After atropine has prevented acetylcholine from binding and has produced its effects on the body, it will then need to be removed from the body so as to not be constantly blocking the muscarinic receptors. This would mean that if the atropine isn't metabolized and then excreted, a constant influx of acetylcholine would build up, causing lethal effects on the individual (Katzung, Masters, & Trevor, 2012). The body alters the drug in Phase I and Phase II through oxidation by adding a hydroxyl group to the atropine molecule in order to make it hydrophilic, allowing it to travel to the renal system for excretion for rapid and successful elimination. While half of the atropine drug is metabolized and hydrolyzed to tropine and tropic acid, half of it is excreted unchanged through the renal and urinary system. Atropine follows the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, so in order for excretion to occur, the drug needs to go through renal glomerular filtration as the blood is being filtered, secreted into...
Because atropine has been through phase I and phase II changes, the molecules left are polar and hydrophilic enough to diffuse with water and with the urine. The entire process of pharmacokinetics deals with the metabolism and excretion of the drug. As aforementioned, the drug gets broken down by the body into parts that are easily absorbed or excreted. The half-life of atropine is two hours, meaning that this entire process must occur within that time frame otherwise the drug would be rendered unusable and ineffective (Katzung, Masters, & Trevor, 2012).
Interactions: the patient had informed me about his medical history and his psychological state so as to compensate and recommend the best possible drug dosage. Nursing implications: This drug has mild side effects. However, the patient was still advised to consult me if any unusual problems occurred. Client Implications: the eye irritation caused by swimming had been completely cured. Patient Education: the patient had been instructed to ensure regularity in all his appointments 9.
Pharmacology: Moclobemide Moclobemide is classified as an antidepressant, a MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor. Antidepressants are designed to inhibit the reuptake or reabsorbtion of specific neurotransmitters, increasing the levels of these neurotransmitters around the nerves of the brain (Gbemudu, 2011:1). Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are often called 'feel good' chemicals that elevate the patient's mood. Drug class A deficit of mood-enhancing chemicals is associated with depression, although there is no
Pharmacology DVT: In the legs, there are two kinds of veins, namely, deep and superficial. The deep veins pass through the middle of the leg, enclosed by the muscles. A blood clot or thrombus that crops up in the deep veins of the leg is called a Deep Vein Thrombosis or DVT. Blood clot, and hence DVT, can arise due to slowing down or stoppage of blood or due to damage of
Pharmacology of Beta Lactam Antibiotics Beta Lactam Antibiotics This class of antibiotic agents, including penicillin derivatives, (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems, is the most widely used antibiotic. In fact, more than half of the antibiotics that were commercially sold in 2003 were ?-lactam compounds. Beta lactam antibiotics are characterized by a molecular ?-lactam ring structure (Drawz & Bonomo, 2010). The beta lactam antibiotics inhibit the biosynthesis of the cell walls of
Nevertheless, an unscheduled PT test performed in the ER during her second visit provided markedly different results indicating a prolonged coagulation time despite no known changes to the patient's medication regimen or diet. As a result of the results of the PT test performed in the ER, her physician lowered her daily dosage of Coumadin to 2 milligrams per day, with instructions to repeat PT testing weekly for the time
Pharmacology for Nurses Pharmacology, the study of drugs and their effects on the human body, is a critical component of nursing education and practice. Nurses must have a sound understanding of pharmacology to safely administer medications and monitor their effects on patients. This foundation allows nurses to play a pivotal role in medication management and patient education (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021). Knowledge of pharmacology enables nurses to understand why certain medications