¶ … Beccaria and Enlightenment Beccaria's text upon the subject on the most appropriate way to punish criminals and to adjudicate crimes epitomizes the Enlightenment project in two basic areas. Firstly, from the very beginning of his text, Beccaria upholds that all human beings, regardless of their state of birth, have a right to live in a just and fair society and to be judged upon the same principles as other member of that society. He writes, thus, against the tyranny of a mindless obedience to royalty and against to principles obeyed simply out of custom. "In every human society, there is an effort continually...

The intent of good laws [is] to oppose this effort and to diffuse their influence universally and equally." (Chapter 1) Humanity's basest instincts, he suggests, must be warred against through legal means, despite historical tendencies to allow human beings to unequally prosper and dwell in misery, and to be judged for the same crimes differently -- in fact, what is criminal in a pauper is often considered commendable in a king.
Beccaria's stress upon the need for equality arises not out…