant masses more easily than do traditional U/S, EVU and TVS techniques. The advantages of U/S, EVU and TVS include the relatively low risk of complications and exposure to radiation which may prove more dangerous than beneficial. In times of old CT scans were often used in an attempt to try to identify malignancies of the uterus and endometrium (oss & Goplerud, 1982). Today, by combining techniques, many doctors find it is much easier to exclude cancer from…...

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References

Birnbaum, LS. (1991). Pharmacokinetic basis of age-related changes in sensitivity to toxicants. Ann Rev Pharmacol 31(1):101-28.

Charnley, G. & Putzrath, R.M. (2001). Children's health, susceptibility and regulatory approaches to reducing risks from chemical carcinogens. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(2):187.

Fleischer, MD, Shappell, HW, Parker, LP, & Hanemann, MD. (2006) Color Doppler sonography of endometrial masses. Nashville: Departments of Radiology, OB/GYN, and Pathology: Vanderbilt University Medical Center.

NCI (2002 Oct). What is endometrial cancer, National Cancer Institute, UConn Health

Using both at the same energy improved temporal resolution, best used in cardiac imaging. hen used at different kilovoltages resulted in material differentiation (Vlahos 2007).
This dual-energy scanner, based on different attenuations and different photon energies will likely be used for pulmonary arterial angiographic and aortic imaging with, potentially, lower contrast volume. It will also likely be used for pulmonary enhancement maps and may possibly eliminate precontrast imaging and reduce radiation exposure (Vlahos 2007).

Utilizing the distinguishing qualities of attenuation, consistency or homogeneity, number and size of tumors found in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans of lungs and thyroid, pancreas, kidneys, adrenals, liver, and ovaries can be evaluated with training.

Fitton, Steenbakkers, et al. worked on a study of the lymph nodes of 13 patients found to have lung cancer. The data was obtained under free breathing conditions, a protocol was determined for CT/PET registration and a comparison of the image quality…...

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Works Cited

Attenuation of Sound Waves." NDT. Iowa State University Center for Nondestructive Evaluation. 2007. Website: http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/Physics/attenuation.htm.

Bushong, Stewart C. And Archer, Benjamin R. Diagnostic Ultrasound, Mosby Inc., 1991.

Fitton, Isabelle; Steenbakkers, Roel; Zijp, Lambert, Duppen, Joop C.; Comans, Emile F.I.; Muller, Saar H.; Nowak, Peter J.C.M.; Rasch, Coen R.N. And van Herk, Marcel. "Lung Dosimetry: Retrospective attenuation correction of PET data for radiotherapy planning using a bree breathing CT." Radiotherapy and Oncology, Vol 83(1), April 2007.

Kaiser, C.P. "GI/GU experts seek accord to describe 'incidentalomas': Radiologists parse lesion size, number, and attenuation to distinguish benign from malignant." Diagnostic Imaging.com, October 2007.  http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=YEPBIRQ0TVYVMQSNDLPCKH0CJUNN2JVN?articleID=202200374 .

CT scan or MA may result in the clinician oversight of some of the more subtle findings. It is expensive and the availability is limited.
It is possible to evaluate AS via angiogram, bet evaluation of the size of the stenosis tends to be imprecise. Additionally, angiography does not allow a cross-sectional assessment of the stenosis, and in the case of FMD, it is not possible to distinguish the different histological types, although intervention at the time of assessment is a possibility. Doppler sonography is able to measure the amount of blood flow, and is non-invasive. It tends to be highly invasive and is able to demonstrate problems with slow patterns and other issues which are highly suggestive of significant stenosis. Doppler ultrasound tends to be very operator dependent and the exam takes a significant amount of time. Additionally, the exam may be limited by abdominal girth, patient movement and…...

