In 20 of them, nonwhite enrollment is 90% or more." (Shaw, 1) This is a condition which begs a question concerning the efforts of public representatives and government agencies in terms of improving the circumstances of the African-American community. In Chapter 7, Massey and Denton make an argument which underscores this question, indicating that African-American political representatives may often be at least somewhat to blame for sustaining the isolation experienced by the demographic. Namely, Massey and Denton contend that such public representatives will actually tend to exploit the benefits to electability and political mandate by maintaining pockets of African-American support. The geographical isolation of African-Americans will tend to make them a solid voting block which, while not stimulating greater power for the population itself, will help to elevate the career of individual public officials. In the text's perception, this is a cynical and self-interested tendency that helps to sustain tendencies of economic segregation.

As this is discussed in Chapter 8, it does represent the most compelling way to begin to dismantle the ghettos. Indeed, the primary argument of the text and this discussion seems to be that isolation, both willfully foisted upon African-Americans and, in turn, reflected in African-American tendencies toward a concession to this isolation, are responsible for the current state of inequality. Only by finding ways through education, profession and public interaction to remove this isolation can we hope to eliminate the ghetto system that permeates America's cities.
Works Cited:

Massey, D.S. & Denton, N.A. (1993). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Harvard University Press.

Shaw, L. (2008). The resegregation of Seattle's…