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Metaphysics presumes some kind of perfection somewhere, but there is no reason to presume this. Further, it presumes free will in the capacity to strive for the ideal. But Nietzsche writes, "Becoming is robbed of its innocence when any particular condition of things is traced to a will, to intentions and to responsible actions" (p. 31). People exist from fate. There is no ideal happiness or morality. There is nothing outside the whole by which a judgment could be formed or administered. There is no tracing existence to a first cause. In other words, the moral rationale by which metaphysics creates an eternal, immutable world need not be valid.
In sum, this essay has briefly analyzed Plato's theory of forms and Aristotle's prime mover. It has argued that such metaphysical notions are based as much on moral and theological concerns as on logic. Furthermore, they operate acceptably only by subordinating...
The essay has used some of Nietzsche's ideas to propose that there are good reasons to question the validity of such metaphysics. There are logical reasons for belief in an invisible reality if, and only if, one relies on certain moral and theological underpinnings that require the unsubstantiated prioritization of mind, invisibility, and absolute morality over body, the empirical world, and other historical forms.
Bibliography
Aristotle. (1952). Metaphysics. R. Hope, Trans. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Nietzsche, F. (1998). Twilight of the idols or how to philosophize with a hammer. D. Large, Trans. New York: Oxford University Press.
Plato. (1961). The Collected Dialogues of Plato. E. Hamilton & H. Cairns, Eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bibliography
Aristotle. (1952). Metaphysics. R. Hope, Trans. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Nietzsche, F. (1998). Twilight of the idols or how to philosophize with a hammer. D. Large, Trans. New York: Oxford University Press.
Plato. (1961). The Collected Dialogues of Plato. E. Hamilton & H. Cairns, Eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
" (Ibid) the term cosmology is derived from the Greek word 'kosmos' meaning order and refers to the world and the universe. (Ibid, paraphrased) the cosmologic philosopher is stated to be on who "contemplates the nature of this order and is concerned with the relationships between the plants, the stars and the earth. The laws of the universe are important topics to cosmologic philosophers. They consider the laws of thermodynamics,
Besides this, one can, as a separate undertaking, show these people later the way of reasoning about these things. In this metaphysics, it will be useful for there to be added here and there the authoritative utterances of great men, who have reasoned in a similar way; especially when these utterances contain something that seems to have some possible relevance to the illustration of a view. (13) By contrast, Mercer
As a result, each substance can have multiple attributes. In fact, an entity with an infinite essence will, by definition, have infinite attributes. Spinoza builds upon the idea of an infinite God by going further and stating that absolutely infinite substance is indivisible. This is because, if it were divisible, and if each part would retain the nature of the infinite substance, which would result in there being more than
Mind-body debate is central to the philosophy of consciousness. Two of the most significant philosophers to specialize in the analysis of the mind-body relationship are Nicolas Malebranche, a French Cartesian dualist, and Gottfried Liebniz, a German philosopher of mind who consciously breaks from a dualistic metaphysic. These two philosophers present two divergent, yet strangely harmonious views of the mind-body interaction and the philosophical problems it creates. Insofar as the mind-body
Absolute reality thus is impossible in the world of Descartes. The way Kant began argument for his form of metaphysics began with the critique of pure reason. That involves the realm of the unknown -- moving to the unknown from the known, and this can be determined only by small steps. (Heidegger; Churchill, 9) Thus as per Kant "critique requires knowledge of the sources, and reason must know itself." And
For Marx, of course, economics and class conflicts were the base of society, and social change proceeded through revolutions, such as the French, American and English Revolutions against feudalism in the 17th and 18th Centuries. In the future, capitalism would be overthrown by a socialist revolution, starting with the most advanced industrial economies in the West (Greene, p. 200). Comte argued that sociology should be concerned with the "laws