Federal response to domestic terrorism versus international counterterrorism efforts

American Terrorism

For many people, terrorism was first brought to their attention after the events surrounding September 11th. As they were quickly made aware of the underlying threats that these groups can be. However, the last several years have seen a shift in tactics. As many organizations are focused on conducting domestic terrorism. This has caused the number of incidents to increase dramatically. In this research project, we examine the impact that domestic terrorism is having on the nation. As we are looking at how the overall threat has become so severe, that there needs to be a change in this strategy. This will improve the reader's understanding of the threat, through knowing the way this kind of terrorism is: increasing the risks and how this can be mitigated. To determine specific strategies, as to how this can be achieved we will look at: a variety of sources and then compare the different findings with one another. Once this occurs, it will provide the greatest insights, as to how the underlying problem can be addressed. At the same time, it will help to give specific ideas, about what kind of tools need to be used to: ensure that these threats are neutralized.

Chapter 1: Introduction

Background for the Study

Over the last several years, the issue of domestic terrorism has been increasingly brought to the forefront. Part of the reason for this, is because of a number of high profile cases that have been taking place involving individuals (who are American citizens). They can either be: born in the United States or become one through the naturalization process. As a result, these segments of the population have been increasingly overlooked. This is due to the fact that law enforcement's efforts, have been focused on: aggressively going after Al Qaida and other forms of international terrorism. This means, that domestic terrorists are often overlooked. At which point, the possibility of seeing an attack perpetrated by one of these different groups continues to increase. A good example of this can be seen by looking no further than the foiled Times Square bombing in May 2010. What happened was a Pakistani born American citizen named Faisal Shahzad attempted to detonate an SUV packed full of explosives in the middle of Time Square. ("Times Square Bomb Suspect," 2010) the only thing that prevented the bomb from being detonated and injuring scores of people was an observant vendor noticing the vehicle illegally parked. As it: was smoking and had its hazard lights blinking. ("Police Vendors on the Same Team," 2010) This is important, because it shows how the overall issue of domestic terrorism has become a major threat.

As a result, this has caused the majority of American to believe the biggest threat facing the nation is from domestic terrorism. Evidence of this can be seen by looking no further than a survey that was conducted by the Rasmussen Reports. They found that 64% of Americans are concerned about the possibility of domestic terrorism. As they believed that this is a major threat to the national security of the nation in comparison with international terrorism. ("39% Say Government," 2011) This is significant, because it is highlighting how the overall threat from domestic terrorism is: continuing to become a major issue that needs to be addressed.

Problem Statement

Because of the increasing focus on international terrorism, there has been less emphasis on the activities of domestic terrorist organizations. This exposes the nation to a host of different threats from within. A good example of this can be seen with comments from the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (Janet Napolitano). She said, "The terrorist threats facing our country have changed significantly over the last decade and they continue to evolve, so that somehow, the threats we face have reached the most acute since these attacks. One of the most striking elements of the situation today regarding the terrorist threat is the fact that plots to attack America involve more and more residents and U.S. citizens." ("Rising Threat of Domestic Terrorism," 2011) This is important, because it is highlighting how: the overall nature of the threat has changed.

As a result, a host of different investigations have been conducted examining the overall scope of the problem. Evidence of this can be seen by looking no further than, the 22 different Congressional hearings on the threats of the domestic terrorism to America. ("Peter Kings Muslim Hearings," 2011) This is significant, because it shows how the lack of focus on this issue is exposing the country to: major risks from within its own borders. As a result, some kind of new approach must be taken to: address the underlying challenges that are being faced. This research project will evaluate the impact that the lack of focus, on this aspect of terrorism, could have on public safety.

Purpose and Objectives of the Study

The purpose of this study is to determine, if the efforts to focus on international terrorism have increased the overall threats facing the nation. This leads to the research question of:

The changes in the War on Terrorism have meant that: battle fronts have shifted. Will focusing on domestic terrorism, reduce the underlying threats that are facing this country?

To achieve this goal we will concentrate on a number of different objectives the most notable include:

Studying the positive / negative effects of the current policy.

The possible threats of domestic terrorism in the future.

Examples of how domestic terrorism can be as devastating as international terrorism.

The kind of organizations and groups that are the biggest problem.

How the strategy for the war on terrorism can be augmented.

What efforts are being taken to address the underlying problem?

These different elements are important, because they will focus the research on: understanding how domestic terrorism is becoming a major threat that must be dealt with. Once this takes place, it will provide the greatest insights about how we can tackle the underlying problem.

Rationale for the Study

The rational for this study is to: help administrators, public officials, the private sector and the general public understand the overall scope of the nature of the threat. This will be accomplished by looking at variety of: sources and then conducting what is known as qualitative research. Simply put, qualitative research is when you are looking at a wide variety of sources, to understand the overall scope of the problem. This means that researchers will look at: magazines, books, websites, newspapers and government documents to realize what is taking place. At which point, they will seek to: understand why a particular situation is occurring and how it can be rectified. ("What is Qualitative Research," 2007) This will be accomplished through conducting comparative analysis. This is when you are looking at the total amount of information that has been provided, to comprehend the issue (through comparing the findings of the research with one another). ("Comparative Analysis," 2011) Once this examination takes place, it will provide specific insights about: the severity of the problem and possible ways that it can be rectified. This will improve the readers understanding of: the subject and how this is one of the most important issues that will be affecting the country in the future.

Definition of Terms

There are several different terms that will be used continuously throughout the course of this study. These definitions are designed to prevent confusion and provide clarification, about the underlying meanings of these events that are taking shape. Below are some of the more common terms that will be utilized throughout the course of our research project.

Definitions of commonly Used Terms

Qualitative Research: This is when you are looking at wide variety of sources (such as: pictures, interviews, websites, newspapers and magazines). You are then, trying to determine why a particular event is taking place from: a big picture perspective.

Comparative Analysis: This is when you are comparing the finding of the different sources with one another. Once this takes place, researchers will then look at the information side by side, to identify the underlying trends that are occurring.

Domestic Terrorism: This is when individuals or terrorist groups from within the country's borders are: conducting acts of violence (directed at the general public).

International Terrorism: This when individuals or terrorist organizations are seeking to attack the United States through: various forms of financing and support from abroad. As they will have cells that they are using to conduct different operations around the world

The War on Terrorism: This was declared after the September 11th terrorist attacks, as part of larger focus to: go after Al Qaida and hold them accountable.