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Reference:

1. Paven G; Waugh R; Nicholson J; Gillin a; Hennessy a Nephrology (Carlton). 2006; 11(1):68-72

2. Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research (AHRQ)

Comparative Effectiveness of Management Strategies for Renal Artery Stenosis: AHRQ Executive Summary,), Rockville, Maryland;  http://hcup.ahrq.gov/HCUPnet.asp 

3. Dejani H, Eisen TD, Finkelstein FO: Revascularization of renal artery stenosis in patients with renal insufficiency. Am J. Kidney Dis 2000 Oct; 36(4): 752

Sound waves are then produced by a generator and transmitted through via the thin. Vacuum-like cannula. When the instrument makes contact with the fat cells, they liquefy and are vacuumed out ("Ultrasonic," 2008).
Indications and Clinical Application for UAL:

Scheinfeld and Zimbler (2006) noted that patients with lipodystrophy, localized increased adipose tissue, benefit from liposuction. These patients may be at or below their ideal weight, yet there is fatty tissue present in excess in certain areas. Generalized obesity is not an indication for liposuction. Candidates should be in good health, have realistic expectations and not be obese. UAL is specifically indicated in areas where enhanced contouring is needed, very large areas, or very fibrous areas. Other indications for UAL, and liposuction in general, include treatment of: solitary and multiple lipomas, lipodystrophy, gynecomastia or psydogynecomastia, axillary hyperhidrosis, and axillary bromidrosis. UAL may also be used in reconstructive procedures, including fat debulking during…...

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References

Guidelines of care for liposuction. (Jan 2006). Retrieved April 13, 2009, from  http://www.asds.net/GuidelinesOfCareForLiposuction1.aspx .

Lawrence, N. & Coleman, W. (Dec 1997). The biologic basis of ultrasonic liposuction. Dermatologic Surgery, 23(12). Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database.

Liposuction FAQs. (2008). Retrieved April 13, 2009, from  http://www.docshop.com/education/cosmetic/body/liposuction/faqs/ .

Lack, E. (Aug 1998). Safety of ultrasonic-assisted liposuction (UAL) using a non-water cooled ultrasonic cannula. Dermatologic Surgery, 24(8). Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database.

Medical Equipment: Innovation, Advancements, and Impact on Healthcare

1. The Evolution of Medical Technology: A Historical Perspective
- Trace the historical evolution of medical equipment, from simple tools to sophisticated devices.
- Analyze the impact of technological advancements on medical practices and patient outcomes.

2. Innovation in Medical Equipment Design: From Concept to Commercialization
- Explore the design process of medical equipment, from initial idea to product launch.
- Discuss the challenges and considerations in designing safe, effective, and user-friendly devices.

3. The Regulatory Landscape of Medical Equipment: Balancing Innovation and Safety
- Analyze the regulatory frameworks governing the development and marketing of....

Technology has had a huge impact on pediatric surgery, improving outcomes for young patients in a variety of ways. Some advancements include:

1. Minimally invasive surgery: Laparoscopic and robotic surgery techniques have become more common in pediatric surgery, allowing for smaller incisions, less pain, faster recovery times, and reduced risk of complications.

2. Imaging technology: Advances in imaging technology such as MRI, CT scans, and ultrasound have improved preoperative planning and allowed for more precise and accurate surgeries.

3. 3D printing: 3D printing technology has enabled surgeons to create patient-specific models of organs or body parts, helping them to plan complex surgeries and....

What is Radiology?

Radiology is a branch of medicine that uses imaging techniques to diagnose and treat disease. These techniques include X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound. Radiologists are physicians who specialize in interpreting these images and using them to make a diagnosis.

Why Radiology?

There are many reasons why someone might choose to pursue a career in radiology. Some of the most common reasons include:

The ability to use cutting-edge technology: Radiology is a rapidly evolving field, and radiologists have the opportunity to work with the latest and greatest imaging technology. This can be a very exciting and....

Radiology specialists use a variety of imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine scans to diagnose and treat medical conditions accurately. These imaging techniques allow radiologists to visualize internal organs, tissues, and bones in a non-invasive way, providing detailed images that help identify abnormalities, tumors, fractures, infections, and other medical conditions.

Radiologists interpret these images to make accurate diagnoses and develop treatment plans for patients. They can track the progression of diseases, monitor the effectiveness of treatments, and guide minimally invasive procedures such as biopsies or drainage of fluid collections. Additionally, imaging techniques can also....