Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Smith, Wright, Allsopp, and Westhead (2007) compared the effects of PETTLEP-based imagery against the improvements found with the use of traditional imagery, in hockey players and gymnasts. In the first study, 48 varsity hockey players were divided into four groups. These groups included: 'sport-specific' imagery, 'clothing' imagery, 'traditional' imagery, and a control group. Following a six-week period, the sport-specific group saw the most improvement in penalty flicks. Other than the control group, the traditional imagery group experienced the least amount of improvement. The author's second study featured 40 junior gymnasts. These participants were divided into four groups that included: PETTLEP, stimulus only imagery, physical practice, and a control group. As was found in both Wright and Smith's (2009) and Smith, Wright, and Cantwell's (2008) research, there was significant improvement in both the PETTLEP and physical practice performance; however, both groups improved equally. Yet again, there are questions in whether or not the success of this intervention can be applied universally. To help clarify this, research regarding the timing element of the PETTLEP was conducted (Jenny & Munroe-Chandler, 2008).
Jenny and Munroe-Chandler's (2008) research focused on the timing element of the PETTLEP intervention. The researchers examined the performance effects of three imagery conditions, in regards to soccer dribbling. In addition to the timing variables, the results were also compared to a physical practice group and a control group. Ninety-seven subjects were divided into five groups including: real-time imagery, slow-motion imagery, slow motion concluded with real-time imagery, physical practice, and a control group. All groups, apart from the control group, showed significant improvement in time and errors. All four experimental groups improved to the...
However, the control group also showed improvement in time, during the dribbling task, but not the number of errors. These results make the research inconclusive when applied to the timing aspect of improvement of the task. It also raises considerable doubts regarding the universal application of PETTLEP for improving sports performance.
The PETTLEP imagery intervention has demonstrated through the reviewed literature its value in improving performance in certain, specific sports aspects. However, there are still many questions that need to be answered. Most importantly, none of the studies reviewed were longer than six weeks in length. Therefore, more research needs to be conducted to see if initial performance improvements are continued over time. In addition, as found in Jenny and Munroe-Chandler's (2008) research, some areas of improvement may not be due to any intervention at all. This raises the question on how much of the previous findings can be generalized.
References
Holmes, P. & Collins, D. (Mar 2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1). pp. 60-83.
Smith, D., Wright, C., Allsopp, A., & Westhead, H. (Jan 2007). It's all in the mind: PETTLEP-based imagery and sports performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psycholgoy, 19(1). pp. 80-92.
Smith, D., Wright, C., & Cantwell, C. (Sep 2008). Beating the bunker: The effect of PETTLEP imagery on golf bunker shot performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79(3). Retrieved June 5, 2009, from ProQuest.
Wright, C. & Smith, D. (Mar 2009). The effect of PETTLEP imagery on strength performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psycholgoy, 7(1). Retrieved June 5, 2009, from General OneFile.
Of course competition at the major university level, and in the Olympic Games, is also important in terms of national pride and individual achievements for elite athletes. But at the community level, gymnastics is also important because it provides a way for young people to learn about -- and pursue -- practices that promote healthy living. The correlation between components of physical fitness and gymnastics: an article in the Journal
Larry Nassar and the Risks of US Women’s Gymnastics American gymnastics, particularly women’s gymnastics, has been one of the most popular summer Olympic sports for many decades. Even during non-Olympic years, it has a large following among young girls and their families. Many young girls dream of being the next Shannon Miller or Mary Lou Retton. Unfortunately, pursuit of these high athletic goals comes at a high price for some children.
Secondly, the report alluded to by CSC asserts that in "gender symmetric" sports there are "far more scholarships available for women (32,656) than for men (20,206)." The third bullet point in the CSC press release points out that men's volleyball is the "by far the most difficult" scholarship at the Division I level; there are reportedly 489 high school athletes for every full ride NCAA scholarship. The "underlying" data that CSC
He believes that fear of punishment for injustice is all that maintains our praise of justice. Gyges was willing to discard all sense of justice and nobility once the opportunity to act freely presented itself. 5. Socrates' use of the city as metaphor in his discussion of justice is the long way of describing the usefulness of justice and its application in human life. His description of a good city
Education then is necessary to help prevent the failures of government - for Socrates, an aristocracy represents a rule by the "best" citizens whose educations have centered upon training the warrior-guardians to be swift, philosophic, spirited and strong. This education is significant because in order to prevent the corruption that power so often has upon those who wield it - it is the broadly educated, self-aware, and community-driven individual who
Using the ring of Gyges as his 'proof,' he finds the last reason to be the most persuasive. What Socrates definition of justice in the state is as found in Book IV? Compare the parts of the just state to the parts of the just soul. Describe the virtues of each. Socrates defines justice in terms of balance, as every person doing what he is best suited to do -- to