FDR: The New Deal Years 1933-1937: A History, Kenneth S. Davis presents a meticulous account of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's first term. This book is the third volume in Davis' much-lauded biography series of the 32nd president.
In this volume, Davis focuses on Roosevelt's New Deal policies, providing a thorough analysis of how the president laid the foundations - often without his full comprehension -- of the American semi-welfare state.
Davis' core argument is that the New Deal Program, which Roosevelt cobbled together in fits and starts and amid stringent opposition, would eventually be recognized decades later as a necessary safety net for the unfortunate and the down and out.
To examine Roosevelt's achievements, Davis arranges the book into four sections that chronicle Roosevelt's term from his 1933 inauguration to the beginning of 1937. These sections take the reader chronologically through the president's first Hundred Days, late 1933 to 1934, the "second New Deal" and finally, Roosevelt's political success in 1936. These achievements, Davis notes, helped propel Roosevelt into "a decisive centrality in the historical process of America" (675).
To provide a better background of Roosevelt's domestic achievements, Davis intersperses his analysis with narrations of the political, economic and even technological climate of the 1930s. Roosevelt, Davis notes, took office at a time of massive domestic poverty. The stock market crash had ushered in the Great Depression. In the United States, farmers were losing land, workers were losing jobs and the elderly had no means to provide for their needs.
The mood of the general public was permeated with widespread despair and hopelessness.
Furthermore, much of Europe was descending into dictatorships, with the rise of Adolph Hitler's...
It was thus a period where the domestic economy lay in shambles and democratic institutions abroad were being torn down.
Amid such a climate, Roosevelt then embarked on the "best kind of building - the building of great public projects for the benefit of the public and with the definite objective of building human happiness" (383-384).
Towards this, Roosevelt thus put together an umbrella program, a "New Deal" that would address the disjointed needs of displaced farmers, unemployed workers, create jobs for the young and provide security for the elderly.
Perhaps the most controversial aspect of his New Deal, however, lay in the establishment of fiscal controls over financial institutions.
The institution of this program, Davis argues, was anything but smooth. First, Roosevelt was hampered by the lack of a firm grasp of economic principles. He thus had to manage a diverse band of intellectuals and advisers who did not always want to work together.
In this part of the book, Davis provides the reader with character sketches of the people behind the New Deal. These include accounts of Vice President Henry Wallace, who in Davis' book, is portrayed as a visionary who is prone to unsteadiness. Other personalities include Secretary of Commerce Harold L. Hopkins, the fiercely loyal Louis McHenry Howe and Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter.
Roosevelt's weakness in economic theory was obvious to his group of advisors. Justice Wendell Holmes may well be speaking of the majority of the cabinet, when he characterized the president as "a second-class intellect."
For Davis, however, Roosevelt's strengths were twofold. First, he surrounded himself with talented intellectuals who could put…
