In the long-term treatment of asthma, the administration of inhaled corticosteroids is often useful in inhibiting the attacks from getting worse to the level of requiring emergency treatments. Among the various permanent treatment methods available for asthma, ICS has been proven to provide the best results in asthma patients regardless of age. It is the prevalent preliminary treatment approach for recurring asthma in juvenile patients. The first dosage of ICS-Rx can be considered as a preventive measure due to the fact that in the course of the therapy, it indicates a change in the level of disease acuteness, persistence of symptoms, and the setting off of a requirement for daily treatment of inflammation. Factors responsible for visits to the ED within a short while after the first administration of ICS-Rx include: recurrent contact with external triggering factors, inaccurate knowledge of the level of severity on the part of the parents, deferred treatment and use of drugs, or a combination of these factors (Rust et al., 2015). In the enhancement of self-care within various cultural and ethnic societies, most of the investigative studies have been focused and directed on improving increasing the level of awareness and knowledge about diseases. Various factors that affect self-care include Culture, language, and lifestyle. How well a patient can understand, interpret, and apply doctors’ prescriptions and directives is dependent on the level of encouragement from family members and other cultural factors more than the previously mentioned factors like language aptitude, level of education, and social and economic standing (The New York Times, 2013).

COPD patients that have been diagnosed with an increased possibility of aggravated symptoms should be placed on a self-care therapy that ensures that they have the ability to detect recurrence of symptoms and seek/apply appropriate treatment, previous observed cases have shown that such self-care therapies tend to lower the worsening of the COPD cases and also reduce the requirements for hospital admission. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has often been treated with a continuing bronchodilator- the anticholinergic agent tiotropium bromide (Spiriva) (Bostock-Cox, 2014).

The diagnosis of COPD and asthma can often be impaired by medical problems with similar symptoms, significant among these are psychiatric sickness and cardiovascular disease. A crucial point to note here is that even despite the possibility of striking a proper balance between various conflicting factors, unidentified residual diseases may still not be taken into consideration and therefore influence the eventual diagnosis. Therefore, to prevent the interference of simultaneously occurring diseases, and to take them into consideration, it is advisable to utilize any of the standardized classification systems which have been incorporated into electronic databases for the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) or ICD, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes (McKeage, 2015).

Consequences of a psychological nature are often experienced...

For the treatment of bronchospasm in asthma patients, Albuterol- a temporary bronchodilator is often used. Two long-term adrenetgic agonists in use are Salmeterol and formoterol. In the continuous treatment of asthma, Formoterol is used as a bronchodilator. The use of Formoterol is associated with some psychological consequences such as sleeplessness, nervousness, tiredness, and hyperactivity. Salmeterol acts in almost the same way with the possibility of leading to sleeplessness, hyperactivity, and nervousness. Cardiovascular effects like spiking blood pressure, and high heart rates may often be set off by the release of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants when the two bronchodilators- Salmeterol and Formoterol are used. A window period of two weeks after the conclusion of these therapies is advisable for health care providers before starting a therapy involving long-term beta agonists (Gullotta, Blau & Ramos, 2017).
Another inhaled corticosteroid utilized in the extended treatment of asthma is Beclomethasone. Beclomethasone was not found to be accompanied by any of the previously mentioned psychological consequences, it has also not been found to interact with drugs for the treatment of other psychological issues. Yet another inhaled corticosteroid for the extended treatment of recurring asthma is Budesonide. Unlike Beclomethasone however, Budesonide has been found to be accompanied by side effects (also psychological) such as nervousness, fatigue, and insomnia. Fluticasone (another inhaled corticosteroid) also has the same side effects as Budesonide. It should however be noted that interactions with other psychoactive drugs were not observed for both budesonide and fluticasone (Gullotta, Blau & Ramos, 2017). 

All around the world, COPD has been observed to be a significant effect of smoking. Contact with industrial pollutants in poorly aerated work places, smoke from high carbon cooking fuels (coal or firewood), and exhaust smoke from vehicles are also leading causes of COPD in third world countries. COPD is accompanied by depression, anxiety, and psychiatric disorder in about 50% of diagnosed patients, this is quite high when contrasted with the 31% of the general population who are similarly affected. Female COPD patients are more likely to experience psychological issues than men. COPD patients who go through depression and anxiety tend to respond less positively to treatment compared to those who don’t. Victims of COPD that experience depression on a scale that is between moderate and severe have a tendency to die three years earlier than patients with either mild depression or who are not depressed at all. The ability to make use of the mental faculties may be hampered due to low levels of oxygen, memory losses also occur as a result. COPD patients may also benefit from psychological therapy alongside their treatment (The New York Times, 2013).

Chronic sicknesses have been found to be caused by a large number of risk factors, however, these factors are responsible only for a…