Social Cost of Abstinence-Only Sex Education
Comprehensive Sex Education
The High Social Cost of Abstinence-Only Sex Education in the United States
The American Abstinence-Only Movement
In the United States there has been a social and legislative movement favoring abstinence-only sex education over the past 30 years (reviewed by Starkman and Rajani, 2002). Abstinence-only sex education programs do not include information on the purpose and use of contraceptives and by default promote chastity as the only method for avoiding pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Only 18 states and the District of Columbia require schools to include information on contraception in their sex education courses (Guttmacher Institute, 2011), despite a 1999 nationwide poll revealing that the majority (93%) of respondents supported instruction on such methods in school sex education programs (Starkman and Rajani, p. 616).
Part of the blame for this discrepancy can be attributed to the passage of the Adolescent Family Life Act in 1981 that provided federal funds for schools promoting abstinence-only instruction (Starkman and Rajani, p. 515). Challenges to this law have invoked the legal principle of separation of church and state, which implies that conservative religious agendas are behind the abstinence-only movement. This would explain the prevalence of fear among teachers regarding a community backlash should they attempt to teach a comprehensive sex education syllabus, which as a...
Dr. Philip G. Zimbardo has been a professor of Psychology at Stanford University since 1968 and is one of this nation's most famous psychological researchers. In 1970, his Stanford Prison Experiment dramatically illustrated the capacity of ordinary individuals to develop abusive and even sadistic impulses in a classic experiment that has been widely taught to undergraduate Psychology students for nearly four decades. More recently, Dr. Zimbardo was enlisted by the
905). Teaching teenagers about abstinence would likely mean stronger families in the community, which by comparison would also mean that the community was stronger as well. Additional studies presented data that could also be taken into consideration concerning the causes and the effects of teenage pregnancies, both positive and negative in nature. Many of the studies found that poverty and race both had impacts on the teenage pregnancy and birth rates,
In conclusion, Watkins draws an important link between teen childbearing and poverty, which takes this discussion past morals and values and moves it into socioeconomic territory. Half of all mothers currently on welfare assistance "were teenagers when they had their first child," Watkins writes. Also, a) less than a third of teen mothers "ever finish high school"; b) the children born to teenage mothers "are twice as likely to raise
We made every possible attempt to contact as many programs as possible. This was mainly through contacting various advisors, coalitions, staff, networks and directories. There were also several telephone calls as well as reminders (in the form of both mail, and fax) to the various programs. This was however done to the ones that never returned their surveys. After initiating second mailing attempts as well as phone calls and
These women make outcalls, where they visit the home of the client; or in-calls, where the clients visit their homes. At the second tier are women who work at established locations such as strip clubs, sex juice bars, brothels and massage parlors, where erotic services are also included following or during, what is an often a therapeutic massage. The third and lowest tier of prostitutes are the streetwalkers who
At the same time, technical assistance in adopting and implementing these best practices and in program evaluation has been extended (Johns). Sex Education Programs -- These include group discussion and emphasize the importance of peer influence (Orecchia, 2009). Research has shown that psycho-educational groups are especially effective in reducing risk behavior among teenage females. Statistics show that young Latina, Native American and African-American girls have higher teen birth rates than
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