Affirmative Action
The American Civil War ended an African holocaust that had lasted almost three centuries, devastating generations of human beings. It took most of the next century for decedents of the Africans enslaved in the American States to enjoy any of the actual freedoms and rights that were supposed to have been guaranteed to them after 1865. In many respects, contemporary American culture still features residual consequences of Slavery in the everyday lives of black Americans.
Affirmative Action developed under the Civil Rights movement initiated by the Kennedy Administration in the 1960's. Forty years later, the U.S. Supreme Court is still hearing arguments representing two diametrically opposite views of Affirmative Action, in principle, most recently, on June 23, 2003, when it reconsidered the issue in relation to its landmark ruling of 1978. (1,2)
The spectrum of political opinion on the issue stretches very wide indeed:
On one hand, there is the belief that modern day black American descendants of African slaves are due monetary compensation for the injustices inflicted on their ancestors, because much of big business in the United States was built by their sweat, not to mention their tears. This position includes the belief that the living conditions of millions of poor blacks in urban areas and the under representation of blacks in positions of influence in corporate America is (still) a direct consequence of Slavery.
1. Grutter v. Bollinger, (02-241) 288 F.3d 732, affirmed.
2. Regents of Univ. Of Cal. v. Bakke, http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite?438+265" 438 U.S. 265 (1978).
The opposite point-of-view is that Slavery ended almost a century and a half ago, and modern day white American aren't any more responsible for the sins of their ancestors than modern day black Americans are due any moral compensation, because they already enjoy all the same rights as white Americans. Affirmative Action programs, have diluted the value of educational credentials awarded by some of the most prestigious universities, and thinned the talent pool of candidates ultimately offered corporate positions at many business institutions.
Surely, contemporary black Americans deserve the same rights as their white counterparts, and there certainly is a moral obligation to provide comparable opportunities...
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