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¶ … culture and subculture (p. 6-8)
A culture is a "community or population sufficiently large enough to be self-sustaining," in that it can be self-perpetuating (p. 6). There are four main elements of culture, according to Hofstede: symbols, rituals, values, heroes, and myths (p. 6). These elements of culture are transmitted via formal institutions like schools and also informally via peers and family members. Identifying with culture helps to create a cultural identity; an individual identifies with the history, symbols, rituals, values, heroes, and myths of the culture.
A culture within a culture is a subculture. Subcultures usually exist in large and complex societies (p. 8). A subculture is usually more specific than a culture, in that it can be based on ethnicity or lifestyle. A person can also identify with both the culture and subculture at the same time.
Historical and varying perspectives on communication (p. 39; 44)
Theorists have identified at least seven traditional perspectives on communication (p. 39). These include the rhetorical tradition of Aristotle, the semiotic tradition that examines signs and symbols; the phenomenological tradition, involving personal experience and dialogue; the cybernetic tradition, incorporating information systems; the sociopsychological tradition, emphasizing behavior; the sociocultural tradition, which focuses on society and culture; and finally, the critical tradition, stressing power and oppression in human history. There are also Confucian perspectives on communication, which stresses the...
low context (p. 44; 69)
Context is an important component of communication, as the environmental and situational variables do have a strong impact on the coding and decoding of messages. Physical location, type of social relationship, and individual factors all influence the context of communication as well as its quality.
Cultures can be classified according to their perception of context in the process of communication. Researchers have shown significant differences in the ways people from different cultures perceive signs, images, and other types of communication messages. For example, some people are better at detecting changes in a background environment and other people are better at perceiving changes in the foreground of the same image (p. 69-70). Cultures that value context are referred to as high context cultures; these are the cultures most apt to notice shifts in the background than in the foreground. Asian cultures, Native American cultures, and most Mediterranean and Middle Eastern cultures have been classified as high context (p. 70). On the other hand, North American and Northern European cultures are classified as low context because messages are intended to be explicit rather than dependent on context. Low context cultures tend to value verbal abilities more than high context cultures (p. 70).
Barriers and enablers to multicultural communication (p. 82)
Barriers to multicultural communication include anxiety;…
Culture of Interest: Japan Theoretical foundations of cultural and cross-cultural analysis: Japan and America Japan: Mildly collectivist culture American culture American: An individualistic culture Similarities and differences in Japanese and U.S. culture Potential biases of researcher Appendix I- Hofstede four Dimensional Theory Edward Tylor (1832-1917) defines culture as a collection of customs, laws, morals, knowledge, and symbols displayed by a society and its constituting members. Culture is form of collective expression by groups of people. Since the dawn
They wanted to know the best places to go after work, and expected him to help them in that regard. Hanes finally told his Japanese trainers "he preferred not to mix business with pleasure." Within a couple days, the group requested another instructor. The critical issue here, one can quickly discern, is that Hanes did not do his homework on the Japanese business culture; if he had, he would know
Introduction: The Concept of Culture Culture is the way of life for a person, society or group of people. It embodies the soul of the community and the heart of a team; it is seen in the way its members express themselves, communicate, think, feel, and believe. It determines what they value and how they honor the principles that guide them. It is different for every society, as Hofstede (1980) showed—and
Silence too is an important part of communication in Singapore. It is customary to pause before answering a question, to indicate that the person has given the question the appropriate thought and consideration that is needed. Westerners habit of responding quickly to a question, to Singaporeans, often indicates thoughtlessness and rude behavior. Their demeanor is typically calm, and Westerners more aggressive style is often seen as off putting ("Singapore:
When Europeans colonized Brazil, for example, the indigenous peoples intermarried or otherwise bonded intimately with those Europeans and the result was a hybrid identity, "mestizaje," which Noh refers to as a native Brazilian combining his or her identity with a Portuguese identity. Hence, in the twentieth century hybridity has been transformed into a "…cultural phenomenon" which is now explored by anthropologists and other social scientists -- and it means that
CORPORATE CULTURE SURVIVAL GUIDE (CHAPTER 1 & CHAPTER 2) The work of Edward H. Schein (1999) entitled "Corporate Culture Survival Guide" begins by examining the question of why it is important to understand culture. It is important according to Schein (1999) to understand that the organization exists "within broader cultural units that matter in today's global world because mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures and special projects are often multicultural entitles who must