The Department of Homeland Security: This was a government agency that was created in wake of the events of September 11th to: improve coordination among the federal government, states and local officials. At the same time, it is informing the general public about the overall nature of the threat. The idea is that they can help to: alert public officials about suspicious activity in various locations.

The USA Patriot Act: This was a law that was passed after September 11th. It is giving the police and intelligence officials the power to go after terrorists organizations easier. As it lifted various Constitutional protections when investigating these offenses.

Counter Terrorism: These are the activities that: federal, state and local officials are taking to prevent future terrorist attacks.

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): These are weapons designed to inflict large amounts of casualties. These include: chemical, radiological, biological and nuclear.

These different terms are important, because they will help to avoid confusion and will focus the reader on understanding the overall scope of the problem.

Limitations of the Study

The limitations of the study are that the information we are presenting, could be pointing out a number of different problems. Yet, beneath the surface they are failing to identify possible changes that could have already been implemented by federal officials. Meaning, that they may have already executed a strategy to: address these issues, but will not disclose this due to the sensitivity of counter terrorism operations.

A good example of this can be seen with the recent arrest of Khalid Ali-M Aldawsai. He is Saudi Arabian born U.S. citizen. That was attempting to purchase materials, to become a part of a weapon of mass destruction he was building. According the indictment, he attempted to buy them online and had a number of different targets. These include: dams, nuclear plants and the home of former President George W. Bush. However, before he had a chance to implement his plan, federal official arrested Aldawsai. (Orr, 2011) This is significant, because it shows how the suggestions, that we are advocating, could have already been embraced by law enforcement officials. As they want to keep the latest techniques and tools they are using to themselves. So that will have the element of surprise, when going after suspected individuals. One way this can be accomplished is: by allowing the public news stories to circulate, about the lack of focus on domestic terrorism. This will help create a sense of complacency among terrorist cells (even though they are actually being closely watched). Once a suspected is ready to strike, is when they are arrested and charged with: engaging in terrorist related activities.

In this aspect, one could argue that this could be the greatest weakness of the research that is being conducted. as, the available sources, will take more of rearview mirror approach to the problem. This could cause the underlying results and findings to be inaccurate. as, we do not have access to the most sensitive information about: how the government is tackling domestic terrorism. At which point, any kind of conclusions could be flawed due to these realities. This is important, because it shows how the overall scope of the research that is being conducted: will be limited. As we can only use those sources, that talk about information, which are available to the general public. Not, how the strategy has changed and the impact of the current approach that is being taken (utilizing the latest classified documents).

Theoretical Framework

The research is being driven by a theoretical framework, which is: the idea that religion can be used to ferment terrorism. What has happened in the past was: terrorism has been continually taking place (prior to the 20th century). as, this was mainly utilized as tool of: various nation states to control the population. During the Cold War these different ideas were augmented with religious ideals (to: spark anger directed towards a particular group of people).

A good example this can be seen with the West painting the Soviet Union as godless communists, who wanted to destroy religion. At the same time, the Soviets were able to tap into anti-Israeli feelings in the Arab world. As many people were salty about the embarrassing losses they endured in: 1967 and 1973. These two elements are important, because they are highlighting how religions would be used to: ferment violence that is directed towards the other side (based upon religious ideology).

After the Cold War was over, these views about religion began to become twisted. As the ideas of extremism, became a major issue that was influencing a number of different religious philosophers and thinkers. In the Arab world, this meant that this would be augmented with the elements of terrorism to: achieve different political and military objectives. This is important, because our study will look at: this aspect of terrorism and how it is continuing to adapt to changes that are taking place. Once this occurs, it will help us to: understand how these and other ideologies are creating the right environment, for individuals to engage in various forms of religious-based terrorism. (Boregeson, 2009, pp. 28 -- 35)

Research Hypothesis

As a result, we have developed the following research hypothesis that will be testing during the process. Below is the hypothesis that we are going to be examining.

The War on Terrorism is continually shifting. To adapt to these changes the federal government must take an approach that will go after domestic terrorism. This is should be a part of the larger strategy in dealing with these challenges from: an international and domestic point-of-view. Once this takes place, it will ensure that the nation is ready for the new threats that they will be facing in the future.

This theory will help us be able to direct our research and concentrate, on how domestic terrorism, is a part of the larger fight in the global War on Terrorism.

Summary of Remaining Chapters

As a result, the different chapters of this thesis will examine a number of elements that will help to support our hypothesis. The most notable include: an introduction to the problem, a literature review, the methodology, the results and the discussion / conclusions / recommendations.

The introduction to the problem was discussed throughout this chapter. As we have detailed how domestic terrorism is: becoming a major threat and the way the study will be conducted. This is important, because it provides the reader with a basic foundation of: the overall scope of the problem and how we are examining it.

The literature review will look at a variety of sources about the overall issue of domestic terrorism. This will be accomplished by looking at the different objectives that were outlined earlier and the hypothesis. Then, we will seek out research that will support or refute the accuracy of the theory that is being presented. This will take place through examining a number of different sources to include: books, journal articles, studies, news articles, magazines, websites and blogs. Once this occurs, it will provide specific insights as to the overall validity of the hypothesis that is being presented.

The methodology will examine the information that was collected and the overall quality of the sources. This will take place through qualitative research. At the same time, we will look at a number of different aspects of the information to include: the setting, a description of the subjects, the research instruments and procedures. These different elements are important, because they will illustrate how we were able to come up with the various conclusions. At which point, the validity of the study will increase, as everyone can see the objectivity of the approach to the problem.

The results section will discuss the research that was examined in the previous chapters. In this particular situation, we will use comparative analysis to: improve our understanding of the situation and identify any kind of anomalies. This will help us to recognize the underlying trends that are taking place. Once this occurs, is when we can begin to make inferences that will: support or refute our hypothesis (based upon the findings and the analysis).

The chapter on: discussions, conclusion and recommendations will talk about a number of different factors. The most notable include: presenting the findings, identifying the limitations of the research and providing recommendations. This will help to improve the reader's understanding of: the scope of the problem and how domestic terrorism is increasingly becoming the front lines in the war on terror.

Once we have conducted an analysis of our hypothesis in these different chapters, the audience will understand how the problem is continuing to change. This is important, because it will provide the greatest insights as to: what are the trends and how they can be tackled. At which point, everyone will have an appreciation for the challenges and the new techniques that are being used.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

In this chapter, we are going to be examining literature from a number of different sources. The idea is to locate, catalogue and discuss what was uncovered during the process. This will be accomplished by looking at: online and offline sources. Once this takes place, it will provide specific insights about the overall scope of the problem. As the reader will be able to see how domestic terrorism is becoming a major threat that must be addressed.

