The collaborative team here would consist of a primary care physician / geriatrician, pain management specialist, laboratory specialists, and x-ray team. Additional consultants may be neurologist, neurosurgeon, gastroenterologist, psychologist, and drug and alcohol detoxification specialist.

In the case of increasing respiratory distress, the nurse is advised to continue or modify the interventions: to continue to teach patient how to breath and cough correctly; to summon a productive cough; to attempt to clear lungs to auscultation; and to achieve symmetric chest excursion of at least 4 cm; also that her respirations and pulse beats should be regular, and that she should inhale a normal volume of air. This is done by encouraging Fowler or semi-Fowler's position; monitoring the respiratory status, as well as the results of blood gases and so...

(2001). Gerontological nursing Philadelphia: Lippincott,
Kandel, J. (2009). The encyclopedia of elder care New York, NY: Facts on File,

Marvin J.A. (1995). Pain assessment vs. measurement. J Burn Care Rehabil 16, 348-357

Melzack R. (1975). The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. Pain 1, 277-299

Nursing Tools. Retrieved on February 22, 2011 from: http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_kozier_fundamentals_8/61/15681/4014343.cw/index.html

Portenoy R. (1997). Pain syndromes in patients with cancer and HIV / AIDS. Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Pain in Oncologic and AIDS Patients Newtown, PA: Handbook in Health Care Co.