And so, when the British and French were authoritative landlords, places like Kuwait (a British "protectorate" until 1961) were safe from outside interference. But once Britain was long gone from Kuwait, Hussein had his chance to move in and he did, until the U.S. And its allies pushed him out in 1991. Conclusion: After WWI, the winners divided up the Ottoman Empire, and that was the origin of the country of Iraq. The history of the Middle East -- beginning in the 19th Century and continuing today -- is shaped by outside forces, by colonialism, war, greed, and cultural conflicts. An alert reader can see why the invasion of Iraq by the U.S. In 2003 was star-crossed in the first place, and why Britain and the U.S. are hated so fiercely by the Muslim world.

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