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The Middle East, even in areas with relatively secular governments, have a strong Islamic tradition with specific strictures upon what is considered the 'correct' behavior for women, and every woman from outside the culture must decide how much she wishes to accommodate those demands. Some Western businesswomen may agree to cover their heads out of modesty during business meetings in areas where Islam plays a significant role in governance; others may not.
The Middle East, in contrast to America, has a strong collectivist tendency as a society as "is manifested in a close long-term commitment to the member 'group', that being a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules" (Taylor 2007). Social rules may override even legal requirements -- in many Arab nations, bribery is a relatively accepted practice to circumvent red tape. One of the difficulties of Americans and other Westerners doing business in the region is the fact that they must balance their own organization's ethics with the expectations of their hosts and business partners. "This means that the message people are trying to convey often relies heavily on other communicative cues such as body language and eye-contact rather than direct words. In this respect, people make assumptions about what is not said" (Gorrill 2007). Understanding the nuances inherent in these subtle forms of discourse is required to avoid miscommunication. In respect to the value placed on such nonverbal methods, socializing with hosts, having face-to-face meetings, and making demonstrations of friendly 'connections' is essential to establishing a healthy rapport in the context of the Middle East.
References
Gorrill, Jodi. (2007). Saudi Arabia. Communicaid Group. Retrieved March 2, 2011 at http://www.communicaid.com/cross-cultural-training/culture-for-business-and-management/doing-business-in/Saudi-arabian-business-and-social-culture.php
Taylor, Steven. (2007). The United Arab Emirates. International business center.
Retrieved March 2, 2011 at http://www.cyborlink.com/besite/uae.htm
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