Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
This then leads to the activation of a number of genes whose products trigger cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, or DNA repair" (Lakin 1999, p. 7644).
In research led by Hussain, he investigated the targets of free radicals, which are DNA, proteins, RNA, and lipids. He noted that, "mutations in cancer-related genes or post-translational modifications of proteins by nitration, nitrosation, phosphorylation, acetylation or polyADP-ribosylation-by free radiacals or lipid peroxidation byproducts…are some of the key events that can increase the cancer risk" (Hussain 2003, p. 276). Furthermore, changes in DNA occur when the person has been exposed to high levels of nitric oxide or NO. p53 plays a role in that it acts as a mediator to stress but NO "causes p53 accumulation and post-translational modifications that inhibit cellular growth" (Hussain 2003, p. 278). His research has revealed that when exposed to NO during chronic inflammation sans wild-type p53, there might be increased risk due to negative inducible NO synthase or iNOS regulation. In the same study, the cellular workings of breast cancer was stated by that the "polymorphism of the gene encoding the antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), which convert O2 to H2O2 alters protein trafficking" (Hussain 2003, p. 282) thus increasing such risk. Lung cancer risk is increased due to the "polymorphism at Pro198LEU in the glutathione peroxidase 1 gene -- which converts H2O2 to water" (Hussain 2003, p. 282).
The concern for cancer is ever growing and no one is immune to such a disease, which can take place anywhere in the body due to abnormal cell growth. However, certain environmental factors may be done to reduce risk, such as eating better and becoming more active while discarding a smoking habit. Unfortunately, genetics plays a role and family history of cancer potentially increases one's...
Studies have shown and been aforementioned in regards to the mechanisms of cells in cancer, which range from inflammation to free radicals.
References
American Cancer Society (n.d.) Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, [online] Available at: http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsfigures/cancerfactsfigures/cancer-facts-and-figures-2010 [Accessed: April 19, 2011].
American Cancer Society (n.d.) What Causes Cancer?, [online] Available at: http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/CancerCauses/index [Accessed: April 19, 2011].
Croce, C. (2008) Oncogenes and Cancer, N Engl J. Med, 358, p. 502-511.
Hasty, P. (2005) the impact of DNA damage, genetic mutation and cellular responses on cancer prevention, longevity and aging: observations in humans and mice, Mech Ageing Dev, 126(1), p.71-77.
Mechanisms of Aging Mechanism of Aging Aging is a syndrome that occurs as a result of changes that are progressive, deleterious, universal and therefore, irreversible. This aging damage occurs to the cells, molecules that forms the cells, and to the entire organ. The aging process is most commonly associated with old age diseases such as osteoporosis, arthritis, cancer, heart disease and Alzheimer's disease among others; this is because such diseases are associated
These behaviors need to be taken more seriously in order to prevent further deaths. 3. Several different cancers affect women and men separately. The cancer most prevalent in women is breast cancer, which kills over 40,000 women in America each year, (National Cancer Institute, 2008). Breast cancer is followed by lung cancer and colorectal cancer, (Medicinenet.com, 2008). Men are most afflicted by prostate cancer, which is then followed also by
In the tissue culture, they usually proliferate indefinitely. The normal constraints which limit the growth of the cells absent in the cancerous state and are also characterized by the division ability for number of generations which is unlimited. Cell cycle and cancer With millions of chemical reactions taking place concurrently and in specific areas, the human body can be thought of as a small laboratory. It is the only "machine" with
4 months in the placebo group. (P=0.01) [Kyogo et.al] an earlier study by Nestle et.al (1998) had showed promising results. In that study, a small group of renal cancer patients were vaccinated with RNA-transfected dendritic cells. T cell response was noted in most of the treated patients and a follow up study conducted after 19 months showed that 7 out of 10 patients still survived. [Jian et.al, 2008] Other vaccines
Merkel Cell Carcinoma is a relatively rare, but highly aggressive type of skin cancer. Discovered in 2008, it is typically caused by a virus known as Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV). At times, the disease may be known as APUDoma, a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, or primary small cell carcinoma. However, from a pathological perspective, 80% of Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) are called by the polyomavirus. Interestingly, the virus
All patients who suffered from inhalation injuries must be given a compulsory bronchoscopic examination so as to reveal the extent of respiratory injury and also to help in planning of the most suitable treatment. References McCance, K.A. & Huether, S.E. (2010). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (6th ed). St. Louis: Mosby. Module 8 (B) Hypovolemic shock Hypovolemic shock is noted by McCance and Huether (2010) to be an emergency condition