Carr "Every technology is an expression of human will," claims Carr (2011). "Through our tools, we seek to expand our power and control over our circumstances -- over nature, over time and distance, over one another," (Carr, 2011, p. 44). In Chapter Three of The Shallows: What the Internet is Doing to Our Brains, Nicholas Carr (2011) presents the Internet in light of other major breakthroughs in human technology. The Internet is, like maps and clocks, an "intellectual technology." Intellectual technologies fundamentally alter the ways people think. They do not simply extend human control or dominion over nature, as does a bridge or a dam; intellectual technologies do not merely enhance the five senses, as does a microscope. Intellectual technologies leave longer-lasting impacts on individual human consciousness and also the collective consciousness than other types of technological breakthroughs.

Carr's ideas, which were outlined in his article, "Is Google Making Us Stupid?" are substantiated by scientific research, especially in the area of neuroscience. Neuroplasticity refers to the inherently elastic, malleable nature of the brain-mind. The Internet ranks with clocks and maps, as an intellectual technology that changes the human brain in ways that alter evolution. Writing for the BBC, Stafford (2012) notes that taxi drivers do indeed have larger hippocampi than the average person because of their regular use of navigation. Musicians, athletes, and anyone who focuses and specializes in any activity will develop a brain structure that reflects the different...

Just as Plato championed the tool of writing, even as his esteemed teacher Socrates denounced it, some scientists are showing that heavy Internet use might result in "significant increases in signal intensity in additional regions controlling decision making, complex reasoning, and vision," (Small, Moody, Siddarth & Bookheimer, 2009). Through his analogy with Plato and Socrates, Carr admits that the Internet is not necessarily a destructive force, any more than writing was. Socrates had a point when he suggested writing was "substituting outer symbols for inner memories, writing makes us shallower thinkers," (Carr, 2011). Likewise, it is important to consider the possible adverse effects of relying on the Internet as a source of information. As Stafford (2012) puts it, "The truth is that everything you do changes your brain. Everything."
Neuroplasticity is what makes the human being uniquely able to adapt to an increasingly complex world. Carr (2011) notes that however slow evolution might be, inventions like the Internet can actually change neurophysiology in one generation. The ability to think in creative ways gets people into trouble, but out of it too, which is why the Internet has both a positive and a negative impact on the brain. Carr (2011) emphasizes the way information is organized…