Dr. Smith and other doctors that got involved began checking the various maladies these children suffered from with other children whose disabilities hadn't been labeled or fully understood, and hence, this research led to the identification of FAS. That said, there still is no "clear-cut alcohol-specific neurobehavioral phenotype for 'Alcohol Related Neurobehavioral Disorders' (ARND)" (378). Smith, along with professor Jones, in fact coined the phrase, fetal alcohol syndrome.
Kvigne, Valborg L., Leonardson, Gary R., Borzelleca, Joseph, Brock, Ellen, Neff-Smith,
Martha, and Welty, Thomas K. (2008). Alcohol Use, Injuries, and Prenatal Visits During
Three Successive Pregnancies Among American Indian Women on the Northern Plains
Who have Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Incomplete Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
Maternal and Child Health Journals, Vol. 12, S37-S45.
The authors in this article compared three sequential pregnancies of Northern Plains American Indian children who had FAS and children that had "incomplete FAS" with Indian women who had children free of the FAS malady. Two studies are presented in this paper, one with three successive pregnancies that ended in live births -- using 43 case mothers with children with FAS and 35 case mothers whose children had incomplete FAS -- and the second study using the pregnancies of 86 and 70 "control" mothers whose children did not have FAS. The results of this research showed that when compared with the mothers of children did not have FAS (the "control mothers") "…significantly more case mothers used alcohol before and after all three pregnancies" (S37). One hundred percent of mothers whose children had FAS used alcohol during pregnancy; 60% of mothers whose children had "incomplete FAS" used some alcohol during pregnancy and only about 9% of mothers whose children did not have FAS used alcohol during their pregnancy. The bottom line for this research is very obvious: Women who are of childbearing age should be screened for potential use of alcohol "whenever they present for medical services" (S37). In other words, when a woman of childbearing age goes to the doctor for any reason, she should be screened and advised or counseled as to the need for her to not drink if and when she becomes pregnant. The good news that comes from this article is that women with an FAS child "decreased their alcohol consumption" during the following pregnancy (S37).
Kvigne, Valborg, L., Leonardson, Gary R., Borzelleca, Joseph, and Welty, Thomas K. (2008).
Characteristics of Grandmothers who have Grandchildren with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Incomplete Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Maternal and Child Health Journals, 12(6), 760-765.
The authors in this journal article researched the characteristics of Northern Plains American Indian maternal grandmothers that had grandchildren with fetal alcohol syndrome or "incomplete FAS" (760). The point of the research was to determine how to more effectively "prevent fetal FAS and alcohol use during pregnancy" among Native Americans (760). The research took place in four Indian service hospitals or clinics; once the grandchildren were identified with either FAS or incomplete FAS, the medical records of the grandmothers were carefully examined to discover her use of alcohol and any injuries, problems, or trauma she may have gone through. It turned out 92.6% of the grandmothers of the FAS grandchildren had used alcohol and also 45% of the women who drank alcohol during pregnancy "had parents who drank" (762). Hence, it was shown that parents pass along their habits (bad or good) to their children, and in turn the children pass those habits along as well, even in cases where habits negatively affect newborn children. The bottom line is that alcohol use by maternal grandmothers is definitely "a risk factor for FAS"; and so, screening women during their pregnancy "is essential to intervene" so counseling can be offered and hopefully children can be saved from the ravages of FAS (763).
Toutain, Stephanie, and Lejeune, Claude. (2008). Family Management of Infants with Fetal
Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Developmental
Physical Disabilities, 20(5), 425-436.
Part of the research of fetal alcohol syndrome leads to a reader encountering pathos and sadness, and this article is an example of that. To wit, 28 infants that were born between 1995 and 2003 in a hospital near Paris, France were born to mothers who abused alcohol. When the authors of this article reviewed the obstetrical files of the 28 mothers, and conducted additional research through questionnaires and interviews with...
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