Foreign Policy and Crime

Media Presentation of Hate Crimes Against African-Americans: Annotated Bibliography Baum, M., Potter, P. The relationships between mass media, public opinion, and foreign policy: Toward a theoretical synthesis. Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 11 (2008): 39-65. Web. Potter and Baum's paper firstly assesses the wide-ranging advances in academic knowledge with regard to foreign policy and public opinion in the course of the last decades, placing emphasis on comparatively recent researches.

Subsequently, the authors propose a structure, on the basis of the market equilibrium principle, designed to synthesize the unconnected research programs which make up the literature pool on foreign policy and public opinion. For achieving this, the authors integrate mass media -- a third key strategic player -- that, in their opinion, has a crucial part to play, together with leaders and ordinary citizens, in influencing public outlook towards, and power over, foreign policy, besides considering the leader-public relationship.

They attempt to explain the complex linkages between foreign policy results and the aforementioned players. Holt, Lanier Frush. Writing the Wrong: Can Counter-Stereotypes Offset Negative Media Messages about African-Americans? Journalism and Mass Communication, vol. 90, no. 1 (2013): 108-125. Web. A number of research works claim that media messages contribute to triggering or aggravating racial stereotypes. But Holt's work delves into the kind of information -- general, non-crime news or crime-related information (facts directly contradicting media messages) -- that works best to abate stereotypes.

Holt discovered that being afraid of crime and criminals is not only a racial fear, but more of a general human one. Moreover, his work indicates that in case of American youth, the associated black-criminal stereotype dyad -- crime and race -- is stimulated more by the former element than by the latter. Lee, Spike, dir. Malcolm X. LA: Warner Bros., 1992. Film. Malcolm was a victim of violence.

The son of a man who was possibly assassinated by the Ku Klux Klan, which also burned his home to the ground, Malcolm was sent off to live with a foster family due to his mother's inability to provide for her kids. Lee depicts the initial scenes set in Harlem in rich and warm colors; by contrast, the prison scenes feature institutional and cold lighting. In several important instances in Malcolm's celebrity life, quasi-documentary, white-and-black photography interwoven into the color film depict the shaping and establishment of his public image.

Hutton, Erica. BIAS MOTIVATION IN CRIME: A Theoretical Examination, Internet Journal of Criminology, (2009). Web. Hutton's work evaluates the social issue of racially-driven criminality occurring within communities. Such crime is of a personal nature, relating to nationality/ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation, or disability. This article looks at the Constructionist and Labeling Perspectives for evaluating a conceptual explanation of this multifaceted social issue. Media prejudice and coverage are prevailing among journalists, and will continue to remain a problem disputable upon viewpoint, location, event exploration and review.

Federal and state law enforcement bodies need to work in collaboration with executives and administrators throughout the community's institutions, for tackling factors influencing community members to engage in such behaviors, in order to avoid such occurrences in the future. Selepak, Andrew. Skinhead Super Mario Brothers: An Examination of Racist and Violent Games on White Supremacist Web Sites, Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 17(1), (2010), 1-47. Web. This research work specifically explores game "enemies" and the extent of violence players inflict upon these virtual enemies.

Findings reveal that most games scrutinized fostered conflict and intense violence toward Jews and Blacks. In the games Selepak studied, players were meant to brutally slay, dismember, and injure minorities for proceeding forward. These games were, typically, adapted classic video game versions wherein racial, ethnic, and religious minority characters replaced the original enemy characters.