Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Diary Method
The diary method is recommended because this will generate information that is insightful and in-depth, as it provides participants with an opportunity to express their thoughts and feelings without being conscious of the people who might be interviewing them or be with them, as what happens during an FGD.
Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
The FGDs will provide breadth of information about perceived pain. There will be twelve (12) mini-groups per segment, broken down into the following discussant types:
Group Type
Age group
Males
Youth/Young Adult (13-25 years old)
Adults (26-55 years old)
Females
Youth/Young Adult (13-25 years old)
Adults (26-55 years old)
Survey
The survey method will make use of the multi-stage sampling, using once again the respondent criteria enumerated in the previous section. Quota sampling will be set, however, to control for the number of interviews per sex type per segment (i.e., males and females per segment).
Variables & Measures
Variables for the study are as follows: pain perception (self-assessment), personality type, coping strategies, and pain as perceived and reported by medical staff and family members. In addition to these variables, instruments gauging the level of perceived pain will be used, particularly the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire. An index of attitudes and perceptions on pain will also be formulated, and will be tested for internal and construct validity.
Data Analysis
Data analysis will make use of both bivariate and multivariate analysis....
For the multivariate analysis, step-wise logistic regression is recommended, to determine which among the variables under study has the significant relationship with pain perception. Analyses will be set at 95% confidence level and 2% margin of error.
Relevance of the Study
Results of the study will be particularly useful in unearthing new dimensions related to perceived pain -- that is, psychological and social dimensions to perceiving pain. Ultimately, a suggested 'unified' theoretical framework to understanding pain and perceptions of it is the ideal end-product of this study, taking into account biological (physiological), psychological, and social dimensions significantly influential to pain.
Bibliography
Babl, F. (2008). "Procedural pain and distress in young children as perceived by medical and nursing staff." Pediatric Anesthesia, Vol. 18.
Carlson, K. (2000). "Using distraction to reduce reported pain, fear, and behavioral distress in children and adolescents: a multisite study." JSPN, Vol. 5, No. 2.
Hama, a. (2004). "Sex differences in pain perception: a biological perspective." Mankind Quarterly, Vol. XLIV, Nos. 3 & 4.
Ibid., (2000). "Racial differences in pain perception: a biological basis." Mankind Quarterly, Vol. XLI, No. 1.
Ramrez-Maestre, C., a. Martinez, and R. Zaragaza. (2004). "Personality characteristics as differential variables of the pain experience." Journal of Behavioral Medicine, Vol. 27, No. 2.
Tiengo, M. (2003). "Pain perception, brain and consciousness." Neurol Sci, Vol. 24.
Vranceanu, a. (2008). "The development of the Negative Pain Thoughts Questionnaire." World Institute of Pain, Vol. 8, Issue 5.
Bibliography
Babl, F. (2008). "Procedural pain and distress in young children as perceived by medical and nursing staff." Pediatric Anesthesia, Vol. 18.
Carlson, K. (2000). "Using distraction to reduce reported pain, fear, and behavioral distress in children and adolescents: a multisite study." JSPN, Vol. 5, No. 2.
Hama, a. (2004). "Sex differences in pain perception: a biological perspective." Mankind Quarterly, Vol. XLIV, Nos. 3 & 4.
Ibid., (2000). "Racial differences in pain perception: a biological basis." Mankind Quarterly, Vol. XLI, No. 1.
Gender Differences in Leadersdhip Gender Differences in Leadership Is it possible to have different women and men leaders? This is a question surrounded with substantial controversy. However, the notion that there is a difference in the way men and women lead is dominant in management literature, which provides information for practicing managers. Some scholars who support this difference suggest that women have a "female voice" overlooked in theory and research. On the
Such measures include providing positive examples of students and professionals who have garnered significant achievements in math, allowing students who may feel symptoms of stereotype threat to express their talent in other areas outside of math (by incorporating those areas into lessons and classroom engagement), and by downplaying differences in groups via the reframing of tasks to decrease levels of competitiveness amongst students (Singletary et al., 2009, p. 2)
On the one hand there was the view that gender or rather gender differences were something that had been created by man, culture and society. This was contrasted by the view that gender differences were not constructed but was in fact innate and part of the natural order to things. They were also linked to religious views and conceptions. This view however found it difficult to account for variations
Men believed that a drinking woman was more likely than a sober woman to engage in illicit sex; they feared the sexuality of sober women, and the fears increased with each cup of wine or jug of beer. Nonetheless, women had their cups and their jugs. Some historians have failed to recognise the strong connection between drink and sexual activity in traditional Europe and have as a consequence attributed
Behavior and Bias in Access Two-thirds of all students receiving special education in the United States are boys and gender-based behavioral differences and gender bias are behind it (Rousso, 2003). Girls need to show more significant levels of disability than boys to receive service. When they do, they are assigned to more restrictive educational environments than boys. All available data show that women and girls with disabilities do not do as
In a sociological aspect, men are perceived as the provider and women as part of the domestic world. Through the decades, however, we see the evolution of men and women's function in the society. There is a bridge closing the gap between women and men's role in different fields. Women are seen sharing seats in the government, excelling in corporate world and succeeding in different areas. Aside from freedom of choice,