Ecology Field Trip The purpose of this field experiment was to determine the composition of the oak forest on and around Hubbard Hill, determining tree type frequency and size through a random sampling process. This is important for ecological purposes in determining the overall needs and structure of the oak forest ecosystem, at least insofar as different tree species are concerned, and for tracking levels of forest growth, loss, or change through repeated measurements/sampled conducted over time. A secondary purpose of this field exercise more directly aimed at the educational objectives was an exposure to the methods and skills necessary for conducting an accurate and effective sample, giving students needed experience.

Methods

Two different sampling methods were utilized in the actual conducting of the field experiment, and the results later compared and combined in analysis. Both sampling methods began with the use of a random number chart to determine transect lines and compass directions, and to determine points along these transect lines for observations/sampling. A drag line was extended along the transect line, once determined, to aid in consistency and the ease of conducting the sample n an accurate manner. Trees included in the measurement were those greater than ten centimeters (in practice, nine-and-a-half centimeters, to account for measurement discrepancies) in diameter at breast height, with breast height defined as 137 centimeters. Measurements/estimates for split-stemmed trees were taken nearer the ground, below the split.

For the plot sample method, a square plot ten meters by ten meters was created around each plot, extending ten meters from the pre-determined observation point along the length of the transect line, and five meters in both directions perpendicular to the transect line. All trees within this square of appropriate size were recorded by species and size. The second sampling method originated with the same randomly predetermined point on the transect line that was used to mark the location of the plot, however this point was used as the center of four quadrants defined by the drag line and an imagined perpendicular line, and the tree nearest to the center point in each quadrant that met the size criteria was recorded. This led to some degree of overlap in the sampling, as there was always the potential for the trees in the forward quadrants to have also been included in the plot, and indeed this was frequently the case.

Results

The first table demonstrates the results of the plot sampling method, which examined all trees of diameter greater than 9.5 centimeters when measured at breast height within each of the randomly identified ten-meter square plots. A total of three hundred and thirty two trees were included in the observations made via this method, and a full third of these trees were white pines -- by far the most common tree in the forest according to the sample, and by a wide enough margin to make this a comfortable statement to apply to the forest as a whole. Yellow birches and red oaks were almost equally represented, the point of having statistically equal populations and frequencies in the forest, with significant red maple populations as well. Other varieties of oak,...

Siz (DBH)
White Pine

42.1

Yellow Birch

43

16.8

Red Oak

42

45

Red Maple

33

31.4

White Oak

18

33.6

Sugar Maple

17

27.1

Beech

12

18.5

American Elm

7

18

Black Birch

7

13.4

Hemlock

6

16

Hornbeam

6

19

White Ash

6

26.7

Sweet Birch

5

22.2

Paper Birch

4

19.5

American Birch

3

10.7

Red Pine

3

48

Silver Maple

2

20

White Birch

2

14.5

Cherry

1

20

Mountain Maple

1

37

Pin Cherry

1

13

Pitch Pine

1

41

Yellow Maple

1

55

Total:

26.5

The second table shows the results of the point-quarter sampling method, which yielded comparable results that nonetheless differ in significant ways (discussed at greater length below). Only one-hundred and forty-four trees were included in this sample, which is easily predicted given four trees per randomly selected observation point and a total of thirty-six observation points; white pines were still the majority population, though they comprised less than a quarter of the trees observed. Other general assessments of relative populations and the increased observation of certain species over others held basically the same in these observations, though again proportions differed. There were also fewer tree species identified altogether in the point-quarter sampling method compared to the plot sampling.

Tree Type

Frequency

Avg. Siz (DBH)

White Pine

33

40.7

Red Oak

23

43.6

Yellow Birch

18

26.7

Red Maple

16

30.8

Beech

10

19.3

Black Birch

9

16.6

Sugar Maple

9

28.2

White Oak

9

44.7

White Ash

7

27.1

Paper Birch

4

11.5

Sweet Birch

2

21.0

American Elm

1

33.0

Mountain Maple

1

37.0

Silver Maple

1

26.0

White Birch

1

12.0

Total:

27.9

Discussion

The results of these two sampling methods…