Incidents such as: the World Trade Center bombing and the Fourth Reich arrest (the prosecution on Neo-Nazi terrorists) evocatively show how detrimental the threat of terrorism is in the United States. And how important it is to: address the terrorism-related issues in the country. (Riley & Hoffman, 1995) Matters concerning terrorism have raised awareness as well as concern on: the federal, state and local levels. This is a part of an effort to: create law enforcement preventive / preparedness measures, to generate plans and countermeasures that served as forms of security (in areas that are probable targets of domestic terrorism). This is important, because it shows how the overall scope of the problem is changing. While at the same time, it is illustrating how the tactics of law enforcement have been adapting as well. (Riley & Hoffman, 1995)

This source is useful, because it highlights how the nature of the threat is changing and the way governments are adapting. At the same time, it is providing specific examples of domestic terrorists involving: those who are U.S. citizens and residents. As a result, this helps to answer the research question and support the hypothesis.

Domestic terrorism, in its clarifying sense, has influenced the political and social structure of the United States. This has been taking place since the country began, and shows the extent to which it has influenced the nation. This can only be quantified through the clarification of its significant idea (Presley, 1996). The term terrorism and terrorist had its early usage during, the French Revolution in 1798 to: describe the Jacobins. This was a group of radical democrats in France who conducted the Reign of Terror. Since then, this refers to: a myriad of negative and vicious actions that will take place. as, they are perpetrated against: the government and the society. (Presley, 1996) This is important, because it shows how: the overall objectives of terrorism are the same and the way that it has been used to push for change.

As a result, the information from this source is useful, because it identifies the objectives of: terrorism and it offers a history of these tactics. This helps to answer the aims of: studying the positive and negative effects of the current policy. Once this occurs, it provides support to: the research question and hypothesis, by supplying us with a background of the strategy.

The United States Department of Justice (1994) defines domestic terrorism as the unlawful use of: force or violence. That is committed by: a group of two or more individuals, who are against the government and the society. Those organizations, who commit domestic terrorism, are mainly in pursuit of: certain political and social objectives. as, they are seeking to achieve their goals through: their own violent means. This is important, because it shows how this limited definition of domestic terrorism could be contributing to the underlying problem. as, the definition ignores the actions that can occur from: various lone wolves. This is problematic, because it means that this could be allowing law enforcement not to aggressively focus on the issue of domestic terrorism. With many individuals following the basic definition, that was outlined years before the current threats began to emerge.

As a result, this information is useful because it is highlighting the overall weaknesses in the current policy. In this case, a simple definition of what constitutes domestic terrorism; could have an impact upon how the issue is tackled. As many individuals will often use this as way of: establish numerous policies and procedures. Once this begins to occur, it can mean that law enforcement many have trouble adapting to the nature of the threats.

In analyzing, the complexities and purposes of organizations (written by Scranton) (1982), it highlights how this is involved in domestic terrorism. The differences between an: extremist and a terrorist group can be problematic. as, extremist groups are common in: all political settings. At the same time, they are regulated by: civil discourse, education, societal pressures and law. While terrorist groups, are conducting violent acts that are uncontrollable by: the civil, educational and societal facets of a country (Scronton, 1982). This is important, because it shows how these distinctions can have impact upon who is determined to be a domestic terrorist. as, someone could have radical beliefs, yet they may not engage in actions to support violence directed at the government and society.

The information from this source is useful, because it highlights how the lines are becoming blurred in: determining who is a terrorist. As a result, this makes the job of law enforcement more challenging, in determining who are terrorists and extremist. With this source identifying, a possible drawback of the current policy and how the overall nature of the threat are constantly evolving. This helps to support the research question and the hypothesis that was presented.

According to Lagueur (1977), terrorism has evolved from its primary purpose of eliminating specific individuals from the government or the society. Its present status (as a means to an end) is used by: weaker states and non-state actors can declare war against, far more powerful conventional forces of their enemies.

Over the decades, the means and strategies related to domestic terrorism; experienced an improvement brought on by: the technological advances. This is mainly in the areas of: communication, transportation and weapons. As terrorist groups have improved in disseminating their message to: the public and they have taken forceful actions (through the use of: modern equipment along with facilities). This is important, because it shows how various innovations have given these groups the ability to strike against more powerful organizations.

As a result, this information can be used to highlight how the overall nature of the threat is evolving. With, these different tools being utilized; in conjunction with other elements to: give weaker nations and individuals a way of striking out against the status quo. This helps to support the hypothesis by identifying how various changes are taking place.

The piece of literature that written by Hall (1995) talks about how federal government has been: addressing the issue and it has executed actions that aim to eliminate terrorism. In 1995, President Bill Clinton presented a counterterrorism bill to Congress. as, it sought to give the Department of Defense a bigger role in: the investigation of domestic terrorism incidents (where biological and chemical agents were used). (Hall, 1995) This is important, because it shows how the federal government has been attempting to: adapt to the underlying threats that they are facing from domestic terrorism.

As a result, the information from this source can be used to: highlight how terrorism is constantly evolving and the actions that are being taken to tackle these challenges. These two elements are significant, because they helping to show how: the overall nature of the threat is changing and the way that the federal government is responding to these issues. Once this occurs, it provides historical perspectives, about what has taken place over the last several years.

Based on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (1994) report, there had been a notable decline in the number of terrorist-related activities in the United States during the period from: 1977 to 1994. However, this trend was reverses as it was eventually increased as the new decade emerged. This information is important, because it shows how the domestic terrorism has periods of volatility. Where, it is in demand as way to address various issues that could be affecting the most fringe elements of society. Yet, there have been times when these activities declined and then increased.

The information from this source is useful, because it shows how the overall trends surrounding domestic terrorism are constantly changing. as, various groups will use these different tactics at select times. This helps to address the objectives of: how the nature of the threat is evolving and the possible dangers this can become in the future.

Segaller (1987) identifies how groups that are classified as domestic terrorists are governed by certain motivations that: delineate the goals and actions of each terrorist group. Some of the most notable include: religion, racial prejudice / supremacist goals, anti-government motivation and pursuit of individual interests. (Segaller, 1987) These motivations are among the most evident reasons why: extremist / terrorist groups perpetrate violent actions against the government and the society. This information is important; because it shows how there are a number of different factors that will motivate domestic terrorists.

