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To Natacha Saintjean
It is true that women are taught to be loving and caring, that these are traits that are socialized into female children. As a result, it may seem that all women are innately more loving and caring. Yet research also seems to suggest that there may be an evolutionary or biological component to the tendency of women to develop nurturing behaviors (Gilligan 1982; Noddings, 2010). The ability to bear children predisposes the female to nurture and preserve life, rather than resort to violence as a means of conflict resolution. The question then becomes why males are socialized to be aggressive, or whether their biology predisposes them.
Likewise, men and women are socialized differently with regards to acceptable or normative behaviors. It is true that women are freer to express different emotional states like crying without stigma, whereas crying can be stigmatized behavior in a man. Given the importance of self-expression and emotional intelligence for overall psychological functioning, it would seem that socialization processes for men need to be changed.
Being submissive is not necessarily a trait that can be traced to biology. While there will always be people who are “alpha,” and have dominant or domineering...
Both men and women have the capacity to be controlling or aggressive, and both men and women also have the potential to be weak and submissive. These are not ethical traits in themselves, but abusing one’s power is an ethical problem.
To Brian Hicks
The Gilligan (1982) research showing that women prefer to see the world through human connections does tie in with the question of whether women were socialized this way or whether biology comes into play. If women prefer to make decisions based on human stories instead of mathematical equations, is that because of socialization? It is highly likely that women who exhibit traditionally female qualities like nurturing end up being rewarded for those attitudes and behaviors, whereas women who show a predilection towards using math, science, or reasoning would be dismissed or even criticized. In this way, there are more women in social services and other helping professions—not because they are hard-wired that way but because they are rewarded for their exhibition of feminine traits. If more men also had these traits, then both men and women…
References
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Retrieved from http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/sjlaumakis/Reading 4-GILLIGAN.pdf
Noddings, N. (2010). The maternal factor: Two paths to morality [Electronic version]. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Retrieved from https://library.ashford.edu/ezproxy.aspx?url=http%3A//site.ebrary.com/lib/ashford/detail.action?docID=10675800&p00=maternal+factor%3A+two+paths+morality
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Female Circumcision and Ethics The female circumcision practices are found to be followed by a number of regions and tribes in the world where this practice is considered to purify and provide health benefits to the females of that particular society. However, this practice is considered to be immoral and unethical by the ethical feminist and clinical experts who imply that female circumcision practices violate the autonomy of an individual and,
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