¶ … culture affects the way students learn mathematics, and how different cultures learn differently. Students in Korea and Japan learn differently than students in the United States for a number of reasons. Statistically, Asian students seem to do better at mathematics than American children do, and they way they learn their mathematics at an early age may be on reason this is so.
Identification and Investigation
US students often show lower test scores in understanding mathematics, while Asian students consistently score higher. There are many reasons for this, from different cultures to different methods of instruction. For example, one researcher found that Japanese children think of numbers differently, and see their relationships in depth. She writes, "She discovered part of the reason was the way they named their numbers. Following ten, they say, "ten 1, ten 2, ten 3" for 11, 12, 13, and say "2-ten, 2-ten 1, 2-ten 2" for 20, 21, 22. This continues all the way to 9-ten 9 (99). This strategy is taught to young children in order to help them understand place value" (Cotter, 2009, p. 2). It also helps them understand the relationship of numbers and how they work together, something that is often missing in American mathematics education.
Memorization is used in both systems, but in Asia, students pick their main field of study much earlier, usually in elementary school, so those more interested in math and science will follow that path, while others follow the humanities. In addition, there are separated exams in Asia, which helps students retain more information. Another writer notes, "The norm in Asian universities is to have large lecture courses with exams at the end of the semester, followed by exams at the end of the degree program. That approach provides an additional retrieval opportunity separated in time, which is good" (Bharucha, 2008). Another approach is to limit class size, both in elementary and secondary education. Larger classes are not only difficult to manage, they allow children to fall behind and not keep up with the rest of the class, which can be detrimental to their learning.
One approach by many U.S. educators is to make mathematics more fun, rather than simple memorization of numbers and problems. Another writer states, "Several speakers acknowledged that the natural curiosity of a child is engaged best in what is, at heart, a form of play connecting the child to the world around him; that it is more fun - and more real - for students to learn not solely by the book. Such learning also increases demands on teachers" (Geracimos, 2007, p. BO1). However, the Japanese use a very different approach to mathematics. Another writer states, "The Japanese work with a national math curriculum, one often described as carefully thought out, tightly woven, and neatly linked from grade level to grade level. It homes in on fewer concepts than U.S. curricula, but helps students more fully absorb these" (Editors, 2000). It is also shown that Japanese teachers are more flexible in the classroom, and tend to challenge their students more effectively.
Why the Question was Chosen
This question is interesting for a number of reasons. First, it is known that Asian children have consistently higher test scores in mathematics, while Americans do not, so clearly something is not right in our method of teaching mathematics. Another writer notes, "In international tests, Japanese students outperform U.S. students in math skills and concepts. Despite cultural differences, many educators insist that there is much U.S. teachers could learn from how they learn" (Editors, 2000). Second, culture plays an important role in learning, and these two cultures are very similar and dissimilar at the same time. In Japan, education is viewed as highly important for future success. In America, there is not quite so much emphasis put on education in many families, and it changes how children view the importance of education between the cultures. My own experience has been that mathematics has been a challenge to me, and I began to wonder how others seemed to learn it relatively easily, which led to this review and inquiry.
Review of Literature
Bharucha, J. (2008). America can teach Asia a lot about science, technology, and math.
Chronicle of Higher Education; Vol. 54 Issue 20, pA33-A34.
A journal article that talks about ways Americans can influence Japanese education, refuting that the Japanese are so advanced in their science and mathematics education.
Cotter, J. (2009). Right start mathematics. Retrieved 13 Nov. 2009 from the Abacus.com Web site: http://www.alabacus.com/Downloads/RightStart%20Mathematics.pdf. 1-5.
A journal article with references that discusses an alternative form of math education for parents. This form of education uses an abacus to introduce mathematics concepts to children,...
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