As a result, this information can be used to show how the overall role of terrorism has been continually evolving. As there are a wide variety of: motivations that will push an individual to become involved with these organizations. This is illustrating how the threat is changing and the short falls in the current approach (embraced by the status quo).

In a deeper analysis, Machan (1996) discusses the reasons for: the extremist and terrorist groups' subsistence. As they rely on: the cultural, ethnic, political and racial biases that is present in the United States. The innumerable differences that subsist among the people in a society, most notably the fringe elements need: acceptance and understanding in order to have sense of fulfillment (Machan, 1996). Cultural differences should not be considered as interference to the goals of a society, nor should it be seen as purely an impactful force. Rather, it must be viewed in both: a positive and negative manner, depending on the impact of each cultural difference.

One of the apparent motivations of domestic terrorism is: racial and religious discrimination. Wherein, the difference in religion plays one of the main driving forces that urge certain groups, to execute violent acts, as means of standing up for their beliefs. However, in the United States, the fright that religious intolerance plays is not as considerable a threat as in other countries (such as: Africa and the Middle East)

One particular group in the United States that has combined the prejudice in: race and religion in America is: the Ku Klux Klan. They are a terrorist group known for drastically violent actions. Nonetheless, the group experienced a considerable decline in terms of: its members and its power-base over the past few years. However, the Ku Klux Klan is still evident in several regions in the country, conducting parades and rallies (as means of spreading their message). When the Klan began to be: dormant in their membership and activities, a new racist movement emerged. This was ultimately, an alternative terrorist faction known as: the Aryan Nation.

Another group that emerged because of religious intolerance is the Mormons. They are a fundamentalist movement that sought to gain the attention of the U.S. government through: its activities and terrorist-related pursuits. They are equipped with everything that they need in: perpetrating their plans and they are known to be individuals who fled to the mountains of Utah. This is because they fear that the government could take away their freedom.

A culture / race that embraces: prejudice; has long been a part of American history and it has created an impact on the social structures in all nations. Ethnically and racially motivated terrorist groups are: more than likely to increase in numbers in the future. This is as long as the prejudice in the American society stays the same. As it is essential that the government and the citizens eliminate the increasing threats brought on by: cultural differences.

More often than not, anarchistic or political goals motivate extremist / terrorist groups. This is designed to unite them in: radical movements and terrorist-related activities. as, this is represented by: the right-wing, left-wing and special-interest terrorist groups seeking to bring about political / social change. This is important because, it shows how there are a number of groups that will become involved in domestic terrorism. As they will have a variety of: reasons and motivations, for engaging in the various actions.

The information from this source is useful, because it provides a background about the overall threat that is being faced from domestic terrorism. as, there are a number of different incentives, that will influence these decisions. At the same time, this is illustrating how many international groups can often take a localized focus with their cells. These elements are significant, because they are showing how: the threat is continuing to change.

The literature by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (1999), talks about how the right-wing terrorist groups base their goals on: racial discrimination and anti-government beliefs. This group consists of: radical Christian movements and other activists sharing the same goals (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1999). The right-wing movement is united by their opposition to the political system and the belief that there are conspiracies in the federal government. Some of the notable right-wing extremist / terrorist groups include: Ku Klux Klan, the American Nazi Party, the White Aryan Brotherhood, the Aryan Nation and the White Patriot Party, amongst others.

The influence that the right-wing terrorist groups have created (most notably: the Oklahoma City bombing) has made the left-wing and special interest terrorist groups less influential. According to the FBI, the left-wing terrorists focus on: their socialist goals and they represent the whole society. As they are against the effects of: capitalism and imperialism in the United States. Some prominent left-wing terrorists include: the Kurdistan Workers' Party, the Black Liberation Army, the Brotherhood of Silence, the Black Panthers and the Revolutionary Action Movement.

Special-interest terrorist groups, also known as single-issue terrorists, became prominent during the 1990s. These groups were: involved in right-wing terrorism on: abortion clinics. While, those involved in the left-wing, are focused on issues that involve: animal rights, the environment and globalization. The Animal Liberation & Earth Liberation Front is an example of single-issue groups, involved in the left-wing movement. As they carried out numerous raids on: laboratories and facilities, where animals are believed to be mistreated. Moreover, the Animal Liberation Front was responsible for nine bombing in Chicago from: November 27-28, 1993. (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1999) This is important, because is showing it is showing how the overall threat of domestic terrorism is not just isolated to one particular organization. Instead, there are a wide variety of groups (from: across the political spectrum) with a host of different objectives.

The information from this source is useful because, it is highlighting how there are a wide variety of threats from domestic terrorism. As a result, there needs to be more of an emphasis on how to address these issues. Otherwise, any one or a combination of these different groups, could take advantage of the freedoms most people enjoy, to achieve their own objectives. Therefore, this source is providing specific background information, about the overall scope of the challenges that are being faced.

The piece of literature that was written by Landy (1995), discusses how the domestic terrorists' capability to carry out their plans, depends upon a number of variables. The most notable include the need to: possess the necessary equipment and training. Even though firearms are widely available in the United States, terrorist groups usually rely on black market sources in: acquiring their weapons and military equipment. These groups typically use explosive devices, to cause a large amount of casualties and create panic. Lately, many of these extremist / domestic terrorist organizations are recruiting military personnel into their groups. This is primarily because; they are trained with the skills and tactics that provide the terrorists, with an advantage. Furthermore, people from the military, have an image that helps in attracting civilian members, to be: a part of an extremist or domestic terrorist group. (Landy, 1995) This is important, because it shows how many organizations will often find people, who can increase their ability to create as many disruptions as possible. Once this takes place, it allows the terrorist organization to: achieve their objectives and it highlights the issue that they are trying to instill (in the mind of the general public).

The information from this source is useful, because it can be used in conjunction with the other resources, to show how these organizations are recruiting new members. As they will often try to: seek out someone who is disgruntled (the lone wolf) and is in an area of power / influence. As a result, this helps to identify specific areas, where domestic terrorism can be: a threat in the future and how it is just as dangerous as international terrorism.

