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Such rattles have been recovered from ancient sites in the southwest and in the Mississippian civilizations.
The turtle rattle was also a musical instrument in ceremonial use. One of its most important functions was its significance in the False Face ceremonies. One of the most distinguishing features of the Iroquois belief system is the reliance on the mask for religious and ritual purposes. These masks are often designated as False Faces. This term refers to the first False Face and the mythical origins of protective and healing spirits. They are used in introductory and agricultural rituals. The turtle rattles play a significant part in these important rituals. The Story of the American Indian. New York: Liveright Publishing, 1944. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=21005671
In the various curing and healing rituals, the wearer of the False Face will juggle hot coals and use ash and is apparently immune to cold (see below), and he bears a turtle-shell rattle to shake at the person being cured. No Irouk medicine man can do any healing or curing without the rattle and the False Face.
The turtle rattle is therefore integrated with the overall understanding of the origin myths of the Iroquois Indians. The turtle rattle is also seen as a powerful object in its own right and not just a decorative or musical piece. "The turtle is very powerful. The rattle is used to frighten away disease. It is said to be the noise of the Thunders.
4. Bibliography
American Indian Education. http://www.osseo.k12.mn.us/special/stusupport/stuserv/AmInd/LilBuffalo/catalog.htm (Accessed April 30, 2005) www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6893078
American Indian Life. Edited by Elsie Clews Parsons. 2nd ed. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1991. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10874442
Fenton, William N., and Gertrude Prokosch Kurath. The Iroquois Eagle Dance: An Offshoot of the Calumet Dance. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1953.
NYSM: Lewis Henry Morgan Collection. http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/morgan/display.cfm?catno=36928A. (Accessed April 27, 2005)
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Parker, Arthur C. Seneca Myths and Folk Tales. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1989. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=74011670
Speck, Frank G., and Alexander General. Midwinter Rites of the Cayuga Long House. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1995.
THE IROUK CHARACTER. http://www.icculus.org/~msphil/mythus/campaigns/aerth/irouk / (Accessed May 1, 2005) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101560010
Tooker, Elisabeth, ed. Native North American Spirituality of the Eastern Woodlands: Sacred Myths, Dreams, Visions, Speeches, Healing Formulas, Rituals, and Ceremonials,. New York: Paulist Press, 1979. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002378936
Vennum, Thomas Jr. "Locating the Seri on the Musical Map of Indian North America." Journal of the Southwest 42, no. 3 (2000): 635. http://www.questia.com/. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=74095001
Webster, Hutton. Magic: A Sociological Study. New York: Octagon Books, 1973.
A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=21005728
Frank G. Speck, and Alexander General, Midwinter Rites of the Cayuga Long House (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), 42.
NYSM: Lewis Henry Morgan Collection. http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/morgan/display.cfm?catno=36928A. (Accessed April 27, 2005)
American Indian Education. http://www.osseo.k12.mn.us/special/stusupport/stuserv/AmInd/LilBuffalo/catalog.htm (Accessed April 30, 2005)
THE IROUK CHARACTER. http://www.icculus.org/~msphil/mythus/campaigns/aerth/irouk / (Accessed May 1, 2005)
Frank G. Speck, and Alexander General, Midwinter Rites of the Cayuga Long House (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), 42.
American Indian Education. http://www.osseo.k12.mn.us/special/stusupport/stuserv/AmInd/LilBuffalo/catalog.htm (Accessed April 30, 2005)
THE IROUK CHARACTER. http://www.icculus.org/~msphil/mythus/campaigns/aerth/irouk / (Accessed May 1, 2005) www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=21005756
Frank G. Speck, and Alexander General, Midwinter Rites of the Cayuga Long House (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), 70.
American Indian Education. http://www.osseo.k12.mn.us/special/stusupport/stuserv/AmInd/LilBuffalo/catalog.htm (Accessed April 30, 2005)
THE IROUK CHARACTER. http://www.icculus.org/~msphil/mythus/campaigns/aerth/irouk / (Accessed May 1, 2005) www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=21005756
Frank G. Speck, and Alexander General, Midwinter Rites of the Cayuga Long House (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), 70.
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