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¶ … crime has been taking place. Although the forms of crime have evolved, so too has the strategies used to prevent crime. This essay will compare and contrast three of most common Crime Prevention strategies, which are, environmental design, social intervention and situational intervention. Crime prevention generally refers to preventing crime and anti-social behavior before it occurs. Crime Prevention Victoria, defines crime prevention as "any public or privately based initiative or policy aimed at reducing or eliminating criminal behavior, violence and fear of crime or violence in the community" (Armstrong, 2002). This essay aims to demonstrate not only the strengths and weaknesses of these three strategies but also to identify the individual crime causation theory that each strategy is based around. These being
One of the main crime prevention strategies used around the world is environmental design. This strategy is based on the relationship that is created between people and the environment around them. Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) is defined as a multi-disciplinary approach to deterring criminal behavior through environmental design (Wayne,2007). Environmental designs have formed an integral part of many crime prevention initiatives in countries around the world. The term environment includes the people and their physical social surroundings (Crowe,2000). When examining environmental designs, criminal trends are often easy to identify,...
Therefore using environmental design to reduce the amount of crime located around ATMs would be to position ATMs in an area with the most traffic and visibility.
CPTED is formed around the concept that particular designs within a built environment can make a large impact on crime within that area "by reducing the opportunities for crime and improving the opportunities for policing" (Landman,2008). Some of the main principles associated with environmental design theory are "surveillance and visibility, territoriality and defensible space, access and escape routes, image and aesthetics and target-hardening" (Landman,2008). Oscar Newman's theory of defensible spaces is based around the concept of territoriality, which he defines as 'the capacity of the physical environment to create perceived zones of territorial influences' (Landman,2008). Although an outdated source the underlying principles are still used around the world for crime prevention.
By making it harder for people to gain access to certain areas, it limits their opportunities to commit crime. However it is also argued, that by employing target hardening tactics, it can result in the negative effects by blocking viewing access into an area therefore removing all surveillance and…
One of the extreme levels of environmental design strategies being used today is through gated communities. Gated communities are small groups of residents who are enclosed and separated from the rest of society. A good example of gated communities can be seen in South Africa, which is known for its extremely high crime rates, it also has the highest amount of gated communities (Landman,2008). Gated communities in South Africa incorporate all physical elements by either high walls, gates, electric gates, alarm systems, boom gates, check ins and even access cards (Landman,2008). Gated communities are created with the basic principles of the environmental design strategy (Landman,2008). These communities are defensible spaces, target hardened and have advanced access control. Throughout the U.S., two and a half million citizens live in gated communities (Blakely & Snyder 1998).
Environmental design theory also has a strong connection to routine activity theory. Routine activity theory states that for a crime to be committed, three things need to be present, an offender, a target and no one watching the target (Chainey,2005). Environmental theory aims at removing two of these mentioned items, by closing off areas to the public possible offenders are removed and by using such things as natural vision or CCTV there is always the possibility of someone watching. According to routine activity theory without any one of these items the crime can not take place (Chainey,2005).
However people argue that changes made to the built environment to reduce crime often simply cause offenders to move their criminal behaviors to other locations. For this reason design theory can be seen to do little against causes of crime (CSRI,2003). By increasing protection, people argue that they are just funneling criminals to more unprotected areas or forcing criminals to commit more dangerous crimes (CSIR,2003). Environmental design can therefore not always be totally preventive and needs to be constantly reviewed and adapted to fight against the ever learning criminal mind. It is also important for crime preventions strategies to be adapted to specific areas as what works in one situation might not be appropriate in another. Numerous factors influence crime and all of these will affect the way in which it needs to be
Crime Theories and Sociology Crime theories and sociological perspective Crime is an overt omission or action through which a person breaks the law, hence the action is punishable and the person may be convicted in the court of law for the said action. It is the subject of great debate in sociology and criminology that what constitutes crime. Since deviation from law has to be considered as crime, the nature and context
Crime On March 9th, 2013, two New York City police officers shot and killed a sixteen-year-old Kimani Gray, and claimed afterward that he had brandished a handgun at them after being told to show his hands (Goodman, 2013). More remarkable than the New York Police Department's killing of a young black male, however, was the outpouring of community grief and anger that followed the shooting. The following Monday, March 11th, saw
Crime Scene Challenges: How to process the crime scene safely Retrieving a body from the water so it can be analyzed appropriately is a considerable forensic challenge. In most crime scenes, everything is supposed to remain 'as is' until forensic personnel investigate. However, a crime scene located near a body of moving water usually means that the body must be retrieved as quickly as possible, to prevent further damage to the evidence.
Crime In the beginning the main focus of the drug addiction theory was on the habituated pleasure reinforcement as well as the potential of the drug for the reward. Drug affects the dopamine receptors that are present in the brain and the individual is flooded with the desirable emotions by using dopamine, these desirable emotions are considered to be the reward for using the substance (Pinel, 2009). When the relationship of
A major concern regarding crime today that exists within prisons as well as on the streets is the formation of gangs. "Prison gangs are flourishing across the country. Organized, stealthy and deadly, they are reaching out from their cells to organize and control crime in America's streets.... prison disturbances soared by about 400% in the early nineties, which authorities say indicated that gangs were becoming more active... As much as
Project Timeline Finalize all preliminary building design element and prepare for submission to the City Planning Division, Aviation Division, and Mayor's Office Schedule an informational meeting for all stakeholders to unveil the plans Due date to submit commentary on the new designs and to provide any suggestions or concerns Meet with key stakeholders to discuss results of public hearing and submissions. Discuss these changes and decide what to do with them. Submit designs for approval