In the article that was written by Esposito (2009), it talks about how Major Nidal Hassan shot 12 soldiers at Fort Hood, Texas in 2009. After the incident, it became clear that he was being influenced by an Al Qaida operative over the Internet. He would discuss with Hassan various ways that he could strike out against the Army. This is important, because it shows how international and domestic terrorist groups have been able to successfully infiltrate various: military organizations as well as governmental entities. Once this takes place, it increases the chances that some kind of attack could occur at these facilities. (Esposito, 2009)

The information from this source is useful, because it can be used in conjunction with the previous source. To highlight how the overall nature of terrorist threats are constantly changing. As a result, this is showing how domestic terrorism is increasingly relying on: recruiting disgruntled individuals inside various organizations.

The piece of literature that was written by Pexton (1996), discusses why military personnel are known to: possess principled and unconditional trust in their units. These are the main reasons why terrorists recruit them. as, the brotherhood and trust that they have is essential in: helping these groups to function effectively. In addition, extremists organizations tend to increase in number due to: civilians volunteering and joining these organizations in pursuit of their goals. As they are known for: longer terms of service and loyalty. Moreover, they regularly reinforce their conservative tendencies, makes it easier for terrorists to recruit them. (Pexton, 1996) This is important, because it shows the basic elements that terrorists will use to recruit new members inside of their organizations.

As a result, the information from this source is useful, because it helps to identify and corroborate how these groups are finding new members. This shows, the way that the overall nature of the threat is constantly changing, by finding like minded individuals who are loyal. Once this occurs, it is addressing the research question and hypothesis that were discussed earlier.

According to Riley and Hoffman (1995), the U.S. federal government should consider three elements of: state and local preparedness in order to address the problems of terrorism. These include: 1) planning / resources, 2) operational issues and 3) tactical issues. Planning and resources focus on two strategic matters. The first one is: whether or not law enforcement and emergency planning groups are aware of the possibility of terrorist-related activities in their communities. The second issue, centers on the analysis of: planning and resources. as, these will create: a deeper awareness and greater capabilities in times of crisis. If the federal government focuses on: analyzing its planning and resources, it will be able to raise the community's awareness about terrorism. Contingency planning is a great determinant on what is lacking in a community's preparation against: terrorism and it defines all the existing resources that will be utilized.

As a result, the FBI implemented programs that sought to: protect the infrastructure throughout the United States and it helped in contingency planning (in certain areas that are vulnerable to terrorist attacks). as, they assessed the infrastructures through surveys on: all major commercial airports, nuclear power plants and the probable targets of domestic terrorists (Riley & Hoffman, 1995). The results showed how: regular government organizations are in contact with one another. As well as, the kinds of: groundwork and methods of information that these organizations share.

Aside from planning and resources, the federal government should also focus on the operations issues in the country. These include: the emergency management agencies and the state / local law enforcement agencies. The state emergency management organizations gave an account of their safety measures, as means of preparation against domestic terrorism. Among all the state emergency management organizations that took part in the process. 58% testified that the guidelines for responding to terrorism were: strictly followed and still exists.

The state / local law enforcement agencies conducted counter and anti-terrorism training all over the United States of America. As a way of: teaching the public the essential knowledge that they need to have, in helping the government address the problems of terrorism. Moreover, other state and local organizations, conducted emergency preparedness exercises that include: agencies that were involved in counter-terrorism measures.

The third and final element of state and local preparedness, as identified by Riley and Hoffman (1995), is tactical issues. This includes everything related to: operational units and training procedures. A significant part of terrorism preparedness is training, and it involves anti-terrorism and counterterrorism trainings in every part of the country. The training on anti-terrorism is characterized by: degrees of preparation and security measures that aim to prevent these activities from happening. Whilst, the training on counterterrorism is: defined by the evaluation of terrorist threats and the possible responses to terrorist acts (that are likely to be committed). (Riley and Hoffman, 1995)

The state governments provide anti-terrorism and counterterrorism trainings in accordance with: the FBI, ATF, the Department of Energy, the U.S. Army and private agencies / professional associations (Riley and Hoffman, 1995). In addition, the operational units that are related to terrorism issues, such as: gang units and organized crime units, must be taken into consideration. They could be involved in the fundraising or recruiting inside these organizations.

There are numerous ways on how the U.S. federal government could deal with domestic terrorism. The answers are not confined to: planning / resources, operational issues and tactical issues. Instead, further ways of addressing the issue lie in: community relations, preventive intelligence, security and technological developments.

To prevent the terrorist groups from: acquiring equipments and explosives on the black market. The federal government should manage illegal immigration and the smuggling unlicensed weapons / ammunition. As they need to look at the strengths / weaknesses of: the state, local and federal authorities when it comes to border related issues (surrounding terrorism). This is important, because it showing how the overall approach to address the issue have been embraced by law enforcement.

The information from this source is useful, because it is showing how the various levels of government, are adapting to the underlying challenges that are being faced from domestic terrorism. As they are using these new techniques and tools to: tackle the problem and adjust to what is taking place. This is illustrating the overall positive effect that these new programs are having on: the strategy and what tools are being used to prevent future attacks. In many ways, one could use this information with what was discovered earlier to: identify changes that are taking place and how the government is responding to these issues.

The article that was written by Alfonso (2010), discusses how the role of terrorism has been continually evolving throughout the 20th century. As small groups that were lead by leaders (such as: Fidel Castro) was able to take on large armies and governments. This had impact upon the way many revolutions were often conducted; with most people believing that they can conduct a guerilla warfare style campaign (to achieve their objectives). At which point, other revolutionaries were inspired by the example set by Castro. A good example of this is Che Guevara, who took the tactics that Castro was using to start his own revolutions in South America. The problem is that the approach of going into rural areas was proven to be ineffective. As Guevara forces could be targeted in different bombing raids and commando style operations. This had an impact upon the way various terrorist and counter insurgency activities were conducted. As there was more of an emphasis on: hiding out in large urban areas and using these tactics to create fear. This is important, because one can take this information, to show how the overall nature of terrorist activities is continually changing. (Alfonso, 2010)

As a result, the information from this source is useful because it helps to provide some basic background on terrorism over the last 50 years. It also identifies how many of these organizations, will seek to conduct their operations in large cities with lots of targets. This is significant, because it can be used to answer the research question that was presented earlier. As this will provide a foundation for understanding how the overall nature of the threat is constantly changing. Once this takes place, it will help us to show how international terrorist organizations have been augmenting their strategy by: concentrating on recruiting and utilizing U.S. citizens (as a part of their tactics).

The article that is titled Al Shabaab American Recruits (2010), talks about how a number of American youth are becoming radicalized in many mosques around the United States. At which point, many of these individuals are sent to Somalia, where they are given weapons training and fight against AU backed forces. This is taking place through a group known as Al Shabaab. They are the Al Qaida affiliate in Somalia. That is attempting to create a radical Islamic republic in the country. This is troubling, because it is shows how the U.S. is creating their own form of domestic terrorists that are trained by Al Qaida. An example of how severe the problem has become, can be seen with the indictment of 12 individuals who were caught trying to go to Somalia. This is important, because it shows how domestic terrorism is becoming a large potential problem. As many international organizations are seeking to train American citizens as terrorists, which increases the overall nature of the threat. ("Al Shabaab American Recruits," 2010)

The information from this source is useful, because it shows how terrorist groups are focusing on: conducting a variety of activities inside the United States. In some case, this may not mean conducting an operation. Instead, it is focused on helping to provide these groups, with individuals they can use to become terrorists. As a result, this shows how the overall nature of terrorism is changing. At the same time, it highlighting how domestic terrorism is major threat that we will be: wrestling with in the future and the way this is being augmented with international terrorism. Therefore, these different elements can support the various objectives and hypothesis that is being presented.

The article that was written by Smith (2001), it examines the history of domestic terrorism in the United States. As the number of attacks has been increasing over the last several years the most notable include: the Oklahoma City Bombing and the first assault on the World Trade Center. These two events would lead to the development of: various joint terrorism task forces and improved cooperation when it comes to domestic terrorism. At the same time, enforcing and going after domestic terrorists can be challenging. Part of the reason for this, is because various lone wolves, could quickly emerge that no one may be aware of. This is important, because it shows how the overall scope of the problem is continuing to evolve. (Smith, 2001, pp. 58 -- 64)

The information from this source is useful, because it illustrates how the possible threat of domestic terrorism is continuing to change. As a result, this can help to provide insights about the overall scope of the threats that will more than likely be faced in the future. At the same time, it is showing how the federal government has taken steps, after these events, to: improve communication and coordination for prosecuting domestic terrorist organizations.

The article that was written by Michaels (2005), discusses the supporting role that many people will play in helping to conduct terrorist operations. as, this will require large amounts of: funds, coordination and planning. This is important, because for any kind of domestic terrorist activity to take place, there must be some kind of supporting role inside the country. As a result, various laws have been adapted to: target and punish those individual who are playing a supporting role. The best example of this can be seen in Title 8 of the U.S.A. Patriot Act. This specifically states that anyone who harbors or provides material support, to an individual / group knowingly engaged in terrorist activities, is guilty of an offense (under this provision of the law). This is significant, because it shows how various regulations and laws have been augmented to: adapt to the overall nature of the threat. (Michaels, 2005, pp. 145 -- 152)

The information from this source is useful, because it provides specific ways that the laws have been adapted to: reflect the underlying threats from possible domestic terrorists. At the same time, it is showing how the overall nature of terrorist activities is very complicated. This helps to answer the underlying research question and support the hypothesis. As this source is providing insights, as to how the nature of threat is changing through: examining the supporting role of individuals and the tools utilized to stop them.

The article that was written by Boregeson (2009), talks about how the categories of terrorism could be subdivided into foreign based and domestic. However, as time goes by these distinctions have become more difficult to see. Part of the reason for this, is because the traditional domestic terrorist groups (i.e. The Aryan Brotherhood, KKK and Christian Identity Movement) have all remained a dangerous threat. The big change has been coming with many international terrorist organizations establishing cells throughout the United States. In most cases, they will use individuals who are ordinary citizen, but are considered to be on the fringes of society. This is a similar kind of tactic that is being utilized by many of the traditional domestic terrorist organizations to recruit members. As many international groups, want to be able to have cells, that have the capabilities of conducting attacks at the right moment. This means that the line between these different kinds of terrorism have become blurry. As both forms, could be used to carry out attacks against the United States. This is important, because it shows how the two types of terrorism are becoming interconnected for a variety of organizations. As a result, this increases the overall scope of the threats that are being faced and the likelihood that identifying terrorist activities will be more challenging. (Boregeson, 2009, pp. 73 -- 91)

The information from this source is useful, because it identifies how: terrorist tactics and approaches are changing. This means that overall nature of the threats are constantly evolving, which forces law enforcement to adapt to what it taking place. Therefore, this resource is useful in helping everyone to: understand the overall scope of the problem and how some kind action must be taken.

The article that is titled Two Brothers Charged in Terror Plot (2007), talks about how two from the Former Yugoslavia illegal entered the United States in Brownsville, Texas (during the 1980's). What happened was the two had recruited six other individuals, who were a part of a plot to attack Fort Dix, New Jersey. However, before they had a chance to implement their plan, the FBI was alerted based upon a video tape that they received. This showed elements of their plan and the two brothers preparing for the attack. This is important, because it highlights how the borders are contributing to the overall amounts of domestic terrorism. In this particular case, this did not mean that an American citizen or resident was conducting an attack. Instead, it was two illegal aliens, who had remained in the country for many years. ("Two Brothers Charged in Terror Plot," 2009)

The information from this source is useful, because it is showing how the possible threats from domestic terrorism in the future are increasing. As it is being used to illustrate, how the lines between who is considered to be: a terrorist are becoming blurry. At the same time, it is highlighting how the issues with illegal immigration and the border are helping to increase the chances that some kind of attack will occur down the road.

The information from the source titled Statistics on Terrorism (2009), talks about how international terrorism has been a major issue going back to the 1960's. However, during the last 15 years, the overall incidents of domestic terrorism began to have an impact on the o number of casualties. The below table illustrates how domestic terrorism has been rising in comparison with international terrorism between 2000 and 2006.

Domestic Terrorism vs. International Terrorism: International Terrorism since 2000

Year

Incidents

Fatalities

Injuries

2000

47

95

2001

3,184

3,373

2002

2,957

2003

1,766

2004

2,023

2005

2006

("Statistics on Terrorism," 2008)

Domestic Terrorism vs. International Terrorism: Domestic Terrorism since 2000

Year

Incidents

Fatalities

Injuries

2000

1,150

2,570

2001

1,732

4,571

6,403

2002

2,684

2,763

7,349

2003

1,897

2,346

6,200

2004

2,647

5,066

10,860

2005

4,961

8,191

15,257

2006

4,981

9,157

16,006

("Statistics on Terrorism," 2008)

What these different figures are showing is how the underlying trends for domestic terrorism have been increasing dramatically since the year 2000. This is important, because it is highlighting how more resources need to be dedicated towards addressing these issues. The reason why, is because the sharp increase, means that this is the preferred kind of tactics, that are being used by a variety of organizations.

As a result, the information from this source is useful because, it shows how the overall trends of domestically-based terrorist attacks have been increasing exponentially. This is important, it is highlighting how the possible threats from: these kinds of groups will more than likely increase in the future. As the changing nature of threat, means that more groups are focusing on this kind of terrorism to: achieve their different objectives.

The statistics titled North American Terrorism Stats (2011), discuss how the United States ranked in comparison to the rest of the world, in regards to the total number of terrorist attacks (as they came in 25th overall). However, beyond these numbers the basic statistics are changing. The below table illustrates the overall amounts of terrorist related events that occurred in the United States between: 2000 to 2010. ("Terrorism," 2011)

Terrorist Related Activities inside the United States

Category

Statistic

Fatalities

3,227

Incidents

98

Injuries

2,386

Fatalities

2,990

("Terrorism," 2011)

What this is showing, is that the overall amounts of terrorism are continuing to remain consistent throughout the country. This is troubling, because it illustrates how law enforcement officials must maintain a state of constant vigilance. as, the overall nature of threat is continuing to evolve, based upon the tactics that are being utilized by law enforcement.

The information from this source is useful, because it shows how the tactics are changing. as, the overall amount of attacks have remained consistent, despite increased efforts to tackle the underlying challenges. This corroborates the objectives of: how domestic terrorism could become a major threat in the future. At the same time, it is highlighting how the current approach (being used by the status quo) is not working.

The piece of literature that was written by Cox (2009), discusses the overall amount of domestic terrorism around the world. as, the United States is ranked as low nation by: posting a historical average of .369 attacks a year. This much lower than some of: the top ten nations for domestic terrorism. The below table illustrate the average amounts of domestic terrorism that is occurring in these countries in comparison with the U.S. (Cox, 2009, pg. 72)

Average Amounts of Domestic Terrorism

Country

Average Number of Domestic Terrorist Attacks

India

Indonesia

25.00

Philippines

23.83

Sri Lanka

11.83

Bangladesh

7.67

Thailand

7.50

South Africa

4.17

United States

.369

(Cox, 2009, pg. 72)

This is significant, because it shows how the U.S. has less amounts of terrorism in comparison with other nations. However, given the large amounts of terrorism in these other countries, this could pose a major challenge going forward. The reason why is because, is because the radicalization of extremists can spill over into the United States. Once this begins to occur, it can mean that terrorist organizations that are internationally focused, could conduct similar style attacks inside America.

As a result, the information from this source is useful in: helping to identify the underlying problems of domestic terrorism. Where, those countries that are experiencing a tremendous amount of these events will help to: export the violence to other nations. This supports the objective that the possible threat from domestic terrorism will be increasing in the future.

In the article that was written by Riley (1995), it discusses the overall kinds of domestic terrorist groups around the country. This is accomplished by examining the statistics around the nation about the overall types of groups. A good example of this can be seen in the below tables. As they are identifying, specific types of: terrorism and regions where these various groups are most dominate. (Riley, 1995)

Types of Domestic Terrorist Groups on the State Level

Group

Number

Percentage

Right Wing

34

87%

Left Wing

8

21%

International

5

13%

Ethnic

13

33%

Issue Specific

23

59%

Other

4

10%

(Riley, 1995)

These different figures are showing right wing and issue specific terrorism are the greatest threats facing law enforcement (on the state level). However, when you look beneath the numbers it is clear that all of the various forms are a problem. As groups from a variety of organizations and backgrounds, are involved in numerous activities. This is problematic, because it means that the scope of the threat is from across: the entire political and social spectrum for extremism. Over the course of time, this makes it more difficult to monitor the activities of these groups, which increases the risks that some kind of attack will occur. (Riley, 1995)

Terrorist Organizations by Region

Group

Midwest

Northeast

South

West

Right Wing

17

4

13

22

Left Wing

6

0

3

9

International

6

3

4

7

Ethnic

5

1

8

11

Issue Specific

14

4

15

18

Other

1

4

1

2

(Riley, 1995)

These figures are highlighting, how the breakdown of the different terrorist groups (by region) is completely different. as, the West is showing the largest amount of: terrorist organizations. This can be seen with: the 22 right wing, 11 ethnic and 18 issue specific groups. When you compare this to the Northeast (which reported the lowest number of organizations), they are showing completely different picture. as, the dominant groups are: 4 right wing, 4 issue-specific and 3 international. At the same time, this region saw no left wing groups actively operating, while the West had a total of 9. This is important, because it shows how there are regions, that have greater amounts of terrorist activity in comparison with others. (Riley, 1995)

Next, this source discusses what particular size of cities is the greatest threat of being attacked by domestic terrorist groups. This was accomplished by: sampling the different terrorist organizations around the country and then assessing their overall threat (based upon their location as well as possible activities). The results were that those urban areas with over 1 million people saw the highest probability of seeing a terrorist attack (60%). While those communities that were under 10 thousand, had 10% chance of being seeing any kind of terrorist activities. The below table illustrates the findings of researchers. (Riley, 1995)

Reported Terrorism Threats by City Size

Population

Percentage

Under 10 Thousand

11%

Under 50 Thousand

24%

Under 100 Thousand

23%

Under 250 Thousand

57%

Under 500 Thousand

54%

Under 1 Million

44%

1 Million and Over

60%

(Riley, 1995)

This is highlighting, the increased possibility of seeing a terrorist attack in cities that are: under 250 thousand, under 500 thousand and over 1 million. The reason why, is because these areas allow all terrorist organizations to: operate with impunity and under the radar of law enforcement. This increases the chances of some kind of terrorist attack occurring. (Riley, 1995)

The information from this source is useful, because it provides specific statistics about: the overall scope of terrorism across the country. This helps us to understand what groups are: the greatest threats, the different regions they are operating in and areas they will target. As a result, this is addressing the objectives of: organizations that are the biggest problems, the negative effects of the current policy and how they are becoming a major threat in the future. Once this occurs, it helps to support the hypothesis that is being presented.

When you step back and analyze the various sources that have been examined in this chapter, it is clear, that they are showing how domestic terrorism is becoming a major problem. As the overall number of traditional groups (i.e. right wing, left wing and issue specific) are continuing to remain a major threat. What is increasing is: the overall risks. as, international terrorist groups (such as: Al Qaida) have begun to seek out individuals, who can engage in domestic terrorism through proxy. This means that they are actively recruiting American citizens and residents to achieve their objectives. This is problematic, because it increases the overall scope of the threat that is facing the nation. As law enforcement not only has to worry about traditional groups, but they also have to be concerned about international organizations using similar kinds of tactics. This increases the possibility that some form of domestic terrorism will take place in the future.

However, there have been efforts to address the underlying challenges, as Congressional hearings have been conducted about this issue. At the same time, various enhanced crime fighting tools, help law enforcement to target these organizations (most notably: the U.S.A. Patriot Act). As a result, these tools and tactics are helping to: prevent possible attacks before they occur. Evidence of this can be seen with the arrest of a variety of high profile Al Qaida operatives (who are considered to be domestic terrorists).

Yet, there have also been situations where mistakes were made. As the oversights by the terrorists that prevented an attack, but law enforcement was not able to capitalize on them until later. A good example of this is the attempted Times Square bombing. As they were able to foil the attack, because the propane tanks in the SUV were having trouble detonating. This is important, because it shows how a series of mistakes by: the terrorists prevented the explosion.

As a result, this big challenge for law enforcement going forward; is being able to identify possible terrorists before they strike. This can be challenging, as the number of groups and possible scenarios increases the scope of the problem. Therefore, rising amounts of domestic terrorism; are quickly becoming a major threat that must be addressed in the future.

Chapter 3: Methodology

The data for the research project was collected from a number of different sources including: news articles, websites, statistics, government documents, books, journals and magazines. These were collected through: the Internet and examining a host of materials inside the library. The idea was to try and look at wide variety of sources on domestic terrorism, to understand the overall scope of the problem. To answer the research question and hypothesis, we utilized qualitative research. This is when we are looking at wide variety of sources, to understand the general trends and make inferences about what is occurring.

In this case, our research methods took the assumption that the main focus of government officials was: to combat international terrorism. The reason why this was chosen is because; they cannot let various organizations such as: Al Qaida experience a resurgence. As they could use this new found strength, to conduct even more aggressive attacks, against U.S. interests around the world. Therefore, the current approach in the War on Terrorism will severe as the independent variable.

The dependent variable will be domestic terrorism, along with the effects that it having on: international terrorist groups and law enforcement. As we examined the traditional role of these organizations by looking at: right wing, left wing and single issue entities, This established the basic foundation of the underlying trends in domestic terrorism. We then took this approach and looked at how the issue is changing. To accomplish this, we utilized the qualitative research methodology in conjunction with comparative analysis. This is when we are examining the different findings with one another, to identify the overall trends that are taking place. As each source can corroborate and support the findings of the hypothesis. Any kind of anomalies are thrown out, as they cannot provide us with, specific information that will support the underlying trends.

These two elements are important, because they increased the overall objectivity of the study. As we are ensuring that all information will support the trends that are taking place. We then compare these finding with the independent variable, to see how domestic terrorism is becoming a major threat. Once this occurs, it improves the accuracy of the result, by showing how a variety of opinions and information was taken into account during the entire process.

Setting

The setting of the research is into look a variety of sources over a long period of time. This is accomplished by examining at historical figures, such as: terrorism statistics going back to the 1960's. You would then focus, on: the overall trends that have emerged (since this time) and how they have continued to change. Once this takes place, it provides specific insights as to how the focus of terrorist organizations is constantly changing. The data collection method that was used is: content analysis and case studies. This is when the researcher will use variety of literature and other sources to fill in the blanks, surrounding the problem they are examining. In this case, we are using this data collection method, to help us understand: the trends that are taking place and possible challenges in the future. As this helped us be able to take: a more objective approach when analyzing the various pieces of information. ("Three Main Types of Data Collection," 2011) This is important, because it shows how this improved the overall accuracy of the research method and the data that was collected.

Description of the Subjects

In this case, we did not interview specific subjects. Instead, we looked at various sources that had the raw data of: different domestic terrorist related events. This allowed us to be able to see how: the scope of the problem was changing and the impact that it is having on law enforcement. Once this took place, it meant that the overall quality of information (that we were collecting) improved dramatically.

Description of the Research Instrument

In our situation, the research instrument that was used is: the various sources that were examined. as, we looked at wide variety of information and figures, to gain a greater understanding of the possible threats from: domestic terrorism. This helped to increase the effectiveness of the procedures that were being utilized. as, the various sources, helped to prevent us from: overly relying on a particular set of data. Once this took place, it meant that we were more objective, in understanding the various trends that are occurring.

Procedures

Like what was stated previously, the data collection method that was used was: qualitative research. This improved the accuracy of the study, by allowing us to look at: a variety of facts and figure surrounding the issue. Once this took place, we compared these different findings with one another through: comparative analysis. This is when we are contrasting the various sources with one another, to identify any kind of trends. At which point, the accuracy of the findings improved by: corroborating the underlying trends with one another. This gives researchers an overall big picture view of: how specific issues are affecting this problem.

When you step back and analyze, the methodology, it is clear that this helped to improve the effectiveness of the study. The reason why, is because it focuses on: general and specific trends that are occurring in domestic terrorism. At the same time, it is comparing the finding with one another, to determine the overall trends that are taking place. These different elements are important, because this improves the effectiveness of the study. As they are forcing us, to focus on a number of: facts and figures, to understand the scope of the problem. Once this occurred, it meant that the quality of the research improved dramatically by: objectively identifying issues that are increasing the risks in the future.

Chapter 4: Results

When you look at the results of the study, it is clear that there were a number o of different trends that were identified. The most notable include: trends in domestic terrorism are increasing in comparison with international terrorism, international terrorism has the possibility of becoming domestically focused and there are select cities / regions that are most vulnerable. The combination of these different elements is: confirming that domestic terrorism is increasing and that they are raising the overall risks to the general public.

The Trends in Domestic Terrorism are Increasing in Comparison with International Terrorism

Since the late 1960's, international terrorism has been the main focus of most attacks and the efforts of law enforcement. One reason why this is occurring is: because these groups are posing a larger threat, in comparison with other domestically focused entities. As their attacks are: more sensational and have elements; that involve a host of different law enforcement agencies (in a number of countries). This means that more resources are dedicated to fighting international terrorism in comparison with other forms. Over the course of time, this has caused the underlying amount of international terrorism to remain lower in comparison with domestic terrorism. The below tables are illustrating how: the overall amounts of domestic terrorism has been increasing exponentially since